Bulk Properties Research Articles

Sensitivities of Spectral Optical Properties of Dust Aerosols to Their Mineralogical and Microphysical Properties

AbstractDust aerosol is a key component in global radiative forcing and climate modeling. We developed a mineralogy‐resolved spectral optical property model for dust aerosols. The model incorporates nine mineral groups and applies the effective medium methods to obtain the spectral complex refractive indices of inhomogeneous dust particles. This study considers 5,000 sets of dust mineral composition mixtures along with the use of the bimodal particle size distribution. We calculate the bulk properties of these samples in a wide spectral range from 0.2 to 50 μm using a comprehensive database of hexahedral dust single‐scattering properties. Through sensitivity analyses, this study reveals that the illite and hematite components substantially affect the optical properties of dust. Furthermore, the effective radii of both the fine‐mode and the coarse‐mode dust particles have significant impacts on the bulk optical properties, albeit to varying degrees.

Growth mechanism and the properties of CIGS thin films for zero bias photodetector devices

CuInGaSe2 quaternary thin films have been deposited using a single-source, single-step thermal evaporation technique using hydrothermally fabricated CIGS powder. Highly crystalline, homogeneous, and stoichiometric CIGS powder source was prepared by a hydrothermal method and then evaporated at substrate temperatures of room temperature, 150°C, and 300°C. The bulk and surface structural, morphological, and optical properties of the samples were analyzed. The sample deposited at room temperature did not show any phase formation; however, increasing the substrate temperature resulted in the formation of binary and quaternary phases due to interdiffusion of the species. XPS and Raman spectra analysis revealed nanocrystalline Cu2Se phase formation at the interface, while the bulk of the sample remained single-phase CIGS. A higher deposition temperature also facilitated larger grain size and a more compact surface morphology. Increasing the substrate temperature increased the likelihood of interdiffusion of the species from the evaporation flux and controlled the bulk and surface properties of the samples. CIGS/CdS active photodetectors were fabricated by deposition of a CdS buffer layer, with the sample deposited at 150°C showing the highest photocurrent along with low response and recovery times at 0 V bias.

Polyethylene Film Surface Modification via Benzoic Acid Grafting.

A polyethylene (PE) film surface modification method is proposed via benzoic acid (BA) alkylation grafting to improve the surface affinity to polar substances. The procedure involves sequentially spraying AlCl3 and BA onto the heat-softened PE surface. The occurrence of the alkylation reaction was evaluated through comparative chemical, morphological, and thermal analyses. It was demonstrated that the grafting reaction of BA onto the PE film surface took place, limited to the surface layer, while preserving the bulk properties of PE. The reaction resulted in the formation of aluminum benzoate complexes, which improved the surface affinity to polar compounds. The impact of grafting on the surface properties of PE was further assessed by comparing the behavior of PE films treated with BA and untreated PE films when painted with watercolors. The PE film grafted with BA exhibited increased affinity towards watercolors, providing strong evidence of a change in surface polarity from hydrophobic to hydrophilic. These findings indicate that the proposed methodology effectively renders the PE surface paintable, even with non-toxic water-based inks, making it suitable for applications such as packaging.

Mechanical and Physical Changes in Bio-Polybutylene-Succinate Induced by UVC Ray Photodegradation.

Bio-polybutylene succinate (PBS) is a biodegradable polymer obtained from renewable feedstock having physical-mechanical properties like traditional low-density polyethylene (LDPE). PBS is employed by many manufacturing sectors, from biomedical to agri-food and cosmetics. Although some studies have already evaluated the resistance of PBS to photodegradation caused by natural outdoor solar exposure (UVA-UVB), a systematic study on the resistance to degradation caused by exposure to UVC rays, which is the subject of this study, has not yet been carried out. PBS was exposed to UVC either neat or filled with 2% carbon black (CB). Mechanical and physical characterization (tensile, hardness, calorimetry, contact angle, morphology, and surface roughness analyses) indicates that the bulk and surface properties of the polymer matrix changes after exposure to UVC radiations, due to a severe degradation. However, the presence of carbon black compensates for the degradation phenomenon. Because UVC rays are used for the sterilization process, necessary in applications such as biomedical, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, food, and other products, a comparison of the protocol used in this paper with the literature's data has been reported and discussed.

Cyclodextrin-Induced Suppression of the Crystallization of Low-Molar-Mass Poly(ethylene glycol).

We examine the effect of alpha-cyclodextrin (αCD) on the crystallization of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) [poly(ethylene oxide), PEO] in low-molar-mass polymers, with M w = 1000, 3000, or 6000 g mol-1. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and simultaneous synchrotron small-/wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) show that crystallization of PEG is suppressed by αCD, provided that the cyclodextrin content is sufficient. The PEG crystal structure is replaced by a hexagonal mesophase of αCD-threaded polymer chains. The αCD threading reduces the conformational flexibility of PEG and, hence, suppresses crystallization. These findings point to the use of cyclodextrin additives as a powerful means to tune the crystallization of PEG (PEO), which, in turn, will impact bulk properties including biodegradability.

Effects of graphene and thermoplastic elastomer on tailoring the bulk properties of asphaltenes: an exploration from classical and quantum simulations

Effects of graphene and thermoplastic elastomer on tailoring the bulk properties of asphaltenes: an exploration from classical and quantum simulations

Designing Surface Passivators Through Intramolecular Potential Manipulation for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells.

The conjugation of terminal ammonium salt groups with perovskite surfaces is a frequently employed technique that aims to enhance the overall performance of perovskite materials, encompassing both bulk and surface properties. Particularly, it exhibits heightened efficacy when applied to surface modification, due to its ability to mitigate defect accumulation and facilitate facile binding with the receptive sites inherent to the perovskite structure. However, the interaction of the bulk ammonium group with PbI2 has the potential to form a low-dimensional phase of perovskite, which may obstruct carrier extraction at the interface. Therefore, the surface passivators (MeO-PFACl) are designed through intramolecular potential manipulation. The combinations of the electron-donating methoxy group and π-π conjugation of the phenyl ring reduce the local potential at the reactive site of formamidinium group, making it less likely to form a low-dimension phase with perovskite. This surface passivation strategy effectively suppresses the surface nonradiative recombination and promotes the interface carrier extraction. The devices treated with MeO-PFACl have demonstrated exceptional performance, achieving a peak power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.88%, with an average PCE of 25.37%. These works offer a novel principle for enhancing both the efficiency and stability of PSCs using ammonium-incorporated molecules without the induction of an additional phase layer.

Bulk Properties of PSR J0030+0451 Inferred with the Compactness Measurement of NICER

In 2019, the Neutron star Interior Composition ExploreR (NICER) mission released its findings on the mass and radius of the isolated neutron star (INS) PSR J0030+0451, revealing a mass of approximately 1.4 solar masses (M ⊙) and a radius near 13 km. However, the recent reanalysis by the NICER collaboration suggests that the available data primarily yield a precise inference of the compactness for this source while the resulting mass and radius are strongly model-dependent and diverse (the 68.3% credible regions just overlap slightly for the ST+PDT and PDT-U models). By integrating this compactness data with the equation of state (EOS) refined by our latest investigations, we have deduced the mass and radius for PSR J0030+0451, delivering estimates of M=1.48−0.10+0.09M⊙ and R=12.38−0.70+0.51km for the compactness found in the ST+PDT model, alongside M=1.47−0.20+0.14M⊙ and R=12.37−0.69+0.50km for the compactness in the PDT-U model. These two groups of results are well consistent with each other and the direct X-ray data inference within the ST+PDT model seems to be favored. Additionally, we have calculated the tidal deformability, moment of inertia, and gravitational binding energy for this neutron star. Furthermore, employing these refined EOS models, we have updated mass–radius estimates for three INSs with established gravitational redshifts.

Atomic‐Scale Study of Intercrystalline (Mg,Fe)O in Planetary Mantles: Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Grain Boundaries Under Pressure

AbstractPolycrystalline (Mg,Fe)O ferropericlase is the second most abundant mantle constituent of the Earth and possibly of super‐Earth exoplanets. Its mechanical behavior is expected to accommodate substantial plastic deformation in Earth's lower mantle. While bulk properties of ferropericlase have been extensively studied, the thermodynamics of grain boundaries and their role on mechanical response remain largely unexplored. Here, we use density functional theory calculations to investigate mechanical behavior and thermodynamics of the {310}[001] grain boundary—a representative proxy for high‐angle {hk0}[001] tilt grain boundaries—at relevant mantle pressures of the Earth and super‐Earth exoplanets. Our results provide evidence that shear‐coupled migration and grain boundary sliding are the dominant mechanisms of (Mg,Fe)O grain boundary mobility. We show that pressure‐induced structural transformations of grain boundaries can trigger a change in the mechanism and direction of grain boundary motion. Significant mechanical weakening of the grain boundary is observed under multi‐megabar pressures, caused by a change in the grain boundary transition state structure during motion. Our results identify grain boundary weakening in periclase as a potential mechanism for viscosity reductions in the mantle of super‐Earths. We further demonstrate that structural grain boundary transitions control the spin crossover of Fe2+ in the grain boundaries. We model iron partitioning behavior between bulk and grain boundaries and predict equipartitioning to occur in μm size ferropericlase grains. Our findings suggest that the iron spin crossover pressure in ferropericlase may increase several tens of GPa by pressure‐induced structural grain boundary transitions in dynamically active fine‐grained lower mantle regions.

Experimental evidence for defect tolerance in Pb-halide perovskites

The term defect tolerance (DT) is used often to rationalize the exceptional optoelectronic properties of halide perovskites (HaPs) and their devices. Even though DT lacked direct experimental evidence, it became a "fact" in the field. DT in semiconductors implies that structural defects do not translate to electrical and optical effects (e.g., due to charge trapping), associated with such defects. We present pioneering direct experimental evidence for DT in Pb-HaPs by comparing the structural quality of 2-dimensional (2D), 2D-3D, and 3D Pb-iodide HaP crystals with their optoelectronic characteristics using high-sensitivity methods. Importantly, we get information from the materials' bulk because we sample at least a few hundred nanometers, up to several micrometers, from the sample's surface, which allows for assessing intrinsic bulk (and not only surface-) properties of HaPs. The results point to DT in 3D, 2D-3D, and 2D Pb-HaPs. Overall, our data provide an experimental basis to rationalize DT in Pb-HaPs. These experiments and findings will help the search for and design of materials with real DT.

Maximizing efficiency: Numerical modeling and optimization of 2-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem devices with different bottom cell structures

Two-terminal perovskite/silicon (Si) tandem solar cells have made significant progress in terms of efficiency and are considered suitable candidates for the next generation of photovoltaic devices. However, research on Si bottom cell optimization is limited, with optimization being conducted only within a specific structure reported as high efficiency. To present more general and higher efficiency possibilities, optimization is necessary not only for the perovskite and interlayer but also for each bottom Si solar cell structure. In this study, we proposed a numerical modeling approach for analyzing and optimizing the effects of optical and electrical properties in 2-terminal tandem structures. First, the properties for each layer were discussed to minimize optical loss using optical simulations, considering the recently reported high-efficiency 2-terminal perovskite/Si tandem system. After fixing the top perovskite and recombination layer using these properties, each bottom Si structure, which is divided into homojunction (PERC and TOPCon structure) and heterojunction (HIT structure), was electrically simulated. The characteristics of Si bottom cells were identified based on bulk properties (bulk lifetime and resistivity). Consequently, we proposed an improvement method and structure capable of achieving maximum possible efficiency of more than 30 % as a tandem device for each bottom cell structure.

Starch-Based Polysaccharide Systems with Bioactive Substances: Physicochemical and Wettability Characteristics.

Polysaccharide-based systems have very good emulsifying and stabilizing properties, and starch plays a leading role. Their modifications should add new quality features to the product to such an extent that preserves the structure-forming properties of native starch. The aim of this manuscript was to examine the physicochemical characteristics of the combinations of starch with phospholipids or lysozymes and determine the effect of starch modification (surface hydrophobization or biological additives) and preparation temperature (before and after gelatinization). Changes in electrokinetic potential (zeta), effective diameter, and size distribution as a function of time were analyzed using the dynamic light scattering and microelectrophoresis techniques. The wettability of starch-coated glass plates before and after modification was checked by the advancing and receding contact angle measurements, as well as the angle hysteresis, using the settle drop method as a complement to profilometry and FTIR. It can be generalized that starch dispersions are more stable than analogous n-alkane/starch emulsions at room and physiological temperatures. On the other hand, the contact angle hysteresis values usually decrease with temperature increase, pointing to a more homogeneous surface, and the hydrophobization effect decreases vs. the thickness of the substrate. Surface hydrophobization of starch carried out using an n-alkane film does not change its bulk properties and leads to improvement of its mechanical and functional properties. The obtained specific starch-based hybrid systems, characterized in detail by switchable wettability, give the possibility to determine the energetic state of the starch surface and understand the strength and specificity of interactions with substances of different polarities in biological processes and their applicability for multidirectional use.

Recycling development and shaping of a thermo-reversible epoxy resin with partial contents of Diels-Alder bonds

Thermo-mechanical recycling and reshaping of dynamic covalent networks is a promising field under development that could help to increase thermoset sustainability. Herein, the reprocessing of a partially reversible epoxy resin with a 0.6 Diels-Alder crosslink ratio, which has a relatively high Tg and a simplified manufacturing route, is studied to determine the optimal conditions for its thermomechanical recycling through milling and hot-pressing, and reshaping. Thus, in this work, we have studied the influence of compaction time, pressure, and temperature on recycled bulk properties. Meanwhile, different heating temperatures and times are also tested to evaluate the cured resin shaping to fix a new geometry and to observe its shape-recovering capability. Their characterization reveals that the recycling method generates dense thermosetting polymers with similar crosslinking structure and behavior, comparable to the virgin resin, inducing light post-curing that increases their glass transition temperature (Tg). The most efficient thermo-mechanical recycling conditions consist of the application of isothermal compaction at 130 °C and 150 bar for 30 min, which leads to resin bulks with comparable properties to the neat resin even after 3 cycles of milling and hot-pressing. On the other hand, the synthesized resin has shown excellent shaping due to the structural relaxation induced by the initiation of retro Diels-Alder reaction, adopting new geometries easily when the samples are heated above their Tg (91 °C) and preserving them after cooling to ambient temperature. Moreover, the samples also show high shape-recovering after heating again up to Tg. This reshaping and recovery have been maintained for several cycles without observing an irreversible lack of shape fixing or shape recovery.

Cation doping and oxygen vacancies in the orthorhombic FeNbO4 material for solid oxide fuel cell applications: A density functional theory study.

The orthorhombic phase of FeNbO4, a promising anode material for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), exhibits good catalytic activity toward hydrogen oxidation. However, the low electronic conductivity of the material specifically in the pure structure without defects or dopants limits its practical applications as an SOFC anode. In this study, we have employed density functional theory (DFT + U) calculations to explore the bulk and electronic properties of two types of doped structures, Fe0.9375A0.0625NbO4 and FeNb0.9375B0.0625O4 (A, B = Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni) and the oxygen-deficient structures Fe0.9375A0.0625NbO3.9375 and FeNb0.9375B0.0625O3.9375, where the dopant is positioned in the first nearest neighbor site to the oxygen vacancy. Our DFT simulations have revealed that doping in the Fe sites is energetically favorable compared to doping in the Nb site, resulting in significant volume expansion. The doping process generally requires less energy when the O-vacancy is surrounded by one Fe and two Nb ions. The simulated projected density of states of the oxygen-deficient structures indicates that doping in the Fe site, particularly with Ti and V, considerably narrows the bandgap to ∼0.5eV, whereas doping with Co at the Nb sites generates acceptor levels close to 0eV. Both doping schemes, therefore, enhance electron conduction during SOFC operation.

Anion Architecture Controls Structure and Electroresponsivity of Anhalogenous Ionic Liquids in a Sustainable Fluid.

Three nonhalogenated ionic liquids (ILs) dissolved in 2-ethylhexyl laurate (2-EHL), a biodegradable oil, are investigated in terms of their bulk and electro-interfacial nanoscale structures using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and neutron reflectivity (NR). The ILs share the same trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium ([P6,6,6,14]+) cation paired with different anions, bis(mandelato)borate ([BMB]-), bis(oxalato)borate ([BOB]-), and bis(salicylato)borate ([BScB]-). SANS shows a high aspect ratio tubular self-assembly structure characterized by an IL core of alternating cations and anions with a 2-EHL-rich shell or corona in the bulk, the geometry of which depends upon the anion structure and concentration. NR also reveals a solvent-rich interfacial corona layer. Their electro-responsive behavior, pertaining to the structuring and composition of the interfacial layers, is also influenced by the anion identity. [P6,6,6,14][BOB] exhibits distinct electroresponsiveness to applied potentials, suggesting an ion exchange behavior from cation-dominated to anion-rich. Conversely, [P6,6,6,14][BMB] and [P6,6,6,14][BScB] demonstrate minimal electroresponses across all studied potentials, related to their different dissociative and diffusive behavior. A mixed system is dominated by the least soluble IL but exhibits an increase in disorder. This work reveals the subtlety of anion architecture in tuning bulk and electro-interfacial properties, offering valuable molecular insights for deploying nonhalogenated ILs as additives in biodegradable lubricants and supercapacitors.

New Prospects Arising from Dynamically Crosslinked Polymers: Reprogramming Their Properties.

Dynamically crosslinked polymers (DCPs) have gained significant attention owing to their applications in fabricating (re)processable, recyclable, and self-healable thermosets, which hold great promise in addressing ecological issues, such as plastic pollution and resource scarcity. However, the current research predominantly focuses on redefining and/or manipulating their geometries while replicating their bulk properties. Given the inherent design flexibility of dynamic covalent networks, DCPs also exhibit a remarkable potential for various novel applications through postsynthesis reprogramming their properties. In this review, the recent advancements in strategies that enable DCPs to transform their bulk properties after synthesis are presented. The underlying mechanisms and associated material properties are overviewed mainly through three distinct strategies, namely latent catalysts, material-growth, and topology isomerizable networks. Furthermore, the mutual relationship and impact of these strategies when integrated within one material system are also discussed. Finally, the application prospects and relevant issues necessitating further investigation, along with the potential solutions are analyzed.

Active and Transfer Learning of High-Dimensional Neural Network Potentials for Transition Metals.

Classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations represent a very popular and powerful tool for materials modeling and design. The predictive power of MD hinges on the ability of the interatomic potential to capture the underlying physics and chemistry. There have been decades of seminal work on developing interatomic potentials, albeit with a focus predominantly on capturing the properties of bulk materials. Such physics-based models, while extensively deployed for predicting the dynamics and properties of nanoscale systems over the past two decades, tend to perform poorly in predicting nanoscale potential energy surfaces (PESs) when compared to high-fidelity first-principles calculations. These limitations stem from the lack of flexibility in such models, which rely on a predefined functional form. Machine learning (ML) models and approaches have emerged as a viable alternative to capture the diverse size-dependent cluster geometries, nanoscale dynamics, and the complex nanoscale PESs, without sacrificing the bulk properties. Here, we introduce an ML workflow that combines transfer and active learning strategies to develop high-dimensional neural networks (NNs) for capturing the cluster and bulk properties for several different transition metals with applications in catalysis, microelectronics, and energy storage, to name a few. Our NN first learns the bulk PES from the high-quality physics-based models in literature and subsequently augments this learning via retraining with a higher-fidelity first-principles training data set to concurrently capture both the nanoscale and bulk PES. Our workflow departs from status-quo in its ability to learn from a sparsely sampled data set that nonetheless covers a diverse range of cluster configurations from near-equilibrium to highly nonequilibrium as well as learning strategies that iteratively improve the fingerprinting depending on model fidelity. All the developed models are rigorously tested against an extensive first-principles data set of energies and forces of cluster configurations as well as several properties of bulk configurations for 10 different transition metals. Our approach is material agnostic and provides a methodology to transfer and build upon the learnings from decades of seminal work in molecular simulations on to a new generation of ML-trained potentials to accelerate materials discovery and design.

Buckling and free vibration of grid-stiffened composite conical panels using Extended Kantorovich Method

This paper develops very accurate closed-form solutions for buckling and free vibration of grid-stiffened composite conical panels using a semi-analytical method. On the base of first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT), the governing formulations are derived while an appropriate unit cell is used to derive the material properties of the lattice from their bulk properties. Multiple systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are obtained by applying the Extended Kantorovich Method (EKM) to solve the governing system of partial differential equations (PDEs). The resulting ODEs are then solved using semi-analytical closed-form solutions to study buckling and free vibration of grid-stiffened panels. It is interesting to note that due to the general formulation of the conical panel, it is very easy to obtain other useful geometries including cylindrical panels, and even rectangular plates with general unit cell configurations. Regarding stability, fast convergence, and very low computing cost, the effectiveness of the proposed technique is investigated. The accuracy of the critical buckling loads and natural frequencies for various cases is studied which shows very good agreement in comparison with results obtained from the commercial finite element code ANSYS.

MODELLING THE STRUCTURAL PARAMETERS OF THE GLUE COMPOSITION AND STUDYING ITS ADHESIVE STRENGTH

The study considers a model of a filled polymer system to analyse the interaction and relationship between its components and adhesive properties. A two-phase system occurs in the filler composition, which forms a layer at the interface with properties different from the bulk properties of the filler and the binder. The system consists of a filler, a boundary layer, and a binder, with their properties accounted for with the accuracy of the manufacturing conditions and the dimensions of the sample. We found that the filler grains shape significantly affects the properties of the system, such as bond strength and water resistance. Distance analysis between filler particles showed that a decrease in its volume fraction in the composition leads to an increased distance between them. We can draw the most objective conclusions after processing the filler particles since, in this case, everything depends on the change of interactions at the boundary (the properties of the matrix in the volume practically do not change). In other cases (for example, in the case of changing the temperature and time conditions of preparation and testing), not only the surface but also the volume properties of the matrix change, and, accordingly, it is usually impossible to conclude the role of adhesion. Its processes are part of the adhesion strength of the adhesive material, so the adhesion strength (also called interfacial strength, boundary strength, and bond strength) has been the subject of constant research for several decades. Adhesion strength is a quantitative indicator of adhesion, i.e., a quantitative indicator of the adhesion forces between the polymer matrix and the dispersed filler as a substrate. While the wetting angle of the edge characterises the process of formation of an adhesive bond, the strength of adhesion characterises the process of its destruction. Knowing the limits of the ‘ideal’ adhesion region can answer the question of what limits to aim for to improve adhesion, but this requires practical measurement of the interfacial strength between the acrylic composition and the filler, which is challenging. As a result, the strength of the composite can be a monotonically increasing function of the adhesion strength, but only in a limited range of values. An increase in adhesion can lead to a decrease in the strength of the adhesive material, depending on the size of the filler particles and the volume fraction of the filler. Adhesion strength is a quantitative indicator of the adhesion strength between the polymer matrix and the dispersed filler. The strength of adhesion affects the strength of the composite material. The ideal adhesion strength depends on the size and volume fraction of the filler. Excessive adhesion strength can lead to a decrease in the strength of the adhesive material. Keywords: polymer-mineral composition, adhesion, cohesion, acrylic glue.

Treatment of seeds by cold ambient air plasma: combining impedance measurements with water sorption modeling to understand the impact of seed hydration

In this article, we focus on the plasma seed interaction and more specifically-on the feedback exerted by the seeds on the plasma properties. Dormant Arabidopsis seeds with different water contents (WC), namely 3%DW, 10%DW and 30%DW were exposed to cold ambient air plasma (C2AP) generated in a dielectric barrier device (DBD). It is found that increasing WC enhances the capacitive current of the DBD, generates a greater number of low energy streamers (characterized by current peaks lower than 10 mA) that preferentially interplay with the seeds. Since the resistive and capacitive components of the seeds modify the C2AP electrical properties, impedance measurements (also called LCRmetry) have been carried out to measure their main dielectric parameters before/after plasma exposure (seeds resistance, capacitance, complex relative permittivity, tangent loss and conductivity). It appears that WC significantly changes dielectric losses at low frequencies (<1 kHz) due to polarization relaxation of the polar molecules (i.e. water). LCRmetry further reveals that C2AP does not substantially alter seeds dielectric parameters, i.e. it neither adds or removes significant amounts of new materials, meaning that the relative starch, protein and lipid contents remain essentially unaffected. However, it cannot be discounted that some bulk properties of the Arabidopsis seeds may be modified, especially regarding their porosity. This characteristic could facilitate penetration of plasma-generated reactive oxygen species into the internal seed tissues, leading to the grafting of oxygenated groups. To corroborate this theory, water sorption isotherms have been achieved on Arabidopsis seeds and fitted with four thermodynamic models, including the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller model and the Generalized D’Arcy and Watt model. It is demonstrated that C2AP primarily strengthens water-seed affinity by modifying molecular interactions rather than changing the seed’s moisture layer. This occurs despite a potential decrease in the number of adsorption sites, indicating a significant increase in overall seed hydrophilicity after plasma treatment.