Proper Storage Conditions Research Articles

Identification of Aflatoxigenic Fungi and Detection of Their Aflatoxin in Red Chilli (<i>Capsicum annuum</i>) Samples Using Direct Cultural Method and HPLC

Aflatoxins are the potential lethal toxin produced by Aspergillus sp. important health hazard throughout the world. In this study, 26 Aspergillus sp. have been isolated from 50 samples of red chilli collected throughout the country. These 26 isolates were grown primarily on agar media to identify the aflatoxin producing species. It is possible to distinguish A. flavus strains from other Aspergillus sp. developing orange colour on the reverse of the plates. The Coconut Cream Agar (CCA) is used to detect aflatoxin producer strains having blue fluorescence when exposed to a UV-light. Several other media were used for morphological characteristics of Aspergillus sp. Out of 26 isolates, four isolates were confirmed as Aspergillus sp. These isolates were subjected to cross contamination with freshly ground, sterile maize and after 15 days of incubation the contaminated maize were analyzed by HPLC and found aflatoxin in each of the sample containing 186 ppb (max.). This study was conducted to assay the ability to produce aflatoxins by the Aspergillus spp. isolated from red chilli (Capsicum annuum L. Solanaceae) available throughout the country. The results found in the experiment are much more behind the acceptable limit according to some international standard. As red chilli is a widely used spice in Bangladesh, the proper controlling measures may be taken for controlling the surveillance of aflatoxinic fungi like as use of bio-pesticides, proper drying method and storage conditions.

Application of Encapsulated Anthocyanin Pigments from Purple Sweet Potato (Ipomoea Batatas L.) in Jelly Drink

Since the beginning of the 21th century, demand for natural food additives especially food colorant has increased sharply. The natural one were considered safer, while the synthetic ones are less safe. One source of natural food colorant is anthocyanin pigments from purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.). Anthocyanins have good stability at acidic pH especially pH 2-4 so that it can be applied for food products such as beverages with low pH like jelly drink. Nevertheless, anthocyanins are very sensitive to the temperature and light. It is thus important to store food containing anthocyanins in proper condition. The purpose of this study was to determine the proper storage conditions and to predict shelf life of jelly drinks containing encapsulated anthocyanin pigments from purple sweet potato. This research used experimental methods by regression analysis of four treatments and four replications. The treatments were storage of jelly drink in (1) Room temperature with light exposure (25oC±2oC), (2) Room temperature without light exposure (25oC±2oC), (3) Refrigerator temperature with light exposure (5oC±2oC) and (4 ) Refrigerator temperature without light exposure (5oC±2oC). Parameters analysed were: (a) intensity of red color; (b) total anthocyanins; (c) pH value. Observations were made on days 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30. The results showed that the temperature and light affected the decrease in colour intensity, and total anthocyanins of jelly drink. The best treatment was stored at refrigerator temperatures without light exposure, has the smallest decreasing of total anthocyanins (46,03% ) and decreasing of red intensity (3,19 %) during 30 days storage in which the shelf life spanned to around 200 days based on the color intensity. Keyword : anthocyanins pigments; purple sweet potato; regression analysis

Assessment on Storage Conditions of Medical Laboratory Commodities and KAP of Store Managers at Government Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Background Medical laboratory commodity management system especially storage system of laboratory supplies is a challenge for health professionals. Lacks of proper storage condition for laboratory commodities causes damaging commodities and stock out of essential supplies. The need of proper store management has gained a great attention for better laboratory service. Methods A Cross sectional study was conducted to assess storage conditions of commodities in eleven hospital medical stores in Addis Ababa from 1 January 2014 to 1 February 2014. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data was entered to EPI INFO version 3.1statistical software and analyzed with SPSS version 20 statistical analysis software. Graphs and tables were used to present the result. Results Data obtained from eleven governmental hospitals was analyzed. From these more than 45% of hospitals stores served for more than 12 years without amendments. Around 18% of hospital stores didn’t have adequate protection from sunlight whereas more than 90% didn’t have frozen storage of either -20oC or -70oC. But all of the stores had cold storage of 2-8oC. Only 36.36% of the hospital stores have separate flammable chemicals and 54.45% of hospital stores have separate hazardous chemicals. All store managers in this study are pharmacist and most of them are degree holders. Conclusion The storage conditions of majority of the hospitals have problems. Lack of adequate space and infrastructures to store medical laboratory commodities were challenges in half of the facilities. Adequate and regular training should be given to the responsible personnel for better storage of medical laboratory commodities.

Characterization of the Degradation Profile of Umbelliprenin, a Bioactive Prenylated Coumarin of a Ferulago Species.

Umbelliprenin is a secondary plant metabolite that displays promising chemopreventive, anti-inflammatory, and antigenotoxic properties. It possesses potential for applications to human welfare notably to prevent the emergence of cancer. For this purpose, stability studies are needed to define proper storage conditions and adapted formulations for this drug candidate. The identification of degradative products is a major concern for the preclinical development of umbelliprenin, providing also interesting information related to potential original phytochemicals formed in plants exposed to stressors. The stability profile of umbelliprenin under various stress conditions including exposure to heat, light, oxidation, and hydrolytic medium was assessed via HPLC/UV data. The data support that umbelliprenin undergoes inter- and intramolecular [2+2] cycloaddition under light exposure, leading respectively to a cyclobutane-umbelliprenin dimer and a 16-membered macrocycle. Their structures were characterized via MS and NMR data. It was shown that UV-A filters prevent this process, whereas UV-B filters and antioxidants are not or weakly effective. The study provides useful information for the preclinical development of umbelliprenin as an original chemopreventive agent.

Unveiling elderflowers (Sambucus nigra L.) volatile terpenic and norisoprenoids profile: Effects of different postharvest conditions.

The volatile terpenic and norisoprenoids profile from elderflowers (Sambucus nigra L.) was established for two cultivars by multidimensional gas chromatography. From 47 monoterpenic, 13 sesquiterpenes and 5 norisoprenoids components, 38 are reported for the first time on elderflowers. Elderflower seasonality implies proper handling and storage conditions, for further processing, thus the impact of freezing, freeze-drying, air drying and vacuum packing, was evaluated on these potential aroma metabolites. The most suitable preservation methods, regarding the total metabolites content, were vacuum packing and freezing for intermediary storage times (24-32weeks) with a reported overall decrease of the volatile terpenic and norisoprenoids of up to 58.6%; and freezing, for longer period (52weeks), with a decrease of up to 47.4% (compared to fresh elderflowers). This study presents the most detailed terpenic and norisoprenoids elderflower profiling, and linalool oxides were proposed as markers for a more expedite assess to the impact of postharvest conditions.

Storage Conditions to Improve the Shelf Life of Jatropha curcas Seeds in Terms of Quality of Oil

Problem statement: It is known that the chemical composition of oil varies according to the climate and locality. Jatropha seeds are the main feed stock available for biodiesel production. Since, Jatropha oil is hydroscopic - absorbs water. Also, it is high in acid, has high tendency to degrade quickly, particularly if not handled properly through the supply chain. In the presence of high moisture content, the poly chains of fatty acid (oil) gets oxidized and free fatty acid radicals are generated that deteriorates the oil quality in terms of increased viscosity, reduced trans-esterification; reduced energy efficiency and high corrosion to the IC engines. Approach: Seeds need to be kept in proper storage conditions, not only to maintain moisture but also to prevent undue degradation and contamination / spoilage due to pest and microbial attack. Exposure to air and moisture must be minimized because that attracts microbes to attack seeds. Our efforts are in the direction to increase shelf life/stability of Jatropha curcas seeds in terms of seed contamination / infection caused by insects and pests as well as the quality of oil recovered. Result: Among all storage parameters the seeds kept at cold temperature i.e. –20 °C showed the significant decrease in FFA percentage in comparison to fresh seed oil and at 10 °C. Conclusion: Although cold

Direct Assessment of Plasma/Serum Sample Quality for Proteomics Biomarker Investigation.

Blood proteome analysis for biomarker discovery represents one of the most challenging tasks to be achieved through clinical proteomics due to the sample complexity, such as the extreme heterogeneity of proteins in very dynamic concentrations, and to the observation of proper sampling and storage conditions. Quantitative and qualitative proteomics profiling of plasma and serum could be useful both for the early detection of diseases and for the evaluation of pathological status. Two main sources of variability can affect the precision and accuracy of the quantitative experiments designed for biomarker discovery and validation. These sources are divided into two categories, pre-analytical and analytical, and are often ignored; however, they can contribute to consistent errors and misunderstanding in biomarker research. In this chapter, we review critical pre-analytical and analytical variables that can influence quantitative proteomics. According to guidelines accepted by proteomics community, we propose some recommendations and strategies for a proper proteomics analysis addressed to biomarker studies.

Effects of storage temperature on HMF and diastase activity of strained honeys

This research intends to reveal the effects of different storage temperatures on the HMF amounts and diastase activities of strained flower honey and honeydew honey samples produced by different companies in Turkey. In this context, the initial HMF values and diastase activities of the strained flower honey and honeydew honey samples belonging to five different companies, collected at the date of filling, were examined with defined quality criteria (moisture, sugar, pH, acidity, electrical conductivity and ash). Samples were stored at certain temperatures (10±2 °C, 22±2 °C, 35±2 °C), and were analyzed at the end of each of the threemonth periods (3rd, 6th, 9th and 12th months) regarding HMF and diastase activity. According to the results, average HMF values of the flower honey and honeydew honey samples stored at 10±2 °C and 22±2 °C for one year did not exceed 40 mg/kg, which is given as the limit HMF value in the Turkish Food Codex (TFC) Directive on honey, while it rapidly increased in the samples stored at 35±2 °C, and was determined to be over 40 mg/kg as of 6th month onwards. In addition, average diastase activities of the samples at 10±2 °C and 22±2 °C did not drop below the limit value of 8 in TFC, though it was determined to be below 8 as of 6th month onwards, for the flower honey stored at 35±2 °C. To conclude, decrease in diastase activity shortens the shelf lives set by the firms. By providing proper production and storage conditions, all quality criteria should be ensured to remain consistent with the TFC Directive on honey

Effectiveness of Protective Action of Coatings from Moisture Sorption into Surface Layer of Sand Moulds

Abstract The results of investigations of the sorption process of surface layers of sand moulds covered by zirconium and zirconium - graphite alcohol coatings are presented in the paper. Investigations comprised two kinds of sand grains (silica sand and reclaimed sand) of moulding sand with furan resin. Tests were performed under conditions of a high relative air humidity 75 - 85% and a constant temperature within the range 28 – 33°C. To evaluate the effectiveness of coatings protective action from moisture penetration into surface layers of sand moulds gravimetric method of quantitavie moisture sorption and ultrasonic method were applied in measurements. The optimal number and kind of coatings from the viewpoint of protection from moisture sorption were specified for furan moulding sands with quartz sand and reclaimed sand as well. Knowledge of proper coatings selection is important due to protection from high air humidity and its adverse effects. What is more, it can allow to select the proper storage conditions of casting moulds waiting for being poured with liquid metals. This can limit the occurrence of surface defects which are caused by too high humidity of casting moulds, especially in surface layer.

Texture quality of muskmelons (Cucumis melo L.) From different retailers during storage

The subject of study was to assess and to compare the effect of storage time on flesh firmness and skin strength in muskmelons (Cucumis melo L.) obtained from supermarket and marketplace. Texture quality of fruit is considered to be the major determinant for customer preference that depends on harvesting maturity and proper storage conditions of fruit and its fresh-cuts. Changes in flesh firmness and skin strength were measured periodically in stored fresh-cut fruits in both groups for initial, 2nd, 5th and 6th day. Analysis of basic physical parameters revealed that muskmelons from marketplace had higher height and width perimeter and therefore also a higher weight, compared to those ones from supermarkets. Textural analysis pointed out to significant differences (p <0.05) in flesh firmness among initial day group and all tested groups from 2nd, 5th and 6th day in muskmelons from supermarket. In marketplace muskmelon group was observed significant difference (p <0.05) between samples from initial day and 5th day. Within the skin strength, there were demonstrated significant differences (p <0.05) between initial day and most of remaining storage days in both supermarket and marketplace muskmelons groups. The data for flesh firmness and skin strength were used in linear regression analysis, in order to evaluate trends during storage period. The correlation coefficients of linear model describing relationship between storage time and skin strength for the group of supermarket and marketplace muskmelons were r = -0.828 and r = -0.780, respectively, which indicated approximately equal relationship between time and skin strength in both tested groups. A strong inverse correlation (r = -0.816) between time and flesh firmness in the group of supermarket muskmelons was noticed. In the group of marketplace muskmelons, there was observed weaker inverse correlation (r = -0.441) within this relation, compared to commercial ones. The model revealed that the muskmelons from marketplace retailers tend to maintain the flesh firmness for a longer time than did commercial ones. The melon flesh quality was markedly changing during storage period and highly depends on the muskmelon origin.

Storage stability of exhaled breath on Tenax TA

Exhaled breath is coming to the forefront of non-invasive biomarker discovery efforts. Concentration of exhaled breath volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on thermal desorption (TD) tubes with subsequent analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has dominated this field. As discovery experimentation increases in frequency, the need to evaluate the long-term storage stability of exhaled breath VOCs on thermal desorption adsorbent material is critical. To address this gap, exhaled breath was loaded on Tenax TA thermal desorption tubes and stored at various temperature conditions. 74 VOCs, 56 of which have been previously uncharacterized, were monitored using GC-MS over a period of 31 d. The results suggest that storage of exhaled breath at cold temperatures (4 °C) provides the most consistent retention of exhaled breath VOCs temporally. Samples were determined to be stable up to 14 d across storage conditions prior to gaining or losing 1–2 standard deviations in abundance. Through gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), certain chemical classes were found to be positively (acids) or negatively (sulfur-containing) enriched temporally. By means of field sample collections, the effect of storage and shipping was found to be similar to those studies preformed in the laboratory at 4 °C. Collectively this study not only provides recommendations for proper storage conditions and storage length, but also illustrates the use of GSEA to exhaled breath based GC-MS data.

Preliminary Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment for Staphylococcus enterotoxins in fresh Minas cheese, a popular food in Brazil

The main objective of this work was to assess the risk associated with staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) intoxication after the consumption of fresh Minas cheese by the Brazilian population. Coagulase-positive staphylococci data from 350 samples were obtained from monitoring programs, and were used as a proxy for S. aureus contamination, considering that 73% of the strains were toxigenic. The Combined Database for Predictive Microbiology (ComBase) and the Pathogen Modeling Program (PMP) models were used to predict S. aureus growth rate and lag-phase in fresh Minas cheese at different pH, salt concentration and storage temperature in a household refrigerator, up to 7 days before consumption. Change in storage temperature had the largest impact on the growth rate and lag-phase obtained from both models. Cumulative probability of SE intake events equal to or higher than the toxigenic dose of 100 ng were calculated using Monte Carlo simulations performed by the @Risk software. The toxic dose was exceeded at the 99.95th percentile of exposure in the ComBase model (upper bound) for the adult population, the lowest percentile identified in the study. The S. aureus initial concentration was the parameter that most impacted the output obtained by @risk, indicating the importance of good manufacturing practices for fresh Minas cheese production, and proper storage conditions at the point of sale. This preliminary assessment indicated that the risk of staphylococcal intoxications from the consumption of fresh Minas cheese by the Brazilian population is probably low. The study identified many data gaps that needs to be addressed to improve the risk assessment.

The impact of high-density polyethylene materials on microbiological purity in the process of storing and preserving textiles

Textiles made of natural fibers, both contemporary and historical, are at constant risk of degradation caused by, among others, microbial enzymatic activity. Fungi, bacteria, or actinomycetes are capable of producing proteolytic and cellulolytic enzymes, enabling microbial growth on textiles and leading to their decay. Ensuring proper storage conditions, including the usage of protective materials, allows long-term preservation of historical textiles in a good condition. These studies involved a broad microbiological analysis in order to verify whether high-density polyethylene (HDPE) materials can protect historical textiles during their storage. The results demonstrate interesting differences in microbial counts between washed textiles stored without HDPE covers and those stored in such covers; the latter presented considerably higher counts of microorganisms. However, when textiles had previously been sterilized, HDPE covers helped maintain appropriate microbiological purity. A considerable portion of historical textile collections, particularly exceptional silk liturgical vestments or burial garments, are kept by church institutions and stored in sacristies, treasuries, or other church rooms. The specificity of these places, both cultural and related to the age of the buildings themselves, makes them exceptional environments for storing textiles. To date, these places have rarely been researched, particularly in microbiological aspects. The analysis recounted below encompasses qualitative and quantitative assessment of fungi and bacteria present in the air of the treasury of the Wawel Royal Cathedral in Krakow, Poland, as well as the analysis of their destructive potential.

Fecal thyroid hormones allow for the noninvasive monitoring of energy intake in capuchin monkeys.

Measuring energetic condition of wild animals is of major importance in ecological research, as it is profoundly linked to fitness. However, noninvasive monitoring of energetic condition in wild-living animals is methodologically challenging. Measuring urinary C-peptide levels is a suitable method to noninvasively assess energy balance in wild-living animals. As collecting urine is not always feasible in the wild, it is essential to establish alternative biomarkers for other sample types to assess energy balance. Thyroid hormones (TH) are potential candidates as they are involved in the regulation of metabolic processes. During periods of low energy intake, serum TH levels are reduced, leading to a decrease in metabolic activity. To investigate whether fecal TH can serve as a biomarker for energy balance, we validated a total T3 ELISA to measure immunoreactive T3 (iT3) in fecal samples of yellow-breasted capuchins. We restricted caloric intake of seven males, assessed daily group caloric intake and determined daily individual fecal iT3 levels. Analytical validation of the assay showed that fecal iT3 levels can be reliably measured; however, proper storage conditions must be implemented and possible degradation to be accounted for. IT3 levels were significantly higher on days with high group caloric intake. However, individual iT3 levels varied substantially, resulting in an overlap across individuals between conditions. Our results indicate that fecal iT3 levels can serve as a useful biomarker to detect changes in energy intake of yellow-breasted capuchins. Overall, measuring fecal iT3 levels may present a suitable method for monitoring energy balance when urine collection is impossible.

Aflatoxins and fumonisins in rice and maize staple cereals in Northern Vietnam and dietary exposure in different ethnic groups

Mycotoxins in food are increasingly a food safety hazard concern in particular in developing countries. This study was performed to determine the occurrence and determinants of aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in rice and maize and to assess health risks through dietary intake exposure among ethnic minority groups in northern Vietnam. A total of 111 rice and 102 maize samples, were tested for occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins, i.e. aflatoxins (AF’s) and fuminisin B (FB). Results showed that 107 (96.4%) rice and 84 (82.4%) maize samples were contaminated by fungi. Aspergillus flavus was found in 68 (61.3%) rice and 30 (29.4%) maize samples, Aspergilus parasiticus in 40 (36.0%) rice and 27 (26.7%) maize samples. AF’s - were detected in 27 rice (24.3%) and 27 maize samples (26.4%) at minimum and maximum levels in rice of 2.06 and 77.8 ng/g and 20.5 and 110 ng/g in maize, respectively. Nine (8.1%) rice and 24 (23.5%) maize samples contained FB at ranges of 2.3–624 ng/g in rice and 5.6–89.8 ng/g in maize. Data collected through interviews and observations in households showed that type of crop, storage duration and presence of fungi, particularly mycotoxigenic fungi were important risk factors for AF’s and FB contamination. Based on daily food consumption data, the estimated average exposure dose of aflatoxin B1(AFB1) from rice was 21.7 ng/kg bw/day for adults and 33.7 ng/kg bw/day for children. For FB, the rice based average exposure amounted to 536 ng/kg bw/day for adults and 1019 ng/kg bw/day for children. The calculated excess risk of liver cancer incidence by ingestion of cereals containing AFB1 was 1.5 per 100,000 adults and 2.3 per 100,000 children per year. The average intake of FB was calculated to be lower than the tolerable diet intake (TDI). Our findings highlight that rice and maize are contaminated with mycotoxins at levels representing actual health hazards for the ethnic minority groups consuming these stable cereals. Proper drying and storage conditions in households are likely to reduce the mycotoxin contamination.

Cryopreservation of human blood for alkaline and Fpg-modified comet assay

The Comet assay is a reproducible and sensitive assay for the detection of DNA damage in eukaryotic cells and tissues. Incorporation of lesion specific, oxidative DNA damage repair enzymes (for example, Fpg, OGG1 and EndoIII) in the standard alkaline Comet assay procedure allows for the detection and measurement of oxidative DNA damage. The Comet assay using white blood cells (WBC) has proven useful in monitoring DNA damage from environmental agents in humans. However, it is often impractical to performance Comet assay immediately after blood sampling. Thus, storage of blood sample is required. In this study, we developed and tested a simple storage method for very small amount of whole blood for standard and Fpg-modified modified Comet assay. Whole blood was stored in RPMI 1640 media containing 10% FBS, 10% DMSO and 1 mM deferoxamine at a sample to media ratio of 1:50. Samples were stored at −20 °C and −80 °C for 1, 7, 14 and 28 days. Isolated lymphocytes from the same subjects were also stored under the same conditions for comparison. Direct DNA strand breakage and oxidative DNA damage in WBC and lymphocytes were analyzed using standard and Fpg-modified alkaline Comet assay and compared with freshly analyzed samples. No significant changes in either direct DNA strand breakage or oxidative DNA damage was seen in WBC and lymphocytes stored at −20 °C for 1 and 7 days compared to fresh samples. However, significant increases in both direct and oxidative DNA damage were seen in samples stored at −20 °C for 14 and 28 days. No changes in direct and oxidative DNA damage were observed in WBC and lymphocytes stored at −80 °C for up to 28 days. These results identified the proper storage conditions for storing whole blood or isolated lymphocytes to evaluate direct and oxidative DNA damage using standard and Fpg-modified alkaline Comet assay.

Proximate composition and microbial quality of three imported aquarium fish feeds in Bangladesh

Proximate composition and microbial quality of three aquarium fish feeds commonly found in Bangladesh were collected from fish feed market of Dhaka city. Significantly higher moisture content (2.12 ± 0.06%) was found in Super NovaTM fish feed while similar moisture content was detected in other two feeds (p<0.05). On the other hand ash content detected in OptimumTM and Osaka 2000TM aquarium fish feed was significantly higher than that of Super NovaTM (10.67±0.19%) (p<0.05).Protein content found in OptimumTM (42.21 ± 0.12%) was significantly higher than that of Osaka 2000TM and Super NovaTM (p<0.05). However, similar lipid content was found in OptimumTM (1.06 ± 0.03%) and Super NovaTM (1.13 ± 0.01%) aquarium fish feed which were significantly higher than that of Osaka 2000TM (p<0.05). The Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were found in all feeds. However Vibrio sp was not found in any feed. Total bacterial count was significantly higher in Osaka 2000TM feed than that of others (P<0.05). However S. aureus was significantly higher in Super NovaTM than that of others while E. coli count was significantly higher in OptimumTM fish feed than that of others (p<0.05). Nutritional quality of the aquarium fish feed was qualified to some extent to meet the minimum requirement of the aquarium fish while microbial quality indicates some degrees of deterioration which may cause diseases of the aquarium fishes. Thus proper storage condition, hygienic handling and processing should be maintained to prevent the microbial contamination in aquarium fish feeds. There should be a monitoring cell from the government to assess the quality of this expensive imported feeds for aquarist.Bangladesh J. Zool. 42(2): 283-294, 2014

Deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks in Crop Storages

In the agricultural domain, proper storage conditions of crops is important to avoid losses due to degradation of crop quality. Currently, monitoring storages is often done manually and by using on...

Trazabilidad residuo químico líquido en laboratorios de docencia. Caso: Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca, Bogotá D.C, Colombia

Realizar seguimiento a la trazabilidad desde los reactivos hasta los residuos químicos líquidos (RQL) en los laboratorios de docencia destinados a prácticas de Química General en la Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca, Bogotá, D.C- Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Revisión, identificación y análisis fisicoquímico de los volúmenes de RQL (básicos y ácidos) de las guías de laboratorio de la Química General. Resultados: Los resultados confirmaron que la solubilidad y en especial el solvente facilitan la formación de especies iónicas que pueden ser identificadas en los RQL. Las sustancias utilizadas en los laboratorios docentes continúan reaccionando después de finalizada la práctica, como consecuencia es pertinente tener clara la forma como se van a almacenar los productos de las reacciones.

Formulation and Stability of an Extemporaneously Compounded Oral Solution of Chlorpromazine HCl

ABSTRACTChlorpromazine is a phenothiazine antipsychotic which is often used in hospice and palliative care to treat hiccups, delirium, and nausea. With the discontinuation of the commercial oral solution concentrate, there is a need to prepare this product by extemporaneous compounding. This study was initiated to identify an easy-to-prepare formulation for the compounding pharmacist. A stability study was also conducted to select the proper storage conditions and establish the beyond-use date. Chlorpromazine HCl powder and the Ora-Sweet® syrup vehicle were used to prepare the 100 mg/mL solution. Once the feasibility was established, a batch of the solution was prepared and packaged in amber plastic prescription bottles for a stability study. These samples were stored at refrigeration (2–8°C) or room temperature (20–25°C) for up to 3 months. At each monthly time point, the samples were evaluated by visual inspection, pH measurement, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A separate forced stability study was conducted to confirm that the HPLC method was stability indicating. A clear and colorless solution of 100 mg/mL chlorpromazine HCl was obtained by dissolving the drug powder in Ora-Sweet® with moderate agitation. The stability study results indicated that this solution product remained unchanged in visual appearance or pH at both refrigeration and room temperature for up to 3 months. The HPLC results also confirmed that all stability samples retained 93.6–101.4% of initial drug concentration. Chlorpromazine HCl solution 100 mg/mL can be compounded extemporaneously by dissolving chlorpromazine HCl drug powder in Ora-Sweet®. The resulting product is stable for at least three months in amber plastic prescription bottles stored at either refrigeration or room temperature.