Properties Of Composite Materials Research Articles

Multi-Objective Optimization for the Forming Quality of a CeO2/Al6061 Alloy as an Aluminum–Air Battery Anode Manufactured via Selective Laser Melting

To improve the discharge performance of aluminum–air batteries, CeO2/Al6061 composites were prepared as an anode using selective laser melting (SLM). Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed, and the test results were linearly fitted. A prediction model for the forming quality of the composite anode was established, and the reliability of the model and the interaction between process parameters were explored based on variance analysis and significance testing. On this basis, with corrosion potential, self-corrosion rate, and discharge voltage as optimization objectives, the optimal solution set of the SLM forming CeO2/Al6061 anode process parameter was solved through a genetic algorithm, and experimental verification was conducted. The results indicate that the optimal process range for the forming quality and various properties of composite materials is laser power of 265~285 W, scanning speed of 985~1025 mm/s, and scanning spacing of 0.116~0.140 mm. The optimized process parameters were selected for reliability testing, and the errors were all within 3.0%, verifying the accuracy and reliability of the model.

Investigation on the mechanical and thermal properties of metal-PLA composites fabricated by FDM

Purpose The aim of this study is to investigate the printing parameters of fused deposition modeling (FDM), a material extrusion-based method, and to examine the mechanical and thermal properties of their polylactic acid (PLA) components reinforced with copper, bronze, and carbon fiber micro particles. Design/methodology/approach Tensile test samples were created by extruding composite filament materials using FDM-based 3D printer. Taguchi method was used to design experiments where layer thickness, infill density, and nozzle temperature were the printing variables. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to determine the effect of these variables on tensile strength. Findings The results of this study showed that the reinforcement of metal particles in PLA material reduces strength and increases elongation. The highest tensile strength was obtained when the layer thickness, infill density, and nozzle temperature were set to 100 µm, 60%, and 230 °C, respectively. As a result of thermal analysis, cooper-PLA showed the highest thermal resistance among metal-based PLA samples. Originality/value It is very important to examine the mechanical and thermal quality of parts fabricated in FDM with metal-PLA composites. In the literature, the mechanical properties of metal-reinforced composite PLA parts have been examined using different factors and levels. However, the fabrication of parts using the FDM method with four different metal-added PLA materials has not been examined before. Another unique aspect of the study is that both mechanical and thermal properties of composite materials will be examined.

The Use of Natural Minerals as Reinforcements in Mineral-Reinforced Polymers: A Review of Current Developments and Prospects

Natural minerals play a key role in the burgeoning field of mineral-reinforced polymers, providing an important element in strengthening and toughening the properties of composite materials. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the use of minerals in mineral-reinforced polymers, covering various aspects of their applications and impact on the final properties of these materials. The potential of various types of natural minerals (for example talc, montmorillonite, halloysite, diatomite) as reinforcements in mineral-reinforced polymers is discussed. Techniques for producing mineral-reinforced polymers using minerals, including the mixing method, impregnation, and coating application, are presented in detail. In addition, the effects of process parameters and component ratios on the final properties of mineral-reinforced polymers are discussed. The latest research on the use of minerals in mineral-reinforced polymers is also presented, including their effects on the strength, stiffness, resistance to environmental conditions, and biodegradation of the materials. Finally, the development prospects and potential applications of mineral-reinforced polymers with minerals in various industrial sectors, including packaging, automotive, construction, and medicine, are discussed.

Targeted assembly of hierarchical sea-urchin inspired NiPS@LDH architecture for enhanced toughness, wear-resistance and fire-safety of epoxy composites

Epoxy resin (EP) is a versatile material widely used in fields such as electronic encapsulation, coatings, adhesives, and composites. The targeted assembly of nanomaterials to optimize the flame retardancy, mechanical properties, and interfacial properties of composite materials is a prominent research hotspot in the field of EP. Therefore, a hierarchical sea-urchin inspired architecture (NiPS@LDH), based on layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets grown on nickel phyllosilicate (NiPS), was rationally constructed as a functional filler for EP with a view to building high-performance EP composites. The addition of 1 wt% NiPS@LDH increased the tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and elongation at break of EP by 44.1 %, 27.6 %, and 66.2 %, respectively, showing excellent strengthening and toughening effects. Meanwhile, under dry friction conditions, the wear rate of the composites was 0.86 mm3·N−1·m−1, reduced by 87.8 % compared to that of pure EP, indicating excellent wear resistance. Besides, the pHRR, THR, pSPR, TSP, pCO and pCO₂ of EP/NiPS@LDH-3 composites were found to be significantly reduced by 54.0 %, 61.9 %, 50.7 %, 54.4 %, 51.2 %, and 58.2 %, respectively. The LOI value of the composites increased to 26.4 %, and the maximum weight loss (Rmax) was reduced by 27.7 %. This study provides an innovative strategy for the targeted assembly of nanomaterials, paving the way for the preparation of high-performance EP nanocomposites.

Studying the Hygrothermal Effects on the Impact Responses of Composite Materials Under Various Environmental Conditions

The current study focuses on the effects of different weather conditions, including temperature and humidity, on the impact energy properties of composite materials tested using a Charpy impact tester connected to a special hygro-thermal device. This is a unique device, handcrafted and equipped with sensors and control panels The composite materials, used in this study, combine polyester and reinforced with fiberglass in various shapes and loadings. Nanopowder materials including titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2) and aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3) were also added to the composite materials and their effects were assessed. The obtained results showed that all the different factors studied in this research have a positive effect on the impact test, except the nanomaterials in both cases (Al2O3 and TiO2 nanopowders) at 2 wt.% of the sample and at approximately 10 wt.%. Hence, at this percentage, there is not enough effect on the impact energy

Analysis of mechanical properties of basalt fabric reinforced fly ash filled vinyl ester composites using multi criteria decision making technique

The current research was to examine the mechanical properties of composite material made of vinyl ester filled with fly ash of various weight percentages. Before fabrication the amount of fly ash and resin were identified by using the Multi Criteria Decision Making technique (MCDM). The best filler weight percentage of 5 wt% is determined by using Weighted Aggregate Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) which is one of the MCDM methods. The virgin samples of vinyl esters are mixed with weight of 5 wt%fly ash by incremental of 5 wt% up to 20 wt%. All the mechanical tests of the specimen were conducted as per ASTM standards. Subsequently based on the results from the WASPAS method of fly ash content, the basalt fabric was reinforced with fly ash filled vinyl ester to fabricate the hybrid composites. By the mixing of fly-ash with vinyl ester the strength of the fly ash filled composites has been found to be enhanced in the filler. The results from the mechanical testing signified that fly ash can be used as filler material in basalt fabric reinforced vinyl ester resin. The fly ash infused basalt fibre reinforced yields significant development in mechanical performance contrast to the other fabricated composites.

Enhancing wear resistance, mechanical properties of composite materials through sisal and glass fiber reinforcement with epoxy resin and graphite filler

This study investigates the mechanical and wears properties of sisal and glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composites with graphite as filler material. We assessed the mechanical properties of the hand-layup-fabricated composite materials, including hardness, tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength, by ASTM standards. We also performed wear evaluations using a pin-on-disc apparatus. The results showed that the weight fractions of sisal fiber, glass fiber, graphite, and epoxy resin significantly affected the mechanical properties of the composites. In contrast to composites reinforced with individual fibers, hybrid composites exhibited enhanced mechanical properties. The optimized compositions showed improvements in tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness properties. The wear analysis revealed that a variety of factors, including the weight percentage of reinforcement, sliding velocity, load, and sliding distance, had an impact on the composites' wear resistance. The SEM images provided significant insights into the composite material's micro structural characteristics and failure mechanisms. In general, this research showcases the potential of graphite filler-reinforced sisal and glass fiber epoxy composites for use in applications that demand exceptional abrasion resistance and mechanical strength. Further refinement of the composition and processing methodologies could lead to the development of composites tailored to specific application demands.

Photo- thermo-induce changes in As2S3- and As2S3: Au-nanoparticles filled porous glass composite: Optics and the molecular structure simulation of the responsible chalcogenide transformations

In this study we continue a more detailed investigation of the photoinduced effect in nanoporous glass impregnated with As2S3 NPs and Au NPs and its influence on the material's optical properties. The goal of this research is establishing the quantum chemical peculiarities of these processes taking into account the impact of gold nanoparticles on the photoinduced structural transformations of As-S component using Raman spectroscopy and theoretically investigating the molecular structure of arsenic sulfide As-S through ab initio quantum chemical calculations. These support the possibility of further variations in optical properties of such composite materials and photo-thermo driven elements made on their basis.

Influence of Gamma-Phase Aluminum Oxide Nanopowder and Polyester-Glass Recyclate Filler on the Destruction Process of Composite Materials Reinforced by Glass Fiber.

Recycling of composite materials is an important global issue due to the wide use of these materials in many industries. Waste management options are being explored. Mechanical recycling is one of the methods that allows obtaining polyester-glass recyclate in powder form as a result of appropriate crushing and grinding of waste. Due to the fact that the properties of composites can be easily modified by adding various types of fillers and nanofillers, this is one of the ways to improve the properties of such complex composite materials. This article presents the strength parameters of composites with the addition of fillers in the form of polyester-glass recyclate and a nanofiller in the form of gamma-phase aluminum nanopowder. To analyze the obtained results, Kolmogorov-Sinai (K-S) metric entropy was used to determine the transition from the elastic to the viscoelastic state in materials without and with the addition of nanoaluminum, during a static tensile test. The tests included samples with the addition of fillers and nanofillers, as well as a base sample without any additives. The article presents the strength parameters obtained from a testing machine during a static tensile test. Additionally, the acoustic emission method was used during the research. Thanks to which, graphs of the effective value of the electrical signal (RMS) were prepared as a function of time, the parameters were previously identified as extremely useful for analyzing the destruction process of composite materials. The values obtained from the K-S metric entropy method and the acoustic emission method were plotted on sample stretching graphs. The influence of the nanofiller and filler on these parameters was also analyzed. The presented results showed that the aluminum nanoadditive did not increase the strength parameters of the composite with recyclate as a result of the addition of aluminum nanofiller; however, its addition influenced the operational parameters, which is reflected in a 5% increase in the UTS value (from 55% to 60%).

Nature-Derived Sulfur Carbons for Highly-Efficient Room Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Energy Storage

In recent years, a growing interest in “beyond-Li-ion“ batteries has caused a speedy development of alternative battery technologies based on other alkali metals. Room temperature sodium sulfur (RT Na-S) batteries are potential candidate for sustainable large-scale energy storage systems. They offer low cost, nontoxicity and natural abundance of both cathode and anode materials combined with high theoretical energy density. However, rapid capacity fading related to the irreversible shuttling of soluble polysulfides, poor reaction kinetics and low sulfur utilisation in the cathode materials significantly limit their practical application.In this work, a microporous sulfur-carbon complex is produced from sustainable natural precursors in a one-pot synthesis via stepwise thermally-induced inverse vulcanisation and condensation. The material exhibits a unique structure, with sulfur chains covalently anchored to the conductive carbon matrix and physically confined in ultra-micropores. An increase in sulfur content in the sulfur-copolymer alters the morphology and chemical composition of the final sulfur-carbon material, enhancing the amount of long-chain sulfur. The combination of optimal microstructure, good electrical conductivity and high content of electrochemically active sulfur translates to an unprecedented ~99% utilisation of sulfur and the highest reported capacity for a room temperature Na-S cathode, along with high rate capability, coulombic efficiency and long-term stability. This study offers an innovative approach towards the understanding of the key chemico-physical properties of the sulfur-carbon composite materials for the development of high-performance cathodes in RT Na-S batteries with an atom-efficient utilisation of sulfur.

Mechanical Properties of Additive-Manufactured Composite-Based Resins for Permanent Indirect Restorations: A Scoping Review.

The introduction of 3D printing technology in dentistry has opened new treatment options. The ongoing development of different materials for these printing purposes has recently enabled the production of definitive indirect restorations via 3D printing. To identify relevant data, a systematic search was conducted in three databases, namely PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Additionally, a manual search using individual search terms was performed. Only English, peer-reviewed articles that encompassed in vitro or in vivo research on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed composite materials were included, provided they met the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. After screening 1142 research articles, 14 primary studies were selected. The included studies mainly utilized digital light processing (DLP) technology, less commonly stereolithography (SLA), and once PolyJet printing technology. The material properties of various composite resins, such as VarseoSmile Crown Plus (VSC) and Crowntec (CT), were studied, including Vickers hardness, flexural strength, elastic modulus, compressive strength, tensile strength, fracture resistance, and wear. The studies aimed to compare the behavior of the tested additive composites to each other, conventional composites, and subtractive-manufactured materials. This scoping review examined the mechanical properties of composites used for 3D printing of definitive restorations. The aim was to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on this topic and identify any gaps for future research. The findings suggest that 3D-printed composites are not yet the first option for indirect restorations, due to their insufficient mechanical properties. Due to limited evidence, more research is needed in this area. Specifically, there is a need for clinical trials and long-term in vivo research.

Hierarchical Modeling of the Nonlinear Optical Response of Composite Materials Based on Tetrathiafulvalene Derivatives.

The presented work concerns computational investigations of the physical properties of composite materials based on polymer matrix and nonlinear optical (NLO) active chromophores. The structural, electronic, and optical properties of selected tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)-based chromophores have been calculated using quantum chemical methods. The polymer matrix changes the physical properties of the inserted chromophores influencing their optical parameters. To explain the mechanism of the NLO signal occurrence from the composites based on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix and TTF chromophores, their structures are modeled using the classical molecular dynamics. In consequence, the structural properties of the composites are discussed according to the NLO requirements. By developing the theoretical model based on a discrete multipole local field approach, the impact of polymer matrix on the optical properties of chromophores is explained.

Innovative polymer‐based composite materials in additive manufacturing: A review of methods, materials, and applications

AbstractThis review paper delves into the manufacturing methods, material properties, and applications of polymer‐based composites in the field of advanced manufacturing, offering a detailed explanation of their production through various additive manufacturing (AM) techniques and their diverse applications across multiple industries. Polymer‐based composite materials have emerged as crucial elements in AM due to their enhanced properties and design versatility, enabling the creation of components with unprecedented performance characteristics. The paper comprehensively covers the major AM methods employed for composite materials, including fused filament fabrication, Digital Light Processing/Stereolithography, Direct Ink Writing, and Selective Laser Sintering. Each of these methods is explored in terms of its mechanism, suitability for different composite materials, and the resulting material properties. The review also provides an insightful analysis of how these AM techniques are revolutionizing industries such as soft robotics, mechanical, electrical, and biomedical fields. The paper concludes by discussing the current challenges in this domain and projecting future trends in the development and application of composite materials in advanced manufacturing. This review aims to offer a comprehensive resource for researchers and practitioners in the field, highlighting the transformative impact of polymer‐based composites in AM and their growing significance across various sectors.Highlights Comprehensive review and classification of novelties in printing method for polymer based composite material manufacturing. Introduces innovative techniques to create and enhance material properties of composites. Explores interdisciplinary applications in biomedical, electronics, and sensors, demonstrating material versatility. Provides a systematic correlation between manufacturing method, material properties, and applications of novel polymer‐based composites.

Integration of inter-ply electrical percolation phenomena in the multiphysics modelling of laminated composite materials

PurposeThis study aims to introduce a predictive homogenization model incorporating electrical percolation considerations to forecast the electrical characteristics of unidirectional carbon-epoxy laminate composites.Design/methodology/approachThis study presents a method for calculating the electrical conductivity tensor for various ply arrangement patterns to elucidate phenomena occurring around the interfaces between plies. These interface models are then integrated into a three-dimensional (3D) magneto-thermal model using the finite element method. A comparative study is conducted between different approaches, emphasizing the advantages of the new model through experimental measurements.FindingsThis research facilitates the innovative integration of electrical percolation considerations, resulting in substantial improvement in the prediction of electrical properties of composites. The validity of this improvement is established through comprehensive validation against existing approaches and experimentation.Research limitations/implicationsThe study primarily focuses on unidirectional carbon-epoxy laminate composites. Further research is needed to extend the model's applicability to other composite materials and configurations.Originality/valueThe proposed model offers a significant improvement in predicting the electrical properties of composite materials by incorporating electrical percolation considerations at inter-ply interfaces, which have not been addressed in previous studies. This research provides valuable information to improve the accuracy of predictions of the electrical properties of composites and offers a methodology for accounting for these properties in 3D magneto-thermal simulations.

Effect of antibacterial masterbatches selection on the crystal structure and properties of nanosilver composite materials

AbstractThe distribution of nanosilver in composite materials with two different matrices is related to the selection of antibacterial masterbatches, which has a profound impact on the antibacterial effectiveness of the composite materials. This study utilized ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA) and polypropylene (PP) as base materials to fabricate two types of nanosilver composite materials (C1‐EVA/PP and C2‐EVA/PPP) employing varying methods of antimicrobial masterbatches incorporation. Additionally, EVA‐Ag and PP‐Ag nanosilver composite materials were fabricated via melt blending, along with corresponding neat materials and blends (EVA, PP, and C0‐EVA/PP) for comparison. The study results indicate that the addition of nanosilver did not affect the functional groups of either the neat materials and the EVA/PP blends. SEM analysis revealed that nanosilver was dispersed unevenly in the C1‐EVA/PP substrate, while it was more uniformly distributed in the C2‐EVA/PP substrate. In the antibacterial test, the antibacterial rate of C2‐EVA/PP was higher than that of C1‐EVA/PP (56.0% vs. 40.0%). However, all silver‐containing composite materials did not exhibit antibacterial properties in the agar diffusion test. Additionally, nanosilver exhibited an induced crystallization effect on the PP phase of the C2‐EVA/PP composite material, increasing its Tc2 by 0.8°C. Compared with pure PP, the long period of PP‐Ag increased by 0.7 nm, and its impact resistance improved by 13.8%. By comparison, the long period of EVA‐Ag composite materials increased by only 0.2 nm compared to pure EVA. Both C1‐EVA/PP and C2‐EVA/PP composite materials showed 0.3 nm increase in long period compared to C0‐EVA/PP, with their impact resistance improving by 3.1% and 10.3%, respectively, compared to C0‐EVA/PP. The introduction of nanosilver increased the storage modulus, loss modulus, and apparent viscosity of EVA/PP blends. Optical performance analysis shows that nanosilver increases the internal haze of C1‐EVA/PPP by 60% while reducing the transmittance by 0.3%. The effect of nanosilver on the optical properties of C2‐EVA/PPP composites is relatively small. Therefore, this study provides theoretical guidance for the selection of processing methods for dual‐phase antibacterial materials.Highlights Different antibacterial masterbatch impacts silver distribution in composites. The addition of nanosilver can improve the impact performance of materials. Two process methods were used to prepare low‐silver content composite materials. The antibacterial rate of C2‐EVA/PP is higher than C1‐EVA/PP (56% vs. 40%). This study guides the processing methods for dual‐phase antibacterial materials.

Alginate composite films incorporated with Zn-based inorganic antimicrobials for food packaging: Effects of morphology.

Biopolymers-based food packaging materials have drawn attention as potential candidates for substitution of petroleum-based materials. In this study, composite alginate films were developed by incorporating Zn-based antimicrobials to overcome the intrinsic disadvantages of alginates that hinder their wide applications. Antimicrobials with different morphologies (nanoplatelets, nanorods, and nanospheres) were employed to investigate the effects of antimicrobials' morphology on antibacterial, thermal, mechanical, and barrier performance of composite alginate films. Meanwhile, morphological and structural characterizations were carried out to explore the interactions between antimicrobials and alginate matrix. Results indicated that films with nanospheres exhibited superior antibacterial property, while those with one-dimensional nanorods possessed better mechanical and barrier performance. Besides, preliminary test on fresh-cut potatoes and chicken breasts indicated that the composite films showed potential in extending shelf life of foods. By incorporating antimicrobials with three different morphologies, this study provides particular insights into improving properties of composite packaging materials.

Temperature Effect on the Properties and Response of Composite Materials and Plates

The paper illustrates the effect of temperature on composite material properties and its influence on the response of composite plates. Two composites considered include laminae with uniaxially oriented and with in-plane randomly oriented fibers. Analytical solutions are presented for a uniformly heated large-aspect-ratio plate deforming into a cylindrical surface. The solutions are demonstrated for thermal buckling and natural frequencies for the cases of controlled loading and controlled displacements. Micromechanical residual and lifetime thermally induced stresses at the interface of fibers and matrix are assessed to predict a possible onset of local damage after the curing and during lifetime. The material considered in numerical examples consists of silicon carbide fibers and a titanium alloy matrix. The moduli of elasticity and shear as well as the coefficients of thermal expansion of this composite are significantly affected by temperature. The thermally induced microscopic radial stress at the fiber–matrix interface is high, so it should be monitored in silicon fiber titanium matrix composites to avoid the onset of local damage. In conclusion, accounting for the effect of temperature on material properties is highly desirable since it produces more accurate solution than those utilizing the properties at the room temperature.

Compression behavior and energy dissipation of aluminum foam-polyurethane elastomer composite materials under impact loading

Aluminum foam (AF) and polyurethane elastomer (PUE) are commonly utilized in the production of lightweight energy-absorbing components, owing to their exceptional energy absorbing properties and specific energy absorption. The dynamic mechanical properties of AF-PUE composite materials have been analyzed through experiments and simulation in this study. Meanwhile, the deformation pattern of AF-PUE under low impact loading is analyzed by utilizing neural network inverse identification and numerical simulation to determine the material parameters of AF. The results indicate that the stress–strain curve of AF-PUE during dynamic compression can be primarily divided into two stages: the initial stage, which is characterized by PUE compaction; the subsequent stage, which is marked by AF collapse and crushing. The interlayer fusion deformation mechanism of AF-PUE and the layer-by-layer and synchronous deformation mechanisms are elucidated by investigating the density, strain rate, and microporous structure and using digital image correlation (DIC). These findings are further validated using numerical simulation. The mesoscopic deformation mechanism of a composite comprising two layers of AF-PUE under high-velocity impact is also investigated. The results emphasize the importance of density arrangement in determining dynamic crushing behavior.

Evaluation of Composite Structural Materials for Heliostat Cost Reduction

Abstract Structures manufactured from steel comprise up to 40% of a concentrating solar thermal power (CSP) heliostat's cost. Composite structures represent a potential opportunity to reduce this cost. A reference heliostat structural model has been created with a reflector area of 25 m2. The design, constructed of low-carbon steel, provides baseline deflection and stiffness under a 21 m/s operating wind speed. Established roster of suitable metal alternative materials is considered including glass, basalt, and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP, BFRP, and CFRP, respectively). Three heliostat components are investigated: the pylon, torque tube, and the purlin–strut assembly. Composite material properties are substituted for those of steel, and the beams are re-sized to match the original steel components’ deflection under given wind loads. Weight and cost changes resulting from this resizing are evaluated. It is found that GFRP and BFRP represent a 3 ×–6 × cost premium for the same operating deflection characteristics as steel across all three investigated component classes; with weight reduction only achieved for the purlin–strut assembly. While CFRP components can achieve approximately 25–75% weight savings depending on the application, this comes with a 9 ×–14 × cost increase over the steel baseline for tube-type structures and roughly 5 × cost increase when replacing c-channel structures. This work does not rule out the possibility of cost savings when the heliostat design and kinematics take advantage of composites' specific properties.

The Quick Determination of a Fibrous Composite’s Axial Young’s Modulus via the FEM

Knowing the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced composite materials, which are currently widely used in various industrial branches, represents a major objective for designers. This happens when new materials are used that are not yet in production or for which the manufacturer cannot give values. Given the practical importance of this problem, several methods of determining these properties have been proposed, but most of them are laborious and require a long calculation time. And, some of the proposed calculation methods are very approximate, providing only upper and lower limits for these values. Experimental measurements are obviously the optimal solution for solving this problem, but it must be taken into account that this type of method consumes time and material resources. This paper proposes a sufficiently accurate and fast estimation method for determining Young’s modulus for a homogenized fibrous material. Thus, the FEM is used to determine the natural frequencies of a standard bar, for which there are sufficiently precise classical methods to express the engineering constants according to the mechanical properties of the component phases of the homogenized material. In this paper, Young’s modulus is determined for such a material using the relationships that provide the eigenfrequencies for the longitudinal vibrations. With the adopted model, transverse and torsional vibrations are eliminated by blocking the nodes on the surfaces of the bars. In this way, more longitudinal eigenfrequencies can be obtained, so the precision in calculating Young’s modulus is increased.