Proper Time Research Articles

Minkowskian Approach to the Pseudorange Navigation Equations

Our starting point is the covariant coordinate transformation equation of a relativistic positioning system in Minkowski space–time that maps the receiver’s emission coordinates (proper times broadcast by the emitters) to its coordinates in some inertial reference frame. Bancroft’s analytical (closed-form) solution to the basic pseudorange navigation equations with four emitters is recovered, and the subjacent elements are geometrically interpreted. The case of four static beacons is analysed as a clarifying situation.

The timing and challenges of early intervention for infantile esotropia

Infantile esotropia is a common ophthalmic disease in children. A lot of clinical and basic research evidence suggests that early surgery enhances sensory and ocular motor development. However, the proper timing of surgery has been debated for decades. In addition, there is more likely instability of deviation in the preoperative evaluation of infants, and even if the patient achieved alignment after surgery, the defects in binocular vision may accompany for a lifetime. This article analyzes the difficulties and key points of early intervention for infantile esotropia, aiming to provide scientific ideas for the early treatment of children with infantile esotropia in China.

The timing of minimally invasive surgery for prenatally diagnosed choledochal cysts

ObjectiveThere are no clear evidence-based recommendations concerning when patients with prenatally diagnosed choledochal cysts (CCs) should undergo surgery. This study was primarily designed to explore the proper timing of minimally invasive surgery for prenatally diagnosed CC patients.MethodsSeventy-three patients with prenatally diagnosed CC were enrolled in this study and divided into 4 subgroups according to age at surgery (15 patients in the < 1 month group, 27 in the 1–2 months group, 14 in the 2–3 months group and 17 in the > 3 months group). Eighty-five healthy infants were recruited and divided into 4 age groups (29 in the < 1 month group, 20 in the 1–2 month group, 19 in the 2–3 month group and 17 in the > 3 month group). Preoperative data were collected and compared between CC patients and healthy controls in 4 age groups. Additionally, 73 patients were divided into laparoscopic and open groups to compare postoperative recovery indices and the occurrence of complications to determine the safety and feasibility of laparoscopic CC application in neonates and young infants.ResultsTwenty-one of 73 (28.8%) patients who were prenatally diagnosed with CCs experienced various clinical symptoms, and 15 of 21 (71.4%) patients experienced clinical symptoms less than 2 months after birth. No differences were found in alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) or aspartate transaminase (APRI) levels between CC patients and controls at ≤ 1 month or 1–2 months of age (all p > 0.05), while higher levels were found in CC patients at 2–3 months or > 3 months of age (all p < 0.05). ALT, AST and DBIL levels 1 week after surgery were significantly lower than those before surgery in CC patients who underwent laparoscopic CC excision at > 2 months of age, while DBIL levels 1 week after surgery were also significantly lower than those before surgery in patients who underwent CC excision at ≤ 2 months of age. The initial oral feeding time in the laparoscopic surgery group was significantly earlier than that in the open surgery group for both CC patients who underwent CC excision at ≤ 2 months of age and those > 2 months of age (all p < 0.05). No differences were found in the rates of anastomotic leakage or stricture formation between the laparoscopic and open surgery groups at ≤ 2 months or > 2 months of age.ConclusionMost clinical symptoms attributed to CC occur less than 2 months after birth, while liver function and liver fibrosis may deteriorate after 2 months of age in patients with prenatally diagnosed CC. Laparoscopic surgery for CC in newborns and young infants (either less than or more than 2 months old) is safe and feasible and can shorten the initial oral feeding time without increasing complications such as postoperative anastomotic leakage or stricture. Thus, performing laparoscopic CC excisions within 2 months after birth in patients with prenatally diagnosed CC may be appropriate.

Microscopic state of BHs and an exact one body method for binary dynamics in general relativity

In gravitational collapses, the horizon and singularity’s realisation in the finite future of the proper time used co-moving observer happens in the future of infinitely far away future of the normal time used outside probe. To the latter the horizon and singularity defined in the singularity theorem are physical realities only in the sense of uncertainty principle and ensemble interpretation. We provide two exact time dependent solution families to the Einstein equation and show that they form a pair of complementary description for the microscopic state of black holes by showing that the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy formula follows properly from their canonical wave function’s degeneracy. We also develop an eXact One Body method for general relativity two-body dynamics whose conservative part calls no post newtonian approximation as input and applies to the full three stages of black hole binary merger events. By this method, we analytically calculate the gravitational wave forms following from such merger processes. In the case black holes carry exact and apriori horizon and singularity our wave forms agree with those following from conventional effective one body method but exhibit more consistent late time behaviour. In the case black holes carry only asymptotic horizon and extended inner structure thus experiencing banana shape deformation as the merger occurs, our wave forms exhibit all features especially the late time quasi-normal mode type oscillation seen in real observations.

Deployment Actuator Logic Design for Enhancing Aircraft Armament Stability

For the high reliability of guidance weapon, it is important to maintain the stable supply voltage for guidance system while the bomb is gliding. However, the DC motor drive for guidance control in the low temperature can lead to the critical voltage drop due to a large inrush current.In this paper, we propose the wing deployment logic design to enhance the guidance system stability. To derive the stable drive logic based on PWM, we controlled the duty cycles for input voltage of DC motor in low temperature. The initial duty cycle was set to 40 % to relieve the inrush current. Moreover, the proper time, which is less than 1 second for controlling duty cycles, was determined by the iterative wing deployments of guidance kit. Finally, the validity of proposed logic was confirmed from the result the maximum voltage drop for the wing deployment was decreased by 23 %.

How do roll timing and seeding rate affect lentil yields?

AbstractLentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) production has increased exponentially in Montana in the last two decades. However, there are important gaps in knowledge on best management practices for lentil. Agronomic recommendations are based on performance of old cultivars outside of the area for seeding rate, and on anecdotal evidence for proper roll timing, particularly since the widespread adoption of no‐till farming. Replicated field experiments were conducted at three sites during the 2019, 2020, and 2021 growing seasons in Montana to determine the impacts of roll timing and seeding rate on lentil yield and identify best practices. Overall, rolling at emergence and at the 10‐leaf stage decreased yields by 5% and 8%, respectively, but rolling just after planting or at the early vegetative stage (two‐ to four‐leaf stage) did not decrease yields. Higher yields were achieved at higher seeding rates, with yields increasing between 6 and 52 lb ac−1 for each additional plant established per square foot, but emergence rates were variable and relatively low, so a higher seeding rate may be necessary to achieve plant densities above 12 plants ft−2 in this region. In five out of nine site years, the largest partial economic returns were achieved with 22.5 or 30 live seeds ft−2 seeding rate, corresponding to achieved plant densities of 12 to 16 plants ft−2. It was generally economical to increase seeding rate from 15 to 22.5 live seeds ft−2, thus increasing average achieved plant density from 8 to 13 plants ft−2, except when seed costs were high (&gt;$0.45 lb−1) combined with low market prices (&lt; $0.20 lb−1).

Social Mobility and Single Women’s Marriage Dilemma in Urban China

In contemporary China, social mobility creates an ethical conundrum for single women, who wish to marry without compromising their modern ambitions and filial intentions. Both women and men in China’s largest cities have been postponing marriage in recent decades, increasing the percentage of the never-married population. Failure to marry at the proper time and in the right way violates cultural standards for moral personhood and thus is negatively sanctioned by society. Moreover, women bear greater pressure to marry, and in a timely fashion, than do men. Their marriage prospects decrease as their age and status increase; highly educated single women especially have been stigmatized as “leftover” or unmarriageable. Simultaneously, their educational and professional achievements correspond to refined aspirations for their future, along with resources to delay marriage until they meet a soulmate who fulfills their expectations. Interviews with highly educated single women in Shanghai demonstrate how they contended with the gender contradictions of social mobility. Remaining single by chance or by choice incited societal scrutiny, parental pressure, and personal anguish, but also prompted critical reflection on unequal marriage and gender norms, and sparked shifts in subjectivity. Paradoxically, social mobility reduced single women’s marital prospects yet accorded them the means to envision and forge alternative life paths that challenge patriarchal gender prescriptions.

Relativistic acceleration in noninertial frames of a line of objects

A general solution to the problem of relativistic acceleration of point objects in the noninertial frame of any of the objects is given in one spatial dimension. The objects are initially at rest in a common inertial frame and accelerate until they are at rest in a second inertial frame. The starting time and position of each object, the acceleration rate of each object, and the number of objects are arbitrary. The solution gives the position and velocity of each object in the noninertial frame of the host object, and the proper time of each, as functions of the proper time of the host. The method is based on system states for a pair of objects, and it is found that there are nine series of states which cover all cases, including those in which objects are separated from the host by its Rindler horizon. The familiar problems of acceleration of an elastic rod and a (Born) rigid rod are treated, and a number of examples are given of spaceflight sequences for multiple craft in tandem.

About Some Applications of Mathematics

In this paper, a new mass-velocity relation is derived. The orbit of planetary motion is deduced based on this new relation and the Newtonian laws of motion along with the concept of proper time. The derivation does not use the tensor concept, but the relativistic orbit is obtained as a first approximation of the modified Newtonian theory. Next, we discuss the possibility of introducing a field dependent metric for the EM field by considering the observation that E2 - c2 B2 or E2 - B2 with c = 1 is approximately an invariant quantity for EM Field [1-3]. It is possible to extend the metric for the gravitational case also [4]. The discussion of anomalous characteristic of Lorentz Transformation (LT) and the introduction of a non-linear transformation connecting Local Space-time coordinates (ct,x) with proper system is continued.

Photoperiod, but not progesterone, has a strong impact upon the transcriptome of the medio-basal hypothalamus in female goats and ewes

Photoperiod is the main environmental driver of seasonal responses in organisms living at temperate and polar latitudes. Other external cues such as food and temperature, and internal cues including hormones, intervene to fine-tune phasing of physiological functions to the solar year. In mammals, the medio-basal hypothalamus (MBH) is the key integrator of these cues, which orchestrates a wide array of seasonal functions, including breeding. Here, using RNAseq and RT-qPCR, we demonstrate that molecular components of the photoperiodic response previously identified in ewes are broadly conserved in does (female goats, Capra hircus), with a common core of ∼50 genes. This core group can be defined as the “MBH seasonal trancriptome”, which includes key players of the pars tuberalis-tanycytes neuroendocrine retrograde pathway that governs intra-MBH photoperiodic switches of triiodothyronine (T3) production (Tshb, Eya3, Dio2 and SlcO1c1), the two histone methyltransferases Suv39H2 and Ezh2 and the secreted protein Vmo1. Prior data in ewes revealed that T3 and estradiol (E2), both key hormones for the proper timing of seasonal breeding, differentially impact the MBH seasonal transcriptome, and identified cellular and molecular targets through which these hormones might act. In contrast, information regarding the potential impact of progesterone (P4) upon the MBH transcriptome was nonexistent. Here, we demonstrate that P4 has no discernible transcriptional impact in either does or ewes. Taken together, our data show that does and ewes possess a common core set of photoperiod-responsive genes in the MBH and conclusively demonstrate that P4 is not a key regulator of the MBH transcriptome.

A Review on Precision Agriculture: An Evolution and Prospect for the Future

A farm management system that uses information and technology to identify, analyze, and control the temporal and spatial variability within a field is known as precision farming or precision agriculture. Its goals are to maximize productivity and profitability, preserve the land resource, and minimize production costs. The public's growing environmental consciousness is forcing us to alter agricultural management techniques in order to maintain economic profitability while preserving natural resources like water, air, and soil quality. The application of inputs (such as chemical pesticides and fertilizers) in accordance with the proper amount, timing, and location. "Site-Specific Management" is the term used to describe this kind of management. With over a third of the world's food now requiring irrigation for production, the productivity increase in the global food supply has depended more and more on the expansion of irrigation schemes in recent decades. The overall economic viability of traditional agricultural systems is being challenged by market-based global competition in agricultural products, which calls for the creation of new, flexible production systems.

Laparoscopic necrosectomy for acute necrotising pancreatitis: Retrospective analysis of a decade-long experience from a tertiary centre.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the role of minimally invasive surgery for the management of necrotising pancreatitis in acute settings and to propose tailor-made approaches to deal with various locations of pancreatic necrosis. Three hundred and thirteen patients underwent laparoscopic management of necrotising pancreatitis in this study period from January 2010 to June 2021, out of which 122 patients underwent minimally invasive necrosectomy for acute necrotising pancreatitis. The remaining 191 patients underwent laparoscopic internal drainage in the form of cystogastrostomy/cystojejunostomy for walled-off pancreatic necrosis. Mean body mass index was 26.45 ± 3.78 kg/sqm. Mean operating time was 56.40 ± 20.48 min and mean blood loss was 120 ± 31.45 mL. Ten patients required reoperation (6 underwent open procedure and 4 underwent laparoscopic redo necrosectomy). Six patients died of multi-organ failure. The mean duration of return of bowel function was 5 ± 1.8 days. The mean length of hospital stay after surgery was 10.19 ± 7.09 days. There were no major wound-related complications. A minimally invasive approach to pancreatic necrosectomy is safe and feasible with good outcomes in centres with advanced laparoscopic expertise. It requires not only careful case selection but also proper timing and the ideal route of access to achieve optimal outcomes.

Abstract 6302: Home-based supportive care programs for quality-of-life outcomes among patients with advanced cancer: A systematic review

Abstract Objectives This study systematically reviews the literature on the effect of home-based supportive care (HbSC) programs on the quality of life (QoL) of patients with advanced cancer. Methods: The research question ‘Do home-based supportive care programs for patients with advanced cancer improve their QoL?’ was addressed. After registering the plan with PROSPERO (CRD42021235007), literature published from 1 January 1990 to 11 July 2022 was searched on Ovid Medline, Embase, Cochrane library, Web of Science, and Google Scholar and reviewed for inclusion based on predefined criteria. This review only included trial studies published in English. Results: Of 5288 articles identified, 17 studies were judged suitable for inclusion in this review. The components of HbSC programs included home visits, patient and caregiver education, home nursing, psychotherapy, exercise, and telephone consultation. Eight programs included conducting multidisciplinary team meetings. Improvements in QoL were reported in six studies. Specific areas of QoL improved when interventions included home nursing, psychotherapy, patient and caregiver education, and exercise. Conclusion: HbSC programs appear to enable the improvement of the QoL of patients with advanced cancer. The area of QoL that shows improvement could vary depending on the HbSC components. More studies that address HbSC programs are needed to select patients at the proper time and provide suitable programs for patients to benefit most. Citation Format: Inyoung Hwang, Go-Un Wo, Sun-Young Lee, Shin Hye Yoo, Kyae Hyung Kim, Min-Sun Kim, Jeongmi Shin, Hyejin Jeong, Min Seol Jang, Sun Kyung Baek, Eun Hee Jung, Dong-Wook Lee, Belong Cho, Jin Ho Park, Hyuktae Kwon. Home-based supportive care programs for quality-of-life outcomes among patients with advanced cancer: A systematic review [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 6302.

Dissecting the biochemical and hormonal changes of thidiazuron on defoliation of cotton CO17 (Gossypium hirsutum) to enhance mechanical harvest efficiency

Using chemical defoliants to remove cotton leaves represents a groundbreaking shift in cotton cultivation. The mechanization of cotton harvest is increasing, but a substantial amount of foliage that remains on the plant even at maturity is the major barrier for mechanical harvest. Properly completing mechanical and manual harvests requires artificial leaf detachment through defoliants. Still there is no proper defoliant concentration, application times and mechanism of action available. Therefore, the present study aimed to find an effective defoliant and application time to enhance mechanical harvest efficiency, along with a clear description of the mechanism of actions in cotton CO17 (Gossypium hirsutum). The field experiment was conducted during the year 2019-20 and used five concentrations of Thidiazuron defoliant (100, 150, 200, 250 and 300ppm) and Ethephon@0.5% (T2) in cotton variety CO17 to study the physiological, biochemical and hormonal responses at 120, 127 and 134 days after sowing. As a result, the concentrations of plant growth hormones, indole-3 acetic acid (4.9 fold), zeatin (32.7%) and gibberellic acid (7 fold) reduced. In contrast, abscisic acid (48.6%), jasmonic acid (34.9%), salicylic acid (2.15 fold) increased in the T7- Thidiazuron + Diuron (300 ppm) treatment followed by T5-Thidiazuron + Diuron (200 ppm). Additionally, the antioxidant enzymes ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, cellulase in leaves, petiole and bolls were decreased due to defoliant T5- Thidiazuron + Diuron (200 ppm) followed by T7-Thidiazuron + Diuron (300 ppm), indicating that the hormone concentration, antioxidative and hydrolytic enzymes are ruled out and forces the defoliation process.

Design and Analysis of the Two-Impulse Transfer Orbit for a Space-Based Gravitational Wave Observatory

There are plans to set up a space-based gravitational wave observatory that will use an ultra-large-scale laser interferometer in space to detect medium- and low-frequency gravitational waves. Both heliocentric and geocentric formations adopt the method of launching three satellites with one rocket, which has high requirements in terms of the carrying capacity of the rocket. Therefore, a proper transfer design is a prerequisite for achieving space-based gravitational wave detection. In this paper, the transfer orbit for three satellites of the Taiji mission is designed based on the two-impulse transfer model. Moreover, the influence on orbit design of the position of the formation relative to Earth, the initial phase angle of the formation, and the initial time of transfer is analyzed. The Earth-leading and -trailing transfers show opposite patterns in the above three aspects. A smaller velocity increment is required if a proper initial time is selected. After taking into account the stability of the formation, C3, the required velocity increment, transfer time, and the distance to Earth, 20° is determined to be the optimal initial trailing/leading angle.

Retrospective analysis of acute appendicitis in COVID-19 pandemic – A clinical study of 100 cases

Acute appendicitis is a very common abdominal emergency condition. The incidence varies from 5.7 to57 patient /lakh population per year in the world wide survey. It is frequent in both sexes, But highest in children &amp; adolescences. Presentation of this condition is some time so confusing that it should be distinguished from other acute abdominal conditions in proper time and appropriate measures should be taken to treat the patients to avoid unwanted complications, this complication is probably more complicated in COVID-19 pandemic period. This study is designed to compare acute appendicitis cases in relation to clinical features, gradation of disease &amp; post operative complications before COVID-19 (June 2019-March 2020) and during COVID-19 pandemic period (April 2020-October 2021). METHOD-Cases of the study were divided into 2-groups.Group-A (65 cases) in pre- pandemic period and Group-B (35 cases) in pandemic period. The study is based on the clinico-radiological features, laboratories investigations and gradation of disease. Gradation: Grade-I (probably appendicitis), Grade-II (definite appendicitis), Grade-III (perforation of appendices), Grade-IV (appendicular abscess), Grade-V (complicated appendicitis/ appendicular lump). Out of 100 enrolled cases 65 belongs to pre pandemic and 35 in pandemic period. It was found that increase in post-operative complications, were more in higher grade groups during pandemic periods. The COVID-19 pandemic has great impact on diagnosis, treatment and increased complications in post operative period of acute appendicitis, probably due to late presentation in emergency department. Pandemic directly or indirectly affect the outcome of a disease process and management.

A short term credibility index for central banks under inflation targeting: An application to Brazil

Our goal is to provide econometric tools that could act as an almost real-time warning-system for central banks working under an Inflation-Targeting Regime. In any given month, it computes the probability that inflation will remain within the tolerance bounds set in advance by the Regime. So, our short-term index gives a proper response time for Central Banks, something long-term indices prevalent in the literature do not provide. Although we showcase Brazil in our application, our method could be broadly applied to other countries that operate under an Inflation-Targeting Regime. Our key statistic is the probability that inflation will be within the bounds in the next 1- 3- and 6-months ahead. It is based on predictive densities obtained from a mixed causal-noncausal autoregressive (MAR) model. We polish the accuracy of our key statistic using the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve), something new in this literature.

Physical, Chemical and Enzymatic Changes in Amla (Emblica officinalis) Fruit during Growth and Maturation.

Amla (Emblica officinalis) is one of the most prominent fruits in terms of nutritional and medicinal properties and is utilized for the preparation of many traditional processed foods and in Ayurvedic formulations. This study aims to investigate the enzyme activity and physical and chemical quality parameters during the growth and development stages of amla fruit for the determination of proper harvesting time to get optimum nutrient contents of fruit. The amla fruits of the chakaiya variety were harvested at 135 to 270 days after fruit set (DAFS) in 2021 and 2022 to study the various physical, chemical and enzymatic changes during growth and maturation. The geometrical and gravimetric attributes of the fruit, viz. diameter, height, weight, volume, surface area, sphericity, aspect ratio, and radius of curvature increased. However, density decreased with the growth and maturation of the fruit. Furthermore, the rolling resistance, yellowness index and firmness of the fruit increased during the entire harvesting period of 135 to 270 DAFS. Total soluble solids and titratable acidity of the fruits increased only up to 195 DAFS and after that, continuously decreased. In contrast, ascorbic acid concentration grew in the entire growth and development period. Tannic, phenolic compounds and naringin content of the fruit steadily dropped until the final stage of harvest. Pectin Methyl Esterase (PME) activity was detected very low, 0.009 unit/ml at 135 DAFS, but as the fruit grew and matured, activity increased to 0.307 unit/ml at 270 DAFS. Polygalactouronase (PG) activity was not detected until 210 DAFS and, thereforesignificantly increased with maturity. Considering the optimal value of all studied physical, chemical and enzymatic attributes of the fruit during the entire harvesting period of 135 to 270 DAFS, the optimal harvesting time of the fruit was 210 DAFS.

Lived Experiences of Students on Crafting Outputs in Group Performance-Based Task in Physical Education

This study aimed to investigate the experiences of students in group performance-based tasks in Physical Education. In addition, this study also wanted to know the strategies and coping mechanisms of the students employed and their insights regarding group performance-based tasksin Physical Education. This study involved fourteen (14) students, seven (7) of the 14 participants were subjected to an in-depth interview (IDI), while the remaining seven (7) took part in a focus group discussion (FGD). Purposive sampling was used to select participants; data were gathered through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The results revealed seven (7) major themes of the participants' experiences: observation of strengthened and happy relationships among groupmates; struggles in time management; observation to uncooperative members; over-reliance on leaders; difficulties in maintaining discipline among members; conflicts in group dynamics; and issues in mental health. Moreover, the participants showcased their strategies and coping mechanisms from the six (6) major themes that emerged including: exercising proper time management; distributing tasks and assignments; extending patience to groupmates; maintaining good communication; establishing support system; and motivating groupmates. Lastly, the participants shared their insights that revealed five (5) major themes: teachers’ instruction and management in group tasks; inculcate the value of teamwork; valuing inclusivity and good communication; cultivate good values in engaging group tasks; and provide learners with skill development activities. Regardless of the difficulties presented by group performance-based tasks in physical education, students worked together to overcome and explore different approaches to develop achievable and efficient ways that improve the implementation and more comprehensive understanding of physical education concepts

Tob Regulates the Timing of Sleep Onset at Night in Drosophila.

Sleep is regulated by homeostatic sleep drive and the circadian clock. While tremendous progress has been made in elucidating the molecular components of the core circadian oscillator, the output mechanisms by which this robust oscillator generates rhythmic sleep behavior remain poorly understood. At the cellular level, growing evidence suggests that subcircuits in the master circadian pacemaker suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in mammals and in the clock network in Drosophila regulate distinct aspects of sleep. Thus, to identify novel molecules regulating the circadian timing of sleep, we conducted a large-scale screen of mouse SCN-enriched genes in Drosophila Here, we show that Tob (Transducer of ERB-B2) regulates the timing of sleep onset at night in female fruit flies. Knockdown of Tob pan-neuronally, either constitutively or conditionally, advances sleep onset at night. We show that Tob is specifically required in "evening neurons" (the LNds and the fifth s-LNv) of the clock network for proper timing of sleep onset. Tob levels cycle in a clock-dependent manner in these neurons. Silencing of these "evening" clock neurons results in an advanced sleep onset at night, similar to that seen with Tob knockdown. Finally, sharp intracellular recordings demonstrate that the amplitude and kinetics of LNd postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) cycle between day and night, and this cycling is attenuated with Tob knockdown in these cells. Our data suggest that Tob acts as a clock output molecule in a subset of clock neurons to potentiate their activity in the evening and enable the proper timing of sleep onset at night.