Properties Of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber Research Articles

Preparation and Characterization of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber Reinforced with Bio-Hydroxyapatite from Fish Scale.

This work aims to enhance the mechanical properties, oil resistance, and thermal properties of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) by using the Nile tilapia fish scales as a filler and using bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide (TESPT) as a coupling agent (CA). The prepared fish scale particles (FSp) are B-type hydroxyapatite and the particle shape is rod-like. The filled NBR with FSp at 10 phr increased tensile strength up to 180% (4.56 ± 0.48 MPa), reduced oil absorption up to 155%, and increased the decomposition temperature up to 4 °C, relative to the unfilled NBR. The addition of CA into filled NBR with FSp at 10 phr increased tensile strength up to 123% (5.62 ± 0.42 MPa) and percentage of elongation at break up to 122% relative to the filled NBR with FSp at 10 phr. This work demonstrated that the prepared FSp from the Nile tilapia fish scales can be used as a reinforcement filler to enhance the NBR properties for use in many high-performance applications.

High Performance of Titanium Dioxide Reinforced Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber Composites

Recently, dielectric elastomer actuators (DEA) have emerged as one of the most promising materials for use in soft robots. However, DEA needs a high operating voltage and high mechanical properties. By increasing the dielectric constant of elastomeric materials, it is possible to decrease the operating voltage required. Thus, elastomeric composites with a high dielectric constant and strong mechanical properties are of interest. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of titanium dioxide (TiO2) content ranging from 0 to 110 phr on the cure characteristics, and physical, dielectric, dynamic mechanical, and morphological properties of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) composites. The addition of TiO2 reduced the scorch time (ts1) as well as the optimum cure time (tc90) but increased the cure rate index (CRI), minimum torque (ML), maximum torque (MH), and delta torque (MH - ML). The optimal TiO2 content for maximum tensile strength and elongation at break was 90 phr. Tensile strength and elongation at break were increased by 144.8% and 40.1%, respectively, over pure NBR. A significant mechanical property improvement was observed for TiO2-filled composites due to the good dispersion of TiO2 in the NBR matrix, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, incorporating TiO2 filler gave a higher storage modulus, a shift in glass transition temperature (Tg) to a higher temperature, and reduced damping in dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). The addition of TiO2 to NBR rubber increased the dielectric constant of the resultant composites in the tested frequency range from 102 to 105 Hz. As a result, TiO2-filled NBR composite has a high potential for dielectric elastomer actuator applications.

Physicochemical Studies on the Effect of Hexamine Addition and Ratio on the Properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber Composites

the manuscript contents is including the following of the title, author, affiliations, abstract, introduction, results and discussion, preparation of composites, ATR-FTIR characterization, AFM characterization, thermal behavior investigation, mechanical properties, tensile test, elongation, hardness, dielectric properties, conclusions, supporting information summary, acknowledgement, graphics complete with captions, tables, references, keywords, references and this table of contents.

Effect of a Natural Processing Aid on the Properties of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber: Study on Soybean Oil Fatty Acid from Seed Crop.

For the industrial production of rubber, one of the key ingredients is a processing aid. It not only facilitates the processability but also tunes the final properties of the resultant rubber. In general, for a polar rubber like acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR), the processing aids earning the most attention are synthesized from petroleum, such as dioctyl phthalate (DOP). However, due to their toxicity, many rubber chemists have tried to find alternative chemicals that are environmentally friendly and derived from a renewable resource. In this research, we investigated the effects of the soybean oil fatty acid (SBOFA), synthesized in house via hydrolysis of SBO, on the properties of NBR in comparison with DOP. Initially, it was found that the addition of SBOFA improved the flowability of the NBR compound, as indicated by the progressive decrease in the Mooney viscosity with increasing levels of SBOFA. The results from various techniques indicated that the crosslink density of the NBR vulcanizates passed through the maximum at the SBOFA loading of 4 phr. Upon loading SBOFA up to 4 phr, there was no significant deterioration in the mechanical strength of the SBOFA-plasticized NBR vulcanizates. Typically, the presence of SBOFA at 4 phr enhanced the thermal resistance of the NBR vulcanizate by shifting the thermal decomposition to a higher temperature. At a given loading, it was found that the SBOFA-plasticized NBR vulcanizate showed a comparable plasticizing efficiency and mechanical strength with the DOP-plasticized one. The result from this study shows that SBOFA is a good alternative sustainable eco-friendly processing aid to use for NBR.

Studying the physical and mechanical properties of Acrylonitrile butadiene rubber / carbon / clinke

This research studies the effect of adding the clinker as a filling material on the properties of Acrylonitrilebutadiene rubber NBR ،by means of preparing rubber blends containing different percentage (0,5,10,15,20 Phr) of theclinker (Semi made-cement) ،on two roll mill. Physio -mechanical and chemical properties of the prepared blends weredescribed by testing them for tensile strength and abrasion resistance, values of hardness and swelling in differentsolvents. Results revealed a decrease in the tension resistance for rubber blends c/k at the percentage of 45% withincrease of the percentage of the clinker added with the above mentioned rubber blends ,Also ,values of hardnessdecreased direct proportional at a percentage of 19% with increasing the clinker ,percentage whereas, the frictionresistance decreased at a percentage of 254% with increasing the clinker percentage ,but according to elongation ,theresults were quite different from the previous results so that its percentage increased when cutting gradually with thevalue of 266%when percentage of added clinker increased. Results of the study also, revealed that swelling of thesamples containing only the black carbon (C45K0) was low comparing with the samples containing the clinker.

High permittivity ceramics-filled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber composites: influence of acrylonitrile content and ceramic type

Influence of acrylonitrile content and ceramic type on cure characteristics, mechanical, morphological, and dielectric properties of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) vulcanizates was examined. Two types of ceramic filler, namely barium titanate (BT) and calcium copper titanate (CCTO), were synthesized by solid-state reactions. The ceramic powders were then characterized by X-ray diffraction, particle size analyzer, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ceramic/rubber composites were then mixed in an internal mixer at 60 °C and a rotor speed of 60 rpm. Two acrylonitrile contents of NBR, namely 33 wt% and 42 wt%, were tested. Incorporation of ceramic fillers in NBR matrix and increasing acrylonitrile content shortened scorch and cure times, but increased minimum, maximum, and delta torque. Furthermore, SEM results revealed that the BT-filled NBR composites showed better filler–matrix interactions than the CCTO-filled NBR composites. This matches the better mechanical and dielectric properties of the BT-filled NBR composites.

Synthesis of 2-Alkylbenzimidazole moiety as a novel antioxidant and its effect on physico-mechanical and electrical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber

In the present work, 2-propyl-, and 2-heptyl-, 1H-benzo[d]imidazole were prepared by condensation reaction of o-phenylenediamine with n-butanoic acid and n-octanoic acid, respectively. The prepared products were characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR spectroscopy and melting point. These products were incorporated into acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) composites with two different fillers (Silica and High Abrasion Furnace carbon black HAF) as an antioxidant additive with different concentrations from 1up to 2 phr as a comparison with 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquino-line (TMQ) as a traditional antioxidant. Their effects on the rheometric, physico-mechanical and electrical properties of NBR composites were evaluated. Thermo-oxidative aging was carried out for NBR composites and distribution of the prepared products observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).The results showed that the prepared products can act as highly efficient antioxidants in acrylonitrile butadiene rubber vulcanizates comparing with commercial antioxidant TMQ and revealed that there was enhancement in mechanical properties of NBR composites that containing the prepared products, as well. The results also illustrated that the optimum ratio from 2-alkylbenzimidazole incorporated into acrylonitrile butadiene rubber vulcanizates is 1.5 phr if compared with the same ratio from traditional antioxidant (TMQ).

Assessment of oil palm ash and compounding ingredients on tensile properties of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber using statistical design

Assessment of oil palm ash and compounding ingredients on tensile properties of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber using statistical design

Assessment of oil palm ash and compounding ingredients on tensile properties of acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber using statistical design

Various types of chemical ingredients are needed in the rubber compounding process to obtain desired properties for a commercially useful application. To content with this, Plackett–Burman design (PBD) provides an efficient way of dealing with a large number of variables and identifying the most important parameter. This study reviews the exploitation of PBD to screen the significant effect of different compounding ingredients as well as oil palm ash (OPA) to the tensile properties of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR). The two most significant components were chosen for each tensile property. Furthermore, three-dimensional plots and their respective contour plots were used to investigate the simultaneous interactions of different factors on the responses studied. Based on the result obtained, the tensile strength showed an increasing trend when N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide (CBS) concentration increased; however, the increase in stearic acid has resulted in a decline in tensile strength. On the other hand, the sulphur crosslinker with the largest effect value has shown a significant reduction towards the elongation at break. For tensile modulus, sulphur and OPA which are the two most significant variables had contributed to a synergistic effect as the concentration increased.

Properties of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber modified with acrylate monomers and oligomers using gamma irradiation

ACRYLONITRILE butadiene rubber (NBR) is commonly used as oil and fuel resistant in industrial applications. This study is carried out to investigate the effect of adding some acrylate monomers and oligomers that was used by constant concentration, namely (0.02 mol /100 g of rubber) to improve the physical and mechanical properties of (NBR) reinforced by 30 phr carbon black and mixed in a rubber rol mill, exposed to gamma radiation (doses from 25 to 150 kGy). The results indicated that the acrylate monomers increase the tensile strength (TS) at lower doses up to 50 kGy, while the oligomers increase the TS at higher doses more than 50 kGy. On the other hand, the physical properties such as soluble fraction, swelling ratio and crosslinking density showed dependence on the specific unsaturation (SU) of monomer and oligomer. The thermal stability of the composites tested by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) recorded comparable values except NBR modified by urethane diacryalte (UDA) have the lowest value.

Development of highly reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene rubber composites via controlled loading of sol-gel titania

Remarkable improvement in mechanical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) composites is achieved by incorporating nano-titania that is synthesised in solution of the raw rubber using titanium n-butoxide (TNB) as the titania precursor. This is achieved by designed and controlled incorporation of titania that resulted in very good dispersion of titania of nanometric dimension in rubber matrix and enhanced rubber-filler interaction. This sol-gel transformation is carried out under optimised reaction condition. Surface modification of titania by a silane coupling agent (bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)-tetrasulfide, TESPT) causes further improvement in filler dispersion and composite properties when added in the reactive sol-gel system during in situ titania generation rather than it's external addition in the titania filled NBR during mixing and compounding. Thorough characterisation of the composites are done that encompasses a wide range of studies on thermal, morphological, mechanical, dielectric, dynamic mechanical, rheological and antifungal properties. The results are analysed on a comparative basis to investigate the effect of in situ incorporation and in situ surface modification of titania on the composite properties.

Properties of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blends and their foams

Thermoplastic elastomers and their foams were prepared by blending elastomeric acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) and rigid poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with various PLA compositions ranging between 0 and 40%. The thermal and mechanical properties and the morphologies of the blends with various PLA contents were investigated through universal testing machine, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscope analysis. The rheological properties during gel formation were in situ monitored through the evolution of torque with curing time. Furthermore, the microcellular structures and physical properties of the NBR/PLA foams prepared using organic blowing agents were studied. The NBR/PLA blends showed a two-phase morphology made of a continuous NBR matrix and micron or submicron nodules and the tensile strength and modulus; also, hardness of the NBR/PLA blends increased with the increase of the added PLA content. While the foamed samples exhibited a similar cell structure and foaming ratio to that of the pure NBR, the cell formation was considerably reduced as the added PLA content exceeded 30%. We conclude that the mechanical properties of NBR thermoplastic elastomer as well as its foams can be controlled by a judicious introduction of rigid and biodegradable PLA.

Spectroscopic and Mechanical Properties of Nano Silica Rubber Composite Material

AbstractTo manipulate the mechanical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), addition of nano-sized silica on rubberwas performed and nano-silica NBR composite (NSR) materials were fabricated by press molding. The effect of volumefraction of silica in the NSR on the spectroscopic and mechanical properties has been studied.Keywords: NBR, Nano-silica, Volume Fraction, NSR 1. Introduction Polymer nano-composites (NCs) have been a subjectof interest for their mechanical, chemical, and thermalproperties instead of polymers and conventional com-posites materials. Before the use of polymer NCs to var-ious components, such as rubber seals, bearings, andbelts, in industrial materials [1,2] , the accurate analyses oftheir mechanical and chemical properties are necessary.The Charpy impact test is usually adopted to understandof polymer NCs for a long time, the relationshipbetween the stress and the critical energy release ratehas been considered important recently [3-5] .Among various types of polymers, acrylonitrile buta-diene rubber (NBR) is an attractive material system dueto its excellent resistance to organic solvents

Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber Modified Polybenzoxazine as Frictional Materials

Frictional composites based on polybenzoxazine (PBA-a) and acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) are developed in this study. Mechanical, thermal and tribological properties of the PBA-a/NBR composites at 0, 2, 5, 10 and 15wt% of NBR particle contents are evaluated. Curing behaviors of the NBR-benzoxazine molding compounds are examined by differential scanning calorimetry to show an exothermic peak of about 222°C compared with that of the benzoxazine resin, i.e. 232°C suggesting curing acceleration of the benzoxazine resin due to the presence of the NBR particles. The storage modulus of the NBR-filled PBA-a is observed to systematically decrease from 5.2 GPa of the neat PBA-a to 2.8 GPa with an addition of 15wt% of the rubber particles. Glass transition temperature (Tg) of the composites evaluated by dynamic mechanical analysis increases with increasing of NBR particle contents, i.e. from 172°C for PBA-a to 186°C for PBA-a/15wt% NBR. Furthermore, the friction coefficients of the composites with 2wt% NBR are determined to be 0.603 for static type and 0.528 for kinetic type. Those values are improved from the value of 0.597 and 0.475 for unmodified polybenzoxazine, respectively. Therefore, the obtained outstanding properties, i.e. storage modulus, glass transition temperature and friction coefficient make the polybenzoxazine composites highly attractive to be utilized as friction materials.

A comparative study to assess structure-properties relationships in (acrylonitrile butadiene rubber)-based composites: Recycled microfillers versus nanofillers

This paper reports on the reinforcing effects of different types of fillers, namely, nanoclay (NC), micron size calcium carbonate (MCC), and micron size recycled powder coating waste (MPCW), on the ultimate properties of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) compounds. The microcomposites and nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, implying enlargement of d-spacing of NC or intercalation of NBR chains and formation of exfoliated structure, while some agglomerates of MCC were detected. Curing characteristics of the studied composites showed that incorporation of the fillers into the NBR, in particular the NC, causes an increase in the torque, indicating a higher degree of crosslinking. Furthermore, different from micron size MPCW and MCC, the NC accelerated the vulcanization reaction. It was also found that the use of NC and MPCW results in a remarkable increase in the mechanical and rheological properties compared with pure NBR. All in all, variations in the aforementioned criteria were attributable to the extent of matrix/filler interaction reflected by scanning electron micrographs. The correlation established between the microstructure and characteristics of the prepared NBR composites can shed some light on how to develop composites with enhanced properties by incorporating waste materials into the polymers. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 00:000–000, 2015. V C 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers

Degradation behavior of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber after cyclic high-pressure hydrogen exposure

Abstract The deterioration of rubber composites filled with different types of fillers was analyzed to determine the influence of cyclic high-pressure hydrogen exposure. The mechanical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) unfilled and filled with carbon black or silica were evaluated. The storage modulus of the silica-filled NBR decreased in the rubbery state as the number of exposures increased, while those of the unfilled and carbon black-filled NBR did not change. Changes in the chemical structure such as hydrogenation or chain scission were not detected in the solid state NMR spectra of the exposed composites. However, deterioration of the filler–gel structure formed at the interface of the filler and polymer was observed in the silica-filled NBR. Fracture of this filler–gel structure occurred due to fatigue in the silica-filled NBR resulting from a reduction of the elastic storage modulus caused by cyclic high-pressure hydrogen exposure.

Effect of sol–gel modified nano calcium carbonate (CaCO3) on the cure, mechanical and thermal properties of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) nanocomposites

The main goal of this work is to modify surface of nano CaCO3 with silica by an elegant approach of sol–gel method and also to compare the influence of sol–gel modified nano CaCO3 with unmodified nano CaCO3 in the cure, mechanical and thermal properties of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) nanocomposites. The surface modification of nano CaCO3 is characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra and Field emission scanning electron microscopy. The modified nano CaCO3 causes significant improvement in the maximum rheometric torque (R∞) and cure rate index value of NBR nanocomposites in comparison to unmodified nano CaCO3. More importantly, incorporation of surface modified nano CaCO3 provides substantial enhancement in the mechanical properties of NBR nanocomposites and at 4 phr (parts per hundred parts of rubber) filler loading level tensile strength of modified nano CaCO3 filled NBR vulcanizate shows a large increment by 37.33 % compare to that of unmodified nano CaCO3 filled NBR vulcanizate. Thermogravimetric analysis reveals that sol–gel modified nano CaCO3 delivers greater thermal stability in NBR nanocomposites than unmodified nano CaCO3. The fantastic enrichment in the cure, mechanical and thermal properties of NBR nanocomposites containing surface modified nano CaCO3 will be the part of great interest for rubber researcher regarding the broad application of sol–gel modified nano CaCO3 as important filler in rubber industry.

The Properties of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber (NBR) Composite with Halloysite Nanotubes (HNTs) and Silica or Carbon Black

The properties of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) composites were studied at five different compositions of NBR/HNTs/Silica or NBR/HNTs/CB (i.e., 100/5/0, 100/4/1, 100/3/2, 100/2/3, 100/0/5 parts per hundred rubber (phr)). The tensile strength and modulus (M100) of both composites decreased, whereas elongation at break increased and maximum torque with increasing the silica or carbon black content. However, both composites show opposite trends for cure time and scorch time, where NBR/HNTs/Silica composite exhibited an increasing trend, while NBR/HNTs/CB composite shows the decreasing trend. The rubber-filler interaction studies showed that carbon black is a more reinforcing filler than silica.

Temperature-dependent changes of physicochemical and tribological properties of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber elastomer upon ageing in hexadecane and diethylene glycol dibutyl ether

Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber elastomers are widely used in seal and tire industries. Physiochemical, surface and tribological properties of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber exposed to a lubricant in a sealed mechanical contact may gradually change, in particular, at elevated temperatures. In this study, industrial-grade acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber elastomers were aged in two model non-additivated base oils, namely non-polar hexadecane and polar diethylene glycol dibutyl ether at both ambient (298 K) and elevated (398 K) temperatures from 1 to 168 h. Mass changes of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber before and after ageing indicated that acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber had distinct ageing dynamics in different model base oils and at different temperatures. For acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber aged in nonpolar hexadecane, the rate of weight loss of the rubber was larger at 398 K compared to that at 298 K. On the contrary, distinct weight-gaining (swelling) dynamics were observed for acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber aged in polar diethylene glycol dibutyl ether at 298 and 398 K. Based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, liquid and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy analyses, it was found that aldehydes and sulfur- and zinc-containing compounds were leached out from acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber aged in both hexadecane and diethylene glycol dibutyl ether. The results of tribological studies showed that the non-aged acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber has a good wear-resistance. Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber samples had a very similar surface topography before and after tribo-tests. However, the worn surfaces of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber samples were characterized by fine scoring (abrasion) marks after ageing in both model base oils. This has been attributed to changes in the steel–rubber contact environment during the sliding process and degradation of mechanical properties of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber after ageing. For one acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber sample (after ageing in hexadecane at 398 K), very stable friction in the steel–rubber contact was observed.

Effect of ionizing radiation on the properties of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber/clay nanocomposites

The effects of electron beam irradiation dose (50–150 kGy) and the concentration of montmorillonite (MMT) clay (3–10 parts per hundred part of rubber (phr)) on the properties of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) have been investigated. The dispersion of the layered silicates was assessed by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The morphology of NBR nanocomposites showed exfoliated clay layers at low clay content and a combination of exfoliated and intercalated clay layers at high clay content. The mechanical properties of NBR composites such as tensile strength (TS) and tear strength were remarkably improved by the incorporation of organoclay and electron beam irradiation, while elongation at break ( Eb) was decreased. The increase in the TS of NBR nanocomposites increases with the increase in the clay content up to 10 phr, whereas the optimum gel content and TS of NBR composites were observed at 50 kGy irradiation dose. Thermogravimetric analysis studies showed that NBR/organo-MMT nanocomposites have higher decomposition temperatures in comparison with the NBR/Na+-MMT at 50 kGy irradiation dose.