Proper Shape Research Articles

Enhancing biscuits with muskmelon seed flour: a study of physicochemical, textural, and nutritional characteristics

The baking industry is continuously innovating to develop new product formulations that appeal to consumers through both taste and enhanced nutritional value. Biscuits, one of the most popular bakery products globally, serve as an ideal medium for the fortification of essential nutrients. Muskmelon seeds, rich in protein, oil, vitamins, min-erals, and amino acids, offer a natural source for the fortification of various food products. This research focuses on incorporating muskmelon seed flour into biscuit formulations to enhance protein, dietary fiber, mineral, and phytochemical content while preserving textural quality. Five formulations were tested, with T0 (control) containing 100% wheat flour, T1 containing 95% wheat flour and 5% muskmelon seed flour, T2 containing 90% wheat flour and 10% muskmelon seed flour, T3 containing 85% wheat flour and 15% muskmelon seed flour, and T4 containing 80% wheat flour and 20% muskmelon seed flour. The effect of substituting wheat flour with muskmelon seed flour on bis-cuit development was assessed by examining physical, proximate, textural, nutritional, and sensory characteristics. The inclusion of muskmelon seed flour significantly increased biscuit thickness (from 53.66 ± 0.68 mm to 73.00 ± 0.36 mm) and hardness (from 18.57 ± 0.03% to 47.61 ± 0.02%) to maintain its proper shape and texture while also enhancing crude protein (from 5.69 ± 0.07% to 16.41 ± 0.08%), ash (1.13 ± 0.01% to 1.70 ± 0.05%), and dietary fiber content (from 1.58 ± 0.03% to 1.88 ± 0.04%). Additionally, the substitution improved total phenolic content (TPC, from 85.52 ± 0.05 to 210.54 ± 0.04 mg GAE/mL), total flavonoid content (TFC, from 54.84 ± 0.09 to 142.28 ± 0.03 mg CE/g), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition (from 48.63 ± 0.04% to 65.54 ± 0.05%). Among various treatments, T2, which incorporated 10% muskmelon seed flour, was the most acceptable treatment. Further research is recommended to assess sensory characteristics more precisely using trained panelists.

Forced vibrations of the shaft line based on the model of a two-stage rod with an elastic connection of sections

The paper considers a method for solving the problem of dynamics of forced vibrations of a wall line based on a model of an equivalent elastic two-stage rod with a pliable connection of sections. The model is represented by a system of partial differential equations. The solution of the equations is obtained by the Fourier method for eigenfunctions orthogonal with weight. It is established that the presence of an elastic element at the junction of the sections does not affect the orthogonality of the eigenfunctions. The influence of the elastic coupling compliance coefficient on the natural frequency spectrum of the shaft line is estimated. The obtained forms of natural vibrations of an equivalent elastic two-stage rod are consistent in appearance with the corresponding forms known in the literature for a discrete model of a similar torsional circuit. A partial solution of the equations is found for the case of the action of the harmonic load on the engine and the averaged torque on the propeller. As an example, the dynamics of forced vibrations of the shaft line of a barge of the Sosnovka type is studied. The results of calculating the natural frequencies of the considered model are compared with the classical discrete mass method. The analysis of the obtained plots of the twisting angles and torques showed that the angles are satisfactorily approximated by the first proper oscillation shape, and for moments, high shapes must be taken into account. The comparison of the simulation results with the data of the torsiogram obtained under production testing conditions indicates the need for further development of the model. Further improvement of the torsional circuit, as well as a more detailed study of the nature of the operating loads, are considered as promising areas of research.

Airfoil cross flow field to enhance mass transfer capacity and performance for PEMFC

Proper design of the flow field in bipolar plates is important for improving proton exchange membrane fuel cells in water transport, gas distribution and net power density enhancement. Inspired by the fact that the streamlined design of an airplane airfoil makes the flow resistance reduced, a new airfoil cross flow field is proposed. Airfoil cross flow field is composed of a regular pattern of airfoil pins which are categorized in pin-type flow fields. The effects of different airfoil-pin shapes and arrangements on cell performance were explored. The results showed that airfoil cross flow field improved water management by finely modulating the airflow significantly increasing the gas flow rate in the channel. In addition, the airfoil cross flow field design achieves higher and more uniform oxygen distribution at the interface between the gas diffusion layer and the catalyst layer. The proper shape and arrangement of the airfoil-pins can effectively increase the net power density of the cell by 10.65 % and 2.49 % compared to the conventional parallel flow field and the square-pin flow field. Due to the streamlined design of the airfoil cross flow field, the voltage drop is approximately 60 % of that of the conventional parallel flow field and even slightly lower than that of the square-pin flow field, which demonstrates its high practicality. In summary, the airfoil cross flow field well coordinates the high current density and low voltage drop requirements of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, and some new points of view on flow field design are presented.

Laminin γ1-dependent basement membranes are instrumental to ensure proper olfactory placode shape, position and boundary with the brain, as well as olfactory axon development.

Despite recent progress, the complex roles played by the extracellular matrix in development and disease are still far from being fully understood. Here, we took advantage of the zebrafish sly mutation which affects Laminin γ1, a major component of basement membranes, to explore its role in the development of the olfactory system. Following a detailed characterisation of Laminin distribution in the developing olfactory circuit, we analysed basement membrane integrity, olfactory placode and brain morphogenesis, and olfactory axon development in sly mutants, using a combination of immunochemistry, electron microscopy and quantitative live imaging of cell movements and axon behaviours. Our results point to an original and dual contribution of Laminin γ1-dependent basement membranes in organising the border between the olfactory placode and the adjacent brain: they maintain placode shape and position in the face of major brain morphogenetic movements, they establish a robust physical barrier between the two tissues while at the same time allowing the local entry of the sensory axons into the brain and their navigation towards the olfactory bulb. This work thus identifies key roles of Laminin γ1-dependent basement membranes in neuronal tissue morphogenesis and axon development in vivo .

Optimization of Yb:CaF2 Transparent Ceramics by Air Pre-Sintering and Hot Isostatic Pressing

Yb:CaF2 transparent ceramics represent a promising laser gain medium for ultra-short lasers due to their characteristics: low phonon energy, relatively high thermal conductivity, negative thermo-optical coefficient, and low refractive index. Compared to single crystals, Yb:CaF2 ceramics offer superior mechanical properties, lower cost, and it is easier to obtain large-sized samples with proper shape and uniform Yb3+ doping at high concentrations. The combination of air pre-sintering and Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) emerges as a viable strategy for achieving high optical quality and fine-grained structure of ceramics at lower sintering temperatures. The properties of the powders used in ceramic fabrication critically influence both optical quality and laser performance of Yb:CaF2 ceramics. In this study, the 5 atomic percentage (at.%) Yb:CaF2 transparent ceramics were fabricated by air pre-sintering and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) using nano-powders synthesized through the co-precipitation method. The co-precipitated powders were optimized by studying air calcination temperature (from 350 to 550 °C). The influence of calcination temperature on the microstructure and laser performance of Yb:CaF2 ceramics was studied in detail. The 5 at.% Yb:CaF2 transparent ceramics air pre-sintered at 625 °C from powders air calcined at 400 °C and HIP post-treated at 600 °C exhibited the highest in-line transmittance of 91.5% at 1200 nm (3.0 mm thickness) and the best laser performance. Specifically, a maximum output power of 0.47 W with a maximum slope efficiency of 9.2% at 1029 nm under quasi-CW (QCW) pumping was measured.

Green method synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Ficus religiosa plant leaves extract and their evaluation for anti-cancer activity in Human Lung Adenocarcinoma A549 cells

Due to low surface area and minimum possible state of energy, spherical nanoparticles are preferable over nanoparticles of other shapes. Use of nanoparticles in cancer therapy is an emerging field with wide varieties of applications. But, to retain within the cell for optimum anticancer activity, synthesized nanoparticles are required to be in proper shape and size. Plant phytochemicals reduce and cap metal ions to produce nanoparticles of different shapes and sizes. In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesised using Ficus religiosa plant leaves aqueous extract. Synthesised material was characterised using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X Ray analysis (EDAX), Transmission Electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy techniques. FTIR analysis showed presence of varied phytochemicals. SEM analysis of the sample elucidated morphological characteristics of the material while elemental analysis through EDAX technique reported silver metal ions in synthesised sample. TEM analysis confirmed nanoparticles size ranging from 21-27 nm. Result of the study showed decreased cell viability of A549 cells when treated with the green method to synthesise silver nanoparticles.

Caenorhabditis elegans SEL-5/AAK1 regulates cell migration and cell outgrowth independently of its kinase activity.

During Caenorhabditis elegans development, multiple cells migrate long distances or extend processes to reach their final position and/or attain proper shape. The Wnt signalling pathway stands out as one of the major coordinators of cell migration or cell outgrowth along the anterior-posterior body axis. The outcome of Wnt signalling is fine-tuned by various mechanisms including endocytosis. In this study, we show that SEL-5, the C. elegans orthologue of mammalian AP2-associated kinase AAK1, acts together with the retromer complex as a positive regulator of EGL-20/Wnt signalling during the migration of QL neuroblast daughter cells. At the same time, SEL-5 in cooperation with the retromer complex is also required during excretory canal cell outgrowth. Importantly, SEL-5 kinase activity is not required for its role in neuronal migration or excretory cell outgrowth, and neither of these processes is dependent on DPY-23/AP2M1 phosphorylation. We further establish that the Wnt proteins CWN-1 and CWN-2, together with the Frizzled receptor CFZ-2, positively regulate excretory cell outgrowth, while LIN-44/Wnt and LIN-17/Frizzled together generate a stop signal inhibiting its extension.

Development and Analysis of Additively Manufactured Non-Pneumatic Tires for Mars Rover

Mars rovers are developed using the most sophisticated technology. Competitions such as the University Rover Challenge (URC), European Rover Challenge (ERC), and Anatolian Rover Challenge (ARC) encourage students to become acquainted and experienced with cutting-edge technology. This paper focuses on the development and analysis of a modified version of a non-pneumatic tire (NPT) for the MIST Mars rover “Phoenix 2.0.” Recent studies show that NPT has a good potential to replace conventional tires. To optimize the tire design for the rover, many design aspects are considered. The additive manufacturing process is used to fabricate the tire model to ensure the proper geometrical shape and usage of material. Later, a static structural analysis is conducted to investigate the stress and deformation of the tire that it may experience during rover operation. The developed deformation and stress in this analysis are well protected by the honeycomb structures that are optimized from many design attempts. The result shows a positive indication of meeting the desired criteria that eventually results in the fabrication of the tire and participation in the ARC competition. This research will inspire others to contribute to the advancement of NPT in various circumstances where pneumatic tires perform inadequately.

Abstract 3006: Morphogen-driven regulation of nuclear shape and its implication for colorectal cancer

Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide despite improved rates of early detection and development of targeted treatments. Dysregulation of nuclear shape and the emergence of aberrant chromatin architecture correlate with cancer onset and progression, including CRC. Both extrinsic and intrinsic factors, most critically cytoskeletal and nucleoskeletal organization, chromatin architecture, and metabolic signaling, impact nuclear shape. Yet, what precisely determines nuclear shape in health and disease and how it is linked to cell fate and function remains a fundamental open question. In the case of over 75% of CRC cases, the first transformative genetic event is the loss of function in the tumor suppressor gene, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC). Mechanistically, perturbed APC signaling leads to aberrant activation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. This pathway is essential for intestinal homeostasis, as is the regulation of proper nuclear shape and function. Here, we aim to decipher the crosstalk between Wnt gradients and nuclear shape regulation in non-transformed and APC-mutated epithelial cells in vitro, as well as in WT and APC-mutant mouse colon tissues. The long-term goal of this work is to test whether a mechanistic link exists between Wnt-driven cellular transformation and the emergence of aberrant nuclear shape and function. Citation Format: Mona A. El Gendi, Solène Hervé, Sudeep Gautam, Yekaterina A. Miroshnikova. Morphogen-driven regulation of nuclear shape and its implication for colorectal cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 3006.

Reliability-based optimization of supported pendulum TMDs’ nonlinear track shape using Padé approximants

Supported Pendulum Tuned Mass Dampers (PTMDs) are vibration absorbers whose mass is constrained to oscillate along a curved path, enabling to use gravity as a restoring force. Through a proper track shape selection, they can adapt to the so-called Nonlinear Energy Sinks (NES) concept, consolidated for spring–mass–damper TMDs. Accordingly, NESs are recognized for their ability to resonate in a wide range of frequencies due to their nonlinear nature, becoming more effective when variations on the host structure’s natural frequencies occur. However, regardless of the recent advances in the last few years, gaps remain to be explored in the track shape optimization of supported PTMDs. For instance, a comprehensive literature review shows that Reliability-Based Design Optimization (RBDO) studies to determine the track shape of supported PTMDs cannot be found to the best of the author’s knowledge. Within this context, this paper proposes an original RBDO approach to define the track shape of supported PTMDs in buildings subjected to seismic excitation. For this purpose, a generic rational function with an arbitrary curvature, determined from the Padé approximation of the circle equation, is constructed to allow the PTMD’s path shape search. This procedure allows optimizing fewer parameters than required in Taylor series expansions while providing a wider range of alternatives for numerical optimization. Finally, an active-learning Kriging-based Efficient Global Optimization (EGO) procedure is employed to find the optimum solutions with few objective function evaluations. The application case consists of a typical soft story building subjected to seismic loadings. The optimal track differs from the circle equation, with a higher slope for moderate displacements.

Molecular insights into codon usage analysis of mitochondrial fission and fusion gene: relevance to neurodegenerative diseases.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is the leading cause of neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Mitochondria is a highly dynamic organelle continuously undergoing the process of fission and fusion for even distribution of components and maintaining proper shape, number, and bioenergetic functionality. A set of genes governs the process of fission and fusion. OPA1, Mfn1, and Mfn2 govern fusion, while Drp1, Fis1, MIEF1, and MIEF2 genes control fission. Determination of specific molecular patterns of transcripts of these genes revealed the impact of compositional constraints on selecting optimal codons. AGA and CCA codons were over-represented, and CCC, GTC, TTC, GGG, ACG were under-represented in the fusion gene set. In contrast, CTG was over-represented, and GCG, CCG, and TCG were under-represented in the fission gene set. Hydropathicity analysis revealed non-polar protein products of both fission and fusion gene set transcripts. AGA codon repeats are an integral part of translational regulation machinery and present a distinct pattern of over-representation and under-representation in different transcripts within the gene sets, suggestive of selective translational force precisely controlling the occurrence of the codon. Out of six synonymous codons, five synonymous codons encoding for leucine were used differently in both gene sets. Hence, forces regulating the occurrence of AGA and five synonymous leucine-encoding codons suggest translational selection. A correlation of mutational bias with gene expression and codon bias and GRAVY and AROMA signifies the selection pressure in both gene sets, while the correlation of compositional bias with gene expression, codon bias, protein properties, and minimum free energy signifies the presence of compositional constraints. More than 25% of codons of both gene sets showed a significant difference in codon usage. The overall analysis shed light on molecular features of gene sets involved in fission and fusion.

Utilization of Waste as a Raw Material to Replace Manufactured Materials For Scavengers Houses at The Kawatuna TPA Location, Palu City

The biggest problem in housing in Indonesia is how to deal with the housing problems of low-income communities. Houses normally inhabited by such communities are often in unhealthy environments, as are houses built only with cheap materials or waste materials. One example of the lower layers of the community is the drillers who settled in the Kawatuna TPA of Palu City. The drillers built houses using local materials such as wood, ruby or zinc roofs, and tripleks. The condition of the houses built by the rollers is very worrying, especially the lack of ventilation, which causes the air exchange to not take place properly. And a lot of garbage gathered in front of the house could lead to disease. This research will conduct a study that can find solutions to the problems faced by rollers in the Kawatuna TPA area, one of which is through the use of garbage waste as a substitute material manufactured for the construction of rolling houses. In addition to that, a redesign of the shape of the houses will be done to get a proper shape from the health side. The data analysis used is a qualitative descriptive analysis. Qualitative data obtained through data collection techniques using observation results in the Kawatuna TPA. The results of this study are simple, healthy home designs that utilize waste materials. The design of rolling houses is divided according to their activities: large type, or type A, for fixed rollers, and small type, or type B, for non-stable rollers

A dynamic bactofilin cytoskeleton cooperates with an M23 endopeptidase to control bacterial morphogenesis

Bactofilins have emerged as a widespread family of cytoskeletal proteins with important roles in bacterial morphogenesis, but their precise mode of action is still incompletely understood. In this study, we identify the bactofilin cytoskeleton as a key regulator of cell growth in the stalked budding alphaproteobacterium Hyphomonas neptunium. We show that, in this species, bactofilin polymers localize dynamically to the stalk base and the bud neck, with their absence leading to unconstrained growth of the stalk and bud compartments, indicating a central role in the spatial regulation of cell wall biosynthesis. Database searches reveal that bactofilin genes are often clustered with genes for cell wall hydrolases of the M23 peptidase family, suggesting a functional connection between these two types of proteins. In support of this notion, we find that the H. neptunium M23 peptidase homolog LmdC interacts directly with bactofilin in vitro and is required for proper cell shape in vivo. Complementary studies in the spiral-shaped alphaproteobacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum again reveal a close association of its bactofilin and LmdC homologs, which co-localize at the inner curve of the cell, modulating the degree of cell curvature. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that bactofilins and M23 peptidases form a conserved functional module that promotes local changes in the mode of cell wall biosynthesis, thereby driving cell shape determination in morphologically complex bacteria.

A dynamic bactofilin cytoskeleton cooperates with an M23 endopeptidase to control bacterial morphogenesis.

Bactofilins have emerged as a widespread family of cytoskeletal proteins with important roles in bacterial morphogenesis, but their precise mode of action is still incompletely understood. In this study, we identify the bactofilin cytoskeleton as a key regulator of cell growth in the stalked budding alphaproteobacterium Hyphomonas neptunium. We show that, in this species, bactofilin polymers localize dynamically to the stalk base and the bud neck, with their absence leading to unconstrained growth of the stalk and bud compartments, indicating a central role in the spatial regulation of cell wall biosynthesis. Database searches reveal that bactofilin genes are often clustered with genes for cell wall hydrolases of the M23 peptidase family, suggesting a functional connection between these two types of proteins. In support of this notion, we find that the H. neptunium M23 peptidase homolog LmdC interacts directly with bactofilin in vitro and is required for proper cell shape in vivo. Complementary studies in the spiral-shaped alphaproteobacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum again reveal a close association of its bactofilin and LmdC homologs, which co-localize at the inner curve of the cell, modulating the degree of cell curvature. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that bactofilins and M23 peptidases form a conserved functional module that promotes local changes in the mode of cell wall biosynthesis, thereby driving cell shape determination in morphologically complex bacteria.

Avoiding the Weaknesses that can be seen in Writing According to the Size and Shape of the Handwriting of Fourth Grade Students

Focusing on Sri Lankan education in particular, this research investigates remedial teaching programs to overcome deficiencies in handwriting according to the size and shape of students in primary education. In this study, descriptive research methodology is used to collect information about relevant variables in relation to topic-based objectives. By analyzing the information and presenting conclusions and suggestions. This is a sample survey that falls under the survey research category under descriptive research. This study was conducted by analyzing the data obtained by conducting a six-step remedial teaching program and six evaluations to a selected sample to overcome writing weaknesses in terms of handwriting proper size and shape, which is an academic problem that needs to be solved in the field of education. In particular, the results revealed that there is a significant positive relationship between the remedial teaching program and the correction of handwriting impairments. The strong association and positive relationship between the confirms the need for specific treatment to overcome handwriting weaknesses in Sri Lankan education sector to maximize the achievement levels of all students. Sues of remedial teaching methods to overcome handwriting impairments shows significant impact on the development of the field of education. This is confirmed by data analysis and interpretation. The relevance of this research in teaching the development of handwriting skills in education. This confirms the need for specific treatment to overcome handwriting weaknesses in Sri Lankan education sector to maximize the achievement levels of all students.

Generation and characterization of temperature-sensitive alleles encoding GPI anchored proteins Psu1 and Dfg502 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

Glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored proteins are implicated in remodeling of the yeast cell wall during growth and division. Schizosaccharomyces pombe proteins, Psu1 , Dfg501 , and Dfg502 are predicted GPI anchored proteins with likely cell wall modifying activity. Here, we isolated and characterized null and temperature-sensitive alleles that will allow further analysis of the function of these proteins and S. pombe cell wall formation. Our data confirm that Psu1 is necessary for cell separation, maintaining proper cell shape, and viability. Additionally, we found that Dfg501 and Dfg502 share a redundant and essential function necessary for cell separation and viability.

Nail bed trauma reconstruction and artificial nail replacement - a case report.

Nail bed reconstruction is crucial after fingertip trauma, impacting both function and aesthetics. In this article, the authors describe a case of partial distal phalanx amputation of the index finger with laceration of the nail bed's remaining part. A traumatically elevated skin-fat flap covered the exposed bone on the fingertip, preserving finger length and sensitivity on the radial side. A full-thickness skin graft from the forearm closed a secondary defect on the finger pulp. Nail bed suturing prevented scarring and nail deformity, and a temporary artificial plastic nail replacement maintained the nail bed's shape. Temporary artificial nail replacements protect the regenerating fingertip bed, promote healing, and prevent nail deformities. Proper adaptation of lacerated nail bed edges, supported by either the patient's own nail or a temporary artificial nail, is crucial for optimal fingertip restoration, including proper nail shape.

Production of light olefins and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the pyrolysis of waste plastic straws over high-silica zeolite-based catalysts

Owing to the ever-increasing generation of plastic waste, the need to develop environmentally friendly disposal methods has increased. This study explored the potential of waste plastic straw to generate valuable light olefins and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) via catalytic pyrolysis using high-silica zeolite-based catalysts. HZSM-5 (SiO2/Al2O3:200) exhibited superior performance, yielding more light olefins (49.8 wt%) and a higher MAH content than Hbeta (300). This was attributed to the increased acidity and proper shape selectivity. HZSM-5 displayed better coking resistance (0.7 wt%) than Hbeta (4.4 wt%) by impeding secondary reactions, limiting coke precursor formation. The use of HZSM-5 (80) resulted in higher MAHs and lower light olefins than HZSM-5 (200) because of its higher acidity. Incorporation of Co into HZSM-5 (200) marginally lowered light olefin yield (to 44.0 wt%) while notably enhancing MAH production and boosting propene selectivity within the olefin composition. These observations are attributed to the well-balanced coexistence of Lewis and Brønsted acid sites, which stimulated the carbonium ion mechanism and induced H-transfer, cyclization, Diels-alder, and dehydrogenation reactions. The catalytic pyrolysis of plastic straw over high-silica and metal-loaded HZSM-5 catalysts has been suggested as an efficient and sustainable method for transforming plastic waste materials into valuable light olefins and MAHs.

EHBP1 Is Critically Involved in the Dendritic Arbor Formation and Is Coupled to Factors Promoting Actin Filament Formation.

The coordinated action of a plethora of factors is required for the organization and dynamics of membranous structures critically underlying the development and function of cells, organs, and organisms. The evolutionary acquisition of additional amino acid motifs allows for expansion and/or specification of protein functions. We identify a thus far unrecognized motif specific for chordata EHBP1 proteins and demonstrate that this motif is critically required for interaction with syndapin I, an F-BAR domain-containing, membrane-shaping protein predominantly expressed in neurons. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies in rat primary hippocampal neurons (of mixed sexes) unraveled that EHBP1 has an important role in neuromorphogenesis. Surprisingly, our analyses uncovered that this newly identified function of EHBP1 did not require the domain responsible for Rab GTPase binding but was strictly dependent on EHBP1's syndapin I binding interface and on the presence of syndapin I in the developing neurons. These findings were underscored by temporally and spatially remarkable overlapping dynamics of EHBP1 and syndapin I at nascent dendritic branch sites. In addition, rescue experiments demonstrated the necessity of two additional EHBP1 domains for dendritic arborization, the C2 and CH domains. Importantly, the additionally uncovered critical involvement of the actin nucleator Cobl in EHBP1 functions suggested that not only static association with F-actin via EHBP1's CH domain is important for dendritic arbor formation but also actin nucleation. Syndapin interactions organize ternary protein complexes composed of EHBP1, syndapin I, and Cobl, and our functional data show that only together these factors give rise to proper cell shape during neuronal development.

A study on attention-based fine-grained image recognition: Towards musical instrument performing hand shape assessment

Automatic identification and professional evaluation makes musical instrument learning more intelligent. Since a proper hand shape is the basis of fingerings in playing instruments, this paper explores an integration of intelligent recognition technique into hand shape assessment of instrument players in an attempt of taking Chinese zither (Zheng) as an example. The fine-grained image recognition is novelly applied to automatically assessing basic hand shapes, as a tentative exploration of interdisciplinary research. First, this paper formulates an assessment scales by combining fine-grained image features with hand shape evaluation indicators in musical instrument learning. Then, an image dataset for hand shapes of Chinese zither performance (CZ-Dataset V2) is established based on free multi-view acquisition. Finally, we propose a fine-grained hand shape image recognition method using attention mechanism. Experimental results show that the basic instrumental hand shapes can be effectively recognized and reasonable suggestions for hand shape assessment can be provided.