Proper Units Research Articles

Correction to: A Predictive Model of High Shear Thrombus Growth.

This erratum is to correct the heading of column 2 (titled "b") in Table1, which was missing proper units. The heading for that column was revised to include proper units, reading "b (× 10-6 s)".

Reticular Chemistry of Uranyl Phosphonates: Sterically Hindered Phosphonate Ligand Method is Significant for Constructing Zero-Dimensional Secondary Building Units.

Designability is an attractive feature for metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and essential for reticular chemistry, and many ideas are significantly useful in the carboxylate system. Bi-, tri-, and tetra-topic phosphonate ligands are used to achieve framework structures. However, an efficient method for designing phosphonate MOFs is still on the way, especially for uranyl phosphonates, owing to the complicated coordination modes of the phosphonate group. Uranyl phosphonates prefer layer or pillar-layered structures as the topology extension for uranyl units occurs in the plane perpendicular to the linear uranium-oxo bonds and phosphonate ligands favor the formation of compact structures. Therefore, an approach that can construct three-dimensional (3D) uranyl phosphonate MOFs is desired. In this paper, a sterically hindered phosphonate ligand method (SHPL) is described and is successfully used to achieve 3D framework structures of uranyl phosphonates. Four MOF compounds ([AMIM]2 (UO2 )(TppmH4 )⋅H2 O (UPF-101), [BMMIM]2 (UO2 )3 (TppmH4 )2 ⋅H2 O (UPF-102), [Py14]2 (UO2 )3 (TppmH4 )2 ⋅3 H2 O (UPF-103), and [BMIM](UO2 )3 (TppmH3 )F2 ⋅2 H2 O (UPF-104); [AMIM]=1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium, [BMMIM]=1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium, [Py14]=N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium, and [BMIM]=1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium) are obtained by ionothermal synthesis, with zero-dimensional nodes of uranyl phosphonates linked by steric tetra-topic ligands, namely tetrakis[4-(dihyroxyphosphoryl)phenyl]methane (TppmH8 ), to give 3D framework structures. Characterization by PXRD, UV/Vis, IR, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry (TG) were also performed.

A Framework for Development Architecture for Modular Products: Cross-Domain Variety Management Perspective

AbstractVariety management is a cross-domain issue in product family design. In the real field, the relationships across the domains are so complex for most of the existing product families that they cannot be easily identified without proper reference architecture. This reference architecture should provide the cross- domain mapping mechanisms in an explicit manner and be able to identify the proper units for management. From this perspective of cross-domain framework, this paper introduces development architecture (DA) to describe the relationships between elements in market, design, and production domains and to give insights for the cross-domain variety management in the product development stage. DA has three parts: (1) the arrangement of elements in each domain, (2) the mapping between elements, and (3) the identification of management sets and key interfaces which are the proper units for variety management. The proposed development architecture framework is applied to the case of front chassis family of modules of an automobile.

Fluidized Bed Combustion of Pelletized Sewage Sludge in a Pilot Scale Reactor

ABSTRACTFluidized bed combustion stems out as one of the most feasible technology to burn sewage sludge. However, the performances of bubbling fluidized bed combustors fueled with pelletized sewage sludge are still lacking at pilot scale. In this work, an experimental campaign on a pilot scale bubbling fluidized bed combustor (FBC370), was carried out to investigate the effect of sewage sludge pelletization on combustion behavior. The gaseous and particulate emissions during stable thermal regimes for thermal power ranging roughly from 50 to 65 kWth were measured. Under the experimental conditions investigated, a stable and efficient combustion behavior was obtained in terms of low emissions of unburnt species, but a train of cleaning processes is necessary to reduce gaseous and particulate emissions. A two stage de-dusting system for the capture of fine and ultrafine particles and the proper units for the abatement of the NOx, SO2, and HCl produced in high concentrations are needed. The temperature profile in the post-combustion zone and stable combustion conditions are critical for the formation of dioxins. On the whole, the sewage sludge pelletization plays an important role in fuel conversion and in the formation of particulate and gaseous macro pollutants. In particular, it is observed that: 1) the partitioning between fly and bottom ash significantly changes reducing the generation of fines particles produced; 2) the stratified combustion of volatile matter and char particles can be enhanced at low fluidization velocity favoring bed agglomeration phenomena; 3) NO emissions are affected by ash accumulation inside the bed when efficient fuel mixing conditions are achieved.

Co-Planar Nano-Resistor Devices

Nano-resistors made from the breakdown of a MOS capacitor with a metal oxide high-k gate dielectric layer have been reported previously [1-3]. The high-k dielectric surrounded nano-resistor structure has many interesting properties suitable for electronic and optoelectronic devices. The material and fabrication process of the nano-resistor device are completely IC compatible. Therefore, the cost of the device can be very low. The nano-resistor structure can be used as diodes or antifues in low- or medium-power logic and memory ICs [4]. Separately, when a voltage is applied through the nano-resistor, light can be emitted from the thermal excitation process [1-3]. This kind of device is named the solid state incandescent light emitting device (SSI-LED) because the light spectrum covers the whole visible and part of the near IR wavelength range with the peak located in the red light region. The light is located in the warm white light region of the CIE chart with a large CCT of above 2,500K and a high CRI of > 95. Similar to the light of the conventional incandescent light bulb, the SSI-LED is suitable for the lighting purpose. In addition, the broadband light can be narrowed down to near the 850 nm wavelength by adding a thin film filter [5,6]. When used in combination with the proper waveguide and modulation units, the SSI-LED can be a light source for the on-chip optical interconnect. Nano-resistors reported in the literature are made from the vertical MOS capacitor structure, as shown in Figure 1(a). Conductive paths are formed from the breakdown of the gate dielectric film due to the large electric field between the top and bottom electrodes. Since all nano-resistor devices are formed on the same wafer sharing the common bottom electrode, electrical interferences or crosstalks among adjacent devices are unavoidable. In this paper, a new type of co-planar nano-resistor structure formed from the MOS capacitor with both electrodes located on the same side of the wafer, as shown in Fig. 1(b), is introduced. The gate dielectric layer is broken from the application of an electric field between the two electrodes. Different nano-resistor devices can be formed individually on the same substrate. When properly isolated, the nano-resistor device can be operated without being interfered by surrounding devices. Then, a large array of devices can be fabricated and operated for various applications. Figure 2 shows breakdown curves of the conventional vertical (control) and the new co-planar structured samples. Nano-resistors are formed in the similar way. Figure 3 shows an array of co-planar nano-resistor devices fabricated on the Si wafer. In this paper, we will describe the fabrication process of the co-planar nano-resistor device. Electrical and optical characteristics of the device will be shown and discussed. Possible applications of this kind of device will also be discussed. [1] Y. Kuo and C.-C. Lin, APL, 102, 031117 (2013). [2] Y. Kuo and C.-C. Lin, SSE, 89, 120 (2013). [3] Y. Kuo, IEEE TED, 62, 3536 (2015). [4] Y. Kuo, ECS Trans. 69(12) 23 (2015). [5] S. Radovanovic, et al, High-Speed Photodiodes Standard CMOS Technol., p. 24 (2006). [6] S. Zhang and Y. Kuo, ECS JSS, 6 Q39 (2017). Figure 1

Base type selection of product service system based on convolutional neural network

Customer preferences for products reflect the product and service requirements of the Product Service System (PSS). Picking out and associating the proper product units and service units are the key point of configuring a product service system to meet the requirements of individual customer.Some intelligent algorithms are used in product selection, as well as in the design of products and services. However, existing selection methods are difficult to convert customer requirements into base types of PSS in highly complex mapping spaces. In order to realize the rational allocation of product service systems and provide crucial information for company staffs in product design department, we using convolutional neural networks to study the nexus of customer demand attributes and product service system base types in this paper. Through training the convolutional neural network to obtain the complex nonlinear mapping relations between customer demand attributes and product service system base types, and product service can be selected. The proposed method has been verified in the base type selection of CNC machine tools product service system.

Genetic structure in parasitic Rhinanthus angustifolius is determined by geographical distance rather than habitat – implications for taxonomy and conservation

Analyses of intraspecific genetic structure can promote the conservation of genetic diversity of rare or declining plant species by enabling identification of proper management units. Here we investigate the genetic structure of the annual hemiparasitic herb Rhinanthus angustifolius to evaluate the genetic distinctness of two currently described subspecies and three habitat‐related groups of populations inferred from recent common‐garden data. Data from 11 nuclear microsatellite loci, obtained from 17 southern Swedish populations of R. angustifolius, were analyzed with a variety of population genetic techniques to examine how intraspecific genetic structure relates to taxonomy, habitat and geography. Neither the two subspecies nor the three recently identified population groups formed genetically coherent lineages. Rather, there was a clear isolation‐by‐distance pattern, pointing to a major role of geographically restricted gene flow in structuring the diversity at the putatively neutral microsatellite loci. Although uncertainties remain regarding the influence of homoplasy and possible introgression from the closely related R. minor, our microsatellite data argue against the recognition of previously identified subspecies or population groups as management units for conservation purposes. As currently described entities do not contain much unique genetic variation, we recommend conserving populations from a large geographical range, rather than populations from specific habitats, to preserve the long‐term evolutionary potential of the species.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE METHOD FOR REDUCING A MODEL TO THE NONDIMENSIONALIZED FORM

We proposed the method that makes it possible to transform a mathematical model into the nondimensionalized form with a less number of nondimensionalized magnitudes, than it is prescribed by the Pi-theorem (in English literature – the Buckingham theorem, in French literature – the Vaschy theorem). The procedure of transformations is formalized and does not require highly qualified researchers for its implementation. The method is based on the synthesis of principles of the standard approach to nondimensionalization and natural measurement units. The solution of a nondimensionalization problem is based on the use of matrix methods. The desire to transform a model towards a decrease in the number of magnitudes, included in it, without losing information, is stimulated by a number of emerging benefits. The possibility to obtain an assigned amount of information at fewer physical and numerical experiments, as well as new solutions, is implemented. As a result of the research, there is a possibility to decrease the number of magnitudes, included in the transformed mathematical model. This is due to the introduction of proper measurement units (normalizing magnitudes) for each model separately, which corresponds to introduction of a natural coordinate system. The procedure is standardized and can be applied to any model, which is characteristic of the standard nondimensionalization methods. Feasibility of the method was demonstrated using an example of reducing the model of hydraulic impact in pipes to the nondimensionalized form. The variants with and without taking into consideration of dissipative forces were explored. In each case, nondimensionalization was performed using the standard method and by using the developed procedures. In both cases, the application of the proposed method made it possible to decrease the number of nondimensionalized magnitudes compared with the results of using the standard approach.

PIGI ZOIS: Pioneering with Credibility

Annual transfusion requirements in Greece exceed 600000 blood units and nearly 20% of them are used for the transfusion of 3.000 patients with Thalassemia. Thalassemia patients need to be transfused properly at the right time and with safe, fresh blood. PIGI ZOIS is a nonprofit organization that tries to improve the lives of patients through providing proper voluntary blood units to patients and enhancing the Voluntary Blood Donation policy, in Thessaloniki area, which has 350 patients. The mission of PIGI ZOIS is to organize and manage almost 7.000 volunteers to donate their blood for the thalassemic patients. This is achieved by using a phone call reminder, so that the blood volunteer will donate his/her blood to a compatible young patient. All matches are done by a specialized computer program. PIGI ZOIS has donated 90.000 blood units over a period of twenty years. PIGI ZOIS also aims to raise awareness of Thalassemia through an educational program with children in primary schools, with the ultimate goal of encouraging the children to become donors when they reach adulthood. PIGI ZOIS also runs informative campaigns to the public about disease prevention and the general promotion of voluntary blood donation.

Framing major prebiotic transitions as stages of protocell development: three challenges for origins-of-life research.

Conceiving the process of biogenesis as the evolutionary development of highly dynamic and integrated protocell populations provides the most appropriate framework to address the difficult problem of how prebiotic chemistry bridged the gap to full-fledged living organisms on the early Earth. In this contribution we briefly discuss the implications of taking dynamic, functionally integrated protocell systems (rather than complex reaction networks in bulk solution, sets of artificially evolvable replicating molecules, or even these same replicating molecules encapsulated in passive compartments) as the proper units of prebiotic evolution. We highlight, in particular, how the organisational features of those chemically active and reactive protocells, at different stages of the process, would strongly influence their corresponding evolutionary capacities. As a result of our analysis, we suggest three experimental challenges aimed at constructing protocell systems made of a diversity of functionally coupled components and, thereby, at characterizing more precisely the type of prebiotic evolutionary dynamics that such protocells could engage in.

Further experimental evidence of the fractional-order energy equation in supercapacitors

Due to the dispersive porous nature of its material, carbon–carbon supercapacitors have a current–voltage relationship which is modeled by a fractional-order differential equation of the form i(t)=Cαdαv(t)dtα where α≤1 is a dispersion coefficient and Cα is a pseudo-capacitance not measurable in Farads. Hence, the energy stored in a capacitor, known to equal CV2/2 where C is the capacitance in Farad and V is the voltage applied, does not apply to a supercapacitor. In a recent work (Allagui et al., 2016), a fractional-order energy equation that enables the quantification of the energy stored in a supercapacitor when it is charged by a linear voltage ramp was derived. In addition, an effective capacitance (in proper Farad units) obtained from the time-domain analysis of the supercapacitor model under this type of charging was also derived. While some experimental results were given in Allagui et al. (2016), here we provide more experimental evidence of the applicability of the fractional-order energy equation using two commercial devices from two different vendors. We also show the effect of fast charging versus slow charging on the amount of energy stored in these supercapacitors.

Risk analysis model for regional railroad investment

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to model risks in financial analysis. These risks associated with uncertainties in the projects should be properly addressed to ensure proper decision regarding the projects. Performance indicators should be developed and assessing risks has high priority. All these activities comprise appraisal, and based on these, a proper course of action should be recommended.Design/methodology/approachTo analyze the attractiveness of a project for foreign regional railroad investment or participation, the project should be analyzed in a systematic way. First, the project’s goals and objectives should be evaluated for compatibility. Also, criteria of acceptability for stakeholders should be checked against output from the project. Usually, a project can have many alternatives, and impacts of each alternative should be analyzed in terms of quantitative and qualitative forecasts of impacts. Benefits and costs need to be counted in proper units of measurement per goals and objectives.FindingsThis paper shows that risk modeling can reflect uncertainty in decision-making and provide robustness of modeling process and improved communication. Also, challenges are presented in using risk analysis.Originality/valueTo overcome the shortcomings of traditional mathematical optimization model in identifying best sets of projects for private application, the proposed model finds ways to incorporate risk management components for the optimization procedure. Based on simulation results, a brute force solution procedure using enumeration can be used. Another approach is recommended to use the genetic algorithm process to reduce the number of alternatives to search to reach an optimal solution.

Stratigraphic interpretation of rare earth element signatures in Pleistocene mammal bones: A case study from Kharabai site, East Siberia

A significant portion of the Quaternary mammal remains is not found in situ, which limits their biostratigraphic potential and the possibility of studying evolutionary changes. To determine stratigraphic position of such finds we used the geochemical interpretations of rare earth element relative concentrations and fractionations (REE signatures) in the faunal remains and surrounding sediments. REE signatures vary between different profile deposits due to differences in deposit sources, conditions, and REE fractionation during deposition and diagenesis. Redeposited faunal remains can retain evidence of unique REE signatures of surrounding deposits, which allows assigning such bones to their proper depositional units. This method is tested here on the material from the Kharabai site, Viluy River, Central Yakutia (63.77°N, 121.10°E). We determined that the REE signatures from the faunal remains, collected at the base of the exposure, showed a statistically significant correspondence to certain stratigraphic layers, indicating the original deposition location of these remains. Importantly, the biochronological age of the mammals, determined using their evolutionary position, was consistent with the stratigraphic position of the layers, with which they were associated using the REE signatures. This research suggests that the lower layers of the Kharabai site date to Early Middle Pleistocene, while the upper ones date to Late Pleistocene.

Erratum to “Revisiting Vereecken Pedotransfer Functions: Introducing a Closed‐Form Hydraulic Model”

The pedotransfer function (PTF) of Weynants et al. (2009) allows the estimation of the hydraulic parameters of the closed-form expression of the van Genuchten model (van Genuchten, 1980) on the basis of easily measurable soil characteristics, such as soil texture, bulk density, and organic C content. For the development of the new PTF, Weynants et al. (2009) revisited the Vereecken database of Belgian soils. This database was originally used to develop widely used PTFs for the van Genuchten model for the moisture retention characteristics and the Gardner model for the hydraulic conductivity function (Vereecken et al., 1989, 1990). Due to the simple application of the Weynants PTF as stand-alone regression functions and the proven validity of the Vereecken PTF, the paper of Weynants has been already cited 43 times in the ISI Web of Science (verified 17 Nov. 2016). When applying the coefficients of the Weynants PTF listed in Table 6 of their paper into the regressions listed in Table 3 of their paper, the question of input units arises. Unfortunately, units for the required inputs—sand, silt, clay, bulk density, and organic C (OC) content—are neither provided directly in Table 3 of their paper, nor in the text. While the units of soil texture (%, w/w) are obvious, units for bulk density and organic C content are less clear. The proper units for bulk density are megagrams per cubic meter or grams per cubic centimeter, which yield the same numbers. For soil C content, units should be %OC as in the original Vereecken PTF (Vereecken et al., 1989, 1990) and not grams per kilogram, as could wrongly be inferred from Table 1. Looking at Table 3 (Weynants et al., 2009), we see that the use of wrong units for OC will affect estimates of the α, K 0, and λ, whereby λ will not be affected because the coefficient e6 to scale OC was estimated to be zero (as can be seen from Table 6). Because we expect that other studies already have used the wrong units, we performed an error propagation exercise to assess the impact of using the wrong units on the α and K 0 for the 12 USDA textural classes. It has to be noted that for each textural class, the sand, silt, and clay fractions were assumed to center in the class. Bulk density was chosen to be 1.4 g cm−1, and OC was set to 1%. In general, the impact of the use of incorrect OC units is negligible for the determination of the α value, with calculated α values of 0.044 and 0.048 cm−1 for a sand soil using OC in grams per kilogram and percent, and 0.008 and 0.009 cm−1 for a clay soil, respectively. This means that also the entire retention and hydraulic conductivity curve will be only slightly changed. On the other hand, the impact of using a wrong unit becomes more dominant for the estimation of K 0, as shown in Fig. 1 for the 12 USDA textural classes. In our case, assuming an OC content of 1%, the relative difference in predicted OC is constant 15%, but the difference will increase for larger OC contents. Predicted K 0 for the 12 USDA textural classes assuming an organic C content of 1% and a bulk density of 1.4 g cm−3. Because K 0 and α scale linearly with increasing OC, a correction term can be calculated for the wrong originally reported and correct K 0 and α value with Therefore, the information to Tables 3 and 6 in Weynants et al. (2009) should be updated for the sake of clarity. Routines in R and Excel are provided hereafter to help one use these PTF with the proper units (https://sites.google.com/site/mweynants/publications, accessed 20 Dec. 2016). The following modification in the original manuscript are suggested: ‡ OC, organic carbon content (%); BD, bulk density (g cm−3); clay (<2 μm), silt (2–50 μm) and sand (0.05–2 mm), fractions of fine earth (% weight of particles smaller than 2mm). Parameter† Variable‡ Coefficient§ Value CI t statistic P value ‡ organic C (% weight); bulk density (g cm−3); clay (<2 μm), silt (2–50 μm), and sand (0.05– 2 mm), fractions of fine earth (% weight of particles smaller than 2 mm). § Coefficient names refer to the equations in Table 3. Those not mentioned here were not significantly different from 0 and were discarded during the stepwise procedure. Hence, θr = 0.

Multitiered and Distributed WSAN for Cooperative Indoors Environment Management

For the past decade, wireless sensor networks have focused primarily on data collection. As a result the network topology for these systems was usually heavily centralized. However, for these networks to form a full system, the introduction of proper actuation units and decision-making intelligence is inevitable. Such a new wireless sensor and actuator network system enables new architectural research issues that have not been previously studied. In this work, we introduce the DWSAN system architecture, which effectively combines both sensor and actuation hardware devices to a single network and manages this network so that the actuation decisions are made in a distributed manner and the topology of the network maintains a multitier architecture. Our intensive set of evaluations reveal that, compared to the centralized approach that has been used in most wireless sensor network systems until now, when actuation units are introduced to the system, the DWSAN architecture reduces the transmission load of the network and the actuation decision-making latency by close to twofold and threefold, respectively. Furthermore, we show that this benefit naturally leads to better scalability of the system, making it suitable for various sensing applications in different environments.

Effect of post harvest treatments on quality and shelf-life of dehydrated ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)

Ginger ( Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is one of the important high value crop, cultivated widely in the North Eastern Region of India. Of the total ginger production, around 93.4 per cent becomes a marketable surplus. This huge amount of marketable surplus is sold by the farmers at a very low price. The ginger producers of the region have not been benefited to the desired extent due to absence of proper processing units and storage facility locally. The traditional ginger drying methods used by the farmers are varied, haphazard and risky, resulting in mould growth and destruction of some heat sensitive pungent properties. Considering the huge production, potentiality, market demand and its agro-climatic suitability in the region, an experiment on post harvest treatments on shelf-life and quality of dehydrated ginger var. 'Bhola' was conducted in the Quality Control and PHT Laboratory of Department of Horticulture, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat. The freshly harvested ginger rhizomes were washed, peeled and cut into small shreds. The ginger shreds were pretreated with different combinations of salt solutions viz., 4 per cent,6 per cent, 8 per cent and 10 per cent, citric acid viz. , 1 per cent, 2 per cent, 3 per cent and 4 per cent and ascorbic acid 2 per cent in general. The treated samples were dried in oven for 7 hours at 60 o C and stored in plastic containers at ambient conditions. The dehydrated ginger shreds treated with 10 per cent salt solution + 4 per cent citric acid + 2 per cent ascorbic acid recorded the highest crude protein (5.73%), oleoresin (4.31%), total soluble carbohydrate (12.89%) and overall sensory score (7.93%) without microbial growth till 180 days of storage. The dehydrated ginger shreds could be safely stored upto 180 days.

Spectral Capacitance of Series and Parallel Combinations of Supercapacitors

AbstractThe porous nature of the electrode material in supercapacitors and the apparent conductivity of the electrolyte cause their impedance to show a complex frequency‐dependent behavior, which in turn makes it incorrect to treat them as ideal capacitors, even at a frequency of a few millihertz. This is particularly crucial if the intended application requires a configuration that uses stacked supercapacitor banks, in which errors in defining the metrics of the individual components accumulate. Although manufacturers provide supercapacitor ratings under DC only, by using a detailed impedance spectroscopy study of all possible series and parallel combinations of two different commercial 1 Farad carbon–carbon supercapacitors, we show that these nominal DC capacitances are not suitable to evaluate the equivalent capacitance. Instead, by using a model that consists of a series resistance and a constant‐phase element, we employed a real, effective capacitance (in proper Farad units) suitable for direct application. This effective capacitance can be used to define the frequency‐dependent quality factor of a supercapacitor and enables the easy calculation of series and parallel associations of identical or different devices.

Investigation of Red Cell Antiobody Screening Tests Gyeonggi Areas

Red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunization results from genetic disparity of RBC antigens between donor and recipients. The discrepancy of RBC antibody screening test occurs when the results of red cell tests do not agree with those of the serum test. In order to select the proper blood units for transfusion, clarification of the cause of discrepancies is essential. The RBC antibody screening test is an easy, quick, and reliable method for detection of clinically significant antibodies. Antibody screening and identification is recommended prior to transfusion to determine whether there is blood group incompatibility. We reported that phenotyping for E, D, M, E+c, and C+e antibody screening test should be extended. Therefore, these results indicate that anti-D and anti-E alloantibodies were major risk factors for haemolytic disease of the newborn or delayed haemolytic transfusion reactions in this study population. We suggested that its antibody screening be adapted to blood safety interventions. Targeted screening of selected recipients at risk offers less value than universal antibody screening, and more research is needed to determine the real incidence of this national condition.

Stem-Affix based Uyghur Morphological Analyzer

Uyghur language is an agglutinative language in which words are derived from stems (or roots) by concatenating suffixes. This property makes a large number of combinations of morphemes, and greatly increases the word-vocabulary size, causing out-of-vocabulary (OOV) and data sparseness problems for statistical models. So words are split into certain sub-word units and applied to text and speech processing applications. Proper sub-word units not only provide high coverage and smaller lexicon size, but also provide semantic and syntactic information which is necessary for downstream applications. This paper discusses a general purpose morphological analyzer tool which can split a text of words into sequence of morphemes or syllables. Uyghur morpheme segmentation is a basic part of the comprehensive effort of the Uyghur language corpus compilation. As there are no delimiters for sub-word units, a supervised method, combined with certain rules and a statistical learning algorithm, is applied for morpheme segmentation. For phonetic units like syllable and phonemes, pure rule-based methods can extract with high accuracy. Most common and proper sub-words for various applications can be the linguistic morphemes for they provide linguistic information, high coverage, low lexicon size, and easily be restored to words. As the Uyghur language is written as pronounced, phonetic alterations of speech are openly expressed in text. This property makes many surface forms for a particular morpheme. A general purpose morphological analyzer must be able to analyze and export in both standard and surface forms. So the morphophonetic alterations like phonetic harmony, weakening, and morphological changes are summarized and learnt from training corpus. And a statistical model based morpheme segmentation tool is trained on the corpus of aligned word-morpheme sequences, and applied to predict possible morpheme sequences. For an open test set, with word coverage of 86.8% and morpheme coverage of 98.4%, the morpheme segmentation accuracy is 97.6%. This morpheme segmentation tool can output both on the standard forms and on the surface forms without costing segmentation accuracy. Furthermore, for various basic lexical units of word, morpheme, and syllable, the statistical properties are compared as a comprehensive effort of the Uyghur language corpus compilation.

The Aldosterone Renin Ratio (ARR) APP as Tool to Enhance the Detection Rate of Primary Aldosteronism.

Primary aldosteronism is one of the most common forms of secondary hypertension, but it is often under diagnosed, which leads to the development of cardiovascular damage, and excess costs for long-term drug treatment and management of complications. The aldosterone to renin ratio (ARR) is a key step for early detection of primary aldosteronism, but unfortunately is not easily estimated. This is because plasma aldosterone and renin are measured with different assays, which provide results in different units of measure, with ensuing difficulty of obtaining the calculation of the ARR in the proper units and impossibility of interpreting results with reference to established cut off values. Therefore, doctors are often unable to draw unambiguous conclusions to be used for the clinical decision-making. To the aim of making the diagnostic work-up easier, we have developed an Application that provide a swift calculation of the ARR regardless of the units of measure used for plasma aldosterone and renin values. If the concomitant serum potassium level is available the App also provides the patient's probability of having an aldosterone-producing adenoma based on a validated logistic discriminant analysis.