Proper Sanitation Research Articles

Water-Based Epidemiological Investigation of Hepatitis E Virus in South Africa.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that exhibits great host diversity. The primary means of transmission of the virus in low- and middle-income countries is contaminated water, often due to a lack of access to proper sanitation, which leads to faecal contamination of water sources. Environmental surveillance is an important tool that can be used to monitor virus circulation and as an early warning system for outbreaks. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of HEV in wastewater, surface water (rivers and standpipe/ablution water), and effluent from a piggery in South Africa. A total of 536 water samples were screened for HEV using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Overall, 21.8% (117/536) of the wastewater, river, and ablution water samples tested positive for HEV, whereas 74.4% (29/39) of the samples from the piggery tested positive. Genotyping revealed sequences belonging to HEV genotypes 3 (98%, 53/54) and 4 (2%, 1/54), with subtypes 3c, 3f, and 4b being identified.

Coping Strategies to Address Water Scarcity through Local Knowledge in Tidal Flood and Erosion-Prone Areas: A Case Study of Timbulsloko, Sayung Regency, Demak Municipality

Access to clean water in Indonesian households remains relatively low due to insufficient clean water facilities and infrastructure. This research addresses the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of providing clean water, sanitation, and a clean environment (abbreviated as WASH) in sinkingcoastal areas vulnerable to tidal floods and erosion. PDAM and PAMSIMAS services struggle to function effectively in these regions. Despite government programs aimed at providing drinking water to impoverished communities, PDAM services often remain inaccessible to residents in subsiding coastal areas afflicted by floods, tides, and erosion. The residents of Hamlet Timbulsloko face a critical challenge in securing clean water and maintaining proper sanitation, exacerbated by submerged wellscaused by erosion. In their quest to meet this basic need, residents have adopted various coping strategies, including rainwater collection using buckets, basins, and even repurposed containers. Rainwater harvesting has become a community-driven solution to the unmet need for clean water, particularly when the cost of refill water is prohibitively high within the region. This research takes inspiration from the local knowledge and practices of residents and seeks to provide a rainwater harvesting model as a sustainable clean water solution

United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and the science of desalination- a far-reaching Review

Human civilization, science and technology are today in the midst of immense scientific rejuvenation, scientific ingenuity and engineering vision. Human scientific stance and ingenuity are in the middle of deep engineering catastrophe as regards provision of clean drinking water, proper sanitation and proper public health engineering. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals are today the pillars of man and mankind today. The domains of membrane science and desalination are the needs of science and technology today. The author deeply reiterates the veritable needs of the science of desalination in drinking water treatment and industrial wastewater treatment. In this article the author deeply touches upon the application areas and the concepts behind the application of United Nations Sustainable Development Goals which includes provision of pure drinking water. The vision of this study is to target the areas of water integrity and water sustainability in the futuristic vision and futuristic ingenuity of environmental engineering science and chemical process engineering.

Correlation study of climate variability, population density, altitude, and low birth-weight rates on the incidence of children pneumonia in Bogor Regency

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the correlation between climate variability (temperature, humidity, rainfall, sunshine duration, and wind speed), population density, altitude, and low birth weight (LBW) rate on the incidence of under-five years old children with pneumonia. Methods: This research uses a combination study design based on place and time (mixed design ecological study). Results: There was no significant relationship between climate variability and lag effect of 0-2 months with the number of under-five pneumonia cases in Bogor Regency in 2018-2022, as well as the altitude variable (p=0.0619). Meanwhile, the variables of population density (r-value = 0.439) and LBW rate (r-value = 0.338) showed a positive correlation with the number of under-five pneumonia cases in Bogor Regency. Conclusion: This research shows the incidence of pneumonia among under-fives in Bogor Regency is influenced by population density and LBW rates. Ensuring access to proper sanitation, a complete basic immunization program, adequate housing, and also personal protective measures are important to reduce the spread of pneumonia.

Knowledge, attitude and practice about menstruation and menstrual hygiene among adolescent school girls of rural field practice area of tertiary care hospital, Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh: a cross-sectional study

Background: As the reproduction starts from the puberty and in which most of the girls will be not aware of menstruation and they will lack the knowledge as most of the girls will be in school age group. This study is done to understand their knowledge, attitude and practice on menstruation and menstrual hygiene in school going girls. Methods: A school based cross sectional study was conducted after getting ethics committee clearance during August-September 2023 (2 months) in RHTC field area of Santhiram medical college, Nandyal among high school girls of 8th, 9th and 10th classes by simple random sampling method with sample size 230, study tool was pre-designed, pre-tested, semi structured questionnaire by interview method collected data and analysed by SPSS 25 version. Results: In this study out of 230 participants about 43% were under the age group 13 years, 57.8% were have knowledge on menstruation and 60% were not aware of origin of blood and 76.1% are attending school during the menses, 31% of girls Still feels embarrassing buying pads, 40% don’t attend to perform house activities and sitting at the corner. Only 51.7% are using dustbins for disposal. Conclusions: This study results shows that girls have a poor knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding menstruation and menstrual hygiene. There is a gap between knowledge and menstrual hygiene and usage of proper sanitation, school administration and health facilities should conduct awareness programmes on menstrual hygiene.

Environmental Sanitation in Porto Alegre City, Brazil: A Basic Step towards Sustainable Development

Porto Alegre city, the capital of Rio Grande do Sul State, is an important medical, educational, and technological hub in Brazil. However, Porto Alegre faces critical challenges in achieving adequate environmental sanitation, hampering the development of the city, and negatively impacting the most socially vulnerable segments of the population. Although Porto Alegre’s sanitation plan aims at universal access to sewage collection and treatment services by 2035, some of the city’s sanitation indicators have deteriorated in recent years compared to other Brazilian cities. The inadequate or lack of proper sanitation (e.g., shortcomings in sewage collection and treatment, suboptimal management of solid waste, deficiencies in the distribution of treated water) contribute to the proliferation of disease vectors like mosquitoes and to the spread of infectious and parasitic diseases (e.g., toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, arboviral diseases). Recently, Porto Alegre’s population experienced a significant number of dengue infection cases. Climate change, social issues, and unplanned urbanization will further favor disease transmission in the region. In this Review, we provide an overview concerning the ecological, socio-economic, and public health aspects of Porto Alegre, drawing attention to the insufficient environmental sanitation in the city, a neglected problem by local authorities. We argue that this issue needs to be seriously addressed if Porto Alegre wants to realistically achieve sustainable development, protecting ecosystems and human health.

URINARY SCHISTOSOMIASIS AMONG SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN IN SELECTED RURAL COMMUNITIES IN HADHRAMOUT GOVERNORATE, YEMEN

Background: Urinary schistosomiasis is a potentially life-threatening public health issue in some areas of Yemen, particularly in Hadhramout rural communities. It is considered as one of the most common neglected tropical parasitic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis and associated risk factors among school-age males and females in selected rural communities of Hadhramout, Yemen. Methods: A total of 450 students participated in this cross-sectional study. Urine samples were collected, then examined for haematuria and Schistosoma haematobium (S. haematobium) eggs using urine dipsticks and filtration technique respectively. To assess knowledge and practices regarding the transmission of urinary schistosomiasis, a pre-tested questionnaire was employed. Results: An overall (66)14.7% of participants tested positive for S. haematobium, and of those, 54 (12.0%) developed haematuria with a statistically significant difference (p=0.001). A total of 35(53.0% eggs/10 ml urine) had heavy intensity of infection, with a significant difference (p=0.001) between the different communities visited: high in Al-Dhulaya'a (18.2 eggs/10 ml urine) and low in Yabaith (6.1 eggs/10 ml urine). S. haematobium infection showed significantly higher (p=0.002) in males (13.8%) than females (0.9%), and increased with age of participants. Multivariate logistic analysis of risk factors were significantly associated with the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis such as swimming activities (p=0.016), washing clothes (p=0.14), time spent in infested areas more than 15 minutes (p=0.012), habits of defecation/urination in open water sources (p=0.44), self-reported symptoms suggestive of the disease (p=0.03), participants with a history of illness (p=0.014), lack of awareness of schistosomiasis (p=0.050), and no prior treatment with praziquantel (p=0.001). Conclusions: Urinary schistosomiasis remains highly prevalent among schoolchildren in rural communities in Hadhramaut. The study highlights the urgent need to implement preventive measures, safe drinking water supply, proper sanitation, and vector control programs in order to reduce transmission and morbidity caused by schistosomiasis. Peer Review History: Received 3 December 2023; Revised 28 January 2024; Accepted 27 February; Available online 15 March 2024 Academic Editor: Dr. Marwa A. A. Fayed, University of Sadat City, Egypt, maafayed@gmail.com Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewers: Dr. Owanaro Peter, Nigeria, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. owonaropeter@gmail.com Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, sansan4240732@163.com

Design and Development of A Hemisphere Flat Base Solar Thermal Water Distillation System

The clean water crisis around the world is mainly caused by the pollution and depletion of freshwater. There is only less than 1% of the water on Earth is in a pure and consumable state. Many people around the world actually die every single day due to the lack of access to clean, potable water and to proper sanitation which resulted in many waterborne diseases. Hence, water purification plays an extremely important role as access to clean water is fundamental to basic human rights. The objective of this paper is to develop a solar-thermal water distillation system with solar energy as its main power source to distilled water for safe consumption, hence achieving clean water purification through clean energy. The proposed hemisphere flat-based solar thermal distiller works well with the absorption of sun radiation from almost every angle with its spherical surface. The prototype works best under full sunlight conditions and is capable to purify water from various water sources to safe and ideal pH value for consumption. Solar radiation, being a clean energy and available in abundance at no cost, makes this design feasible for many and easy to scale up whenever the need arises. The simple working principle and fabrication at low cost also makes it an ideal solution in helping communities that have difficulty or no access to clean water supply.

Promoting Students' Anticipatory Competency through the Rainwater Harvesting System Learning Project

In response to the pressing global challenges of climate change and water scarcity, the education sector seeks innovative approaches to nurture students' anticipatory competency. This study aims to investigate the improvement of students' anticipatory competency through rainwater harvesting system learning project. The method used in this research was Quasi-Experimental with Non-Equivalent Control Group Design research design. The sample used was class VII students consisting of a control class and an experimental class of 20 students each. Data were collected both before and after learning to assess students' anticipatory competence. The results showed that there was the significant different on Anticipatory competency in the experimental class. This means that rainwater harvesting system learning project effect on students' anticipatory competency The study implies positive impacts of utilizing the rainwater harvesting system learning project on students' anticipatory abilities to shape a future generation ready to tackle clean water and proper sanitation issues.

Analysis of Fulfillment of Four Aspects in Drinking Water and Incidence of Stunting in Coastal Areas: Case Study of Paluh Sibaji Village, Pantai Labu Sub-district

<p><em>Paluh Sibaji Village, Pantai Labu District, in a coastal area located in Deli Serdang district,has only 0.5% reduction in stunting from 2022 to 2023. The prevalence of stunting in Deli Serdang District was 13.9 in 2023 has increased by 1.4 percent from 2021. Pantai Labu sub-district is located in a coastal area with 60 cases of stunting, 10 of which were found in Paluh Sibaji village. Proper sanitation is an indirect factor causing stunting, including meeting the four aspects (quality, quantity, continuity and affordability) in drinking water. This research aimed to analyze the </em><em>Four</em><em> aspect of drinking water sources with stunting incidents. This type of research was analytical with a cross sectional study design. The population was 375 houses of mothers with toddlers and 141 houses sample spread across 4 hamlets. The sampling technique used was cluster sampling and data analysis used Chi square statistical test</em><em> by using SPSS </em><em>version</em><em> 25</em><em>. Data were collected using a questionnaire designed in the ceting card tool which was applied via Android. The results of the research found that 16.3% of children under five were stunted and based on the type of clean water source, namely dug wells 22 people (15.6%), drilled wells 33 people (23.4%), and municipal waterworks 86 people (61.0%), only 3.5% of houses met the four aspects. The statistical test results showed that the variables of fulfilment of the four aspects of drinking water, and drinking water treatment were not related with the incidence of stunting (Pv>0.05)</em><em>.</em><em> </em><em>Other basic sanitation factors besides clean water and drinking water sources can become environmental management priorities in an effort to provide proper sanitation in Paluh Sibaji village to reduce stunting. </em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Keyword: Affordability, Continuity</em></strong>,<strong><em> Stunting, Quality</em></strong><em>, <strong>Quantity of Drinking Water</strong></em></p>

EFEKTIVITAS PROGRAM PENYEDIAAN AIR MINUM DAN SANITASI BERBASIS MASYARAKAT (PAMSIMAS) DI KECAMATAN AMUNTAI SELATAN KABUPATEN HULU SUNGAI UTARA (Studi Kasus Desa Simpang Empat Dan Desa Rukam Hilir)

The Community-Based Water Supply and Sanitation Program (PAMSIMAS) has become one of the national mainstay programs (Government and Local Government) to increase rural population access to proper drinking water and sanitation facilities using a community-based approach. This research is based on the background that in the Effectiveness of the Community-Based Water Supply and Sanitation Program (PAMSIMAS) in South Amuntai District, Hulu Sungai Utara Regency (Case Study of Simpang Empat Village and Rukam Hilir Village) there are problems, namely, in Simpang Empat Village, lack of responsibility from PAMSIMAS Program managers, lack of supervision in managing facilities and infrastructure, while in Rukam Hilir Village, lack of responsibility from PAMSIMAS Program managers, lack of supervision in managing facilities and infrastructure, and lack of management (MSDM). This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the PAMSIMAS Program and those that influence the Effectiveness of the Community-Based Water Supply and Sanitation Program (PAMSIMAS) in Amuntai Selatan District, Hulu Sungai Utara District (Case Study of Simpang Empat Village and Rukam Hilir Village). This research uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive-qualitative research type. Data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, and documentation with 14 data sources. Data were analyzed using data collection techniques, namely data condensation, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Test the credibility of the data, namely extending observations, increasing persistence, trigulation, analyzing negative cases, using reference materials, holding member checks. The results of this study indicate that the Effectiveness of the Community-Based Water Supply and Sanitation Program (PAMSIMAS) in South Amuntai District, Hulu Sungai Utara District (Case Study of Simpang Empat Village and Rukam Hilir Village) has not been effective, this can be seen from the indicators: First, the work program has been going well. Second, the objective of the water supply program is good. Third, the evaluation of the program in Simpang Empat Village was quite good and in Rukam Hilir Village it was not so good. Fourth, target accuracy has been successful. Fifth, the output/result has not been effective. Sixth, community satisfaction with services has not been effective. Seventh, community satisfaction with program benefits in Simpang Empat Village has been effective and Rukam Hilir Village has not been effective. Eighth, it has not been effective in Simpang Empat and Rukam Hilir Villages. Ninth, the program's efficiency has been effective. Tenth, achievement of Downstream objectives has not been effective. Eleventh, Improving public health has been successful. In order to increase effectiveness it is suggested to: Heads of Simpang Empat and Rukam Hilir Villages to provide supervision and direction, to Managers to improve their capabilities and integrity, to the people of Simpang Empat Village and Rukam Hilir Village to always increase their participation in technical supervision, provide reports quickly when problems occur and provide criticism and suggestions

ESTIMATION OF GEOGRAPHICALLY WEIGHTED PANEL REGRESSION MODEL WITH BISQUARE KERNEL WEIGHTING FUNCTION ON PERCENTAGE OF STUNTING TODDLERS IN INDONESIA

Stunting is a condition of failure to thrive in children under five years old due to chronic malnutrition. Efforts that can be made to reduce the incidence of stunting in Indonesia are to identify factors that are thought to affect the incidence of stunting in Indonesia. The analysis methods used in this study are the global Fixed Effect Model (FEM) and the local Geographically Weighted Panel Regression (GWPR) model. FEM is a global regression model that assumes that each individual's model has a different intercept value. While GWPR is a local regression model from FEM that considers aspects of geographic location, by repeating data at each observation location, different times, and using spatial data. The weighting function used in this study is fixed bisquare and adaptive bisquare. This study aims to obtain a GWPR model on the percentage of stunting toddlers in Indonesia in 2019 until 2022 with independent variables, namely the percentage of children receiving exclusive breastfeeding , the percentage of households that have access to proper sanitation , the average per capita health expenditure of the population for a month , the average length of schooling for women , and the number of poor people . The variables are obtained from Statistics Indonesia (BPS) and Study of Indonesia’s Nutritional Status (SSGI). The results showed that the best weighting function, namely adaptive bisquare with a CV value of 264.80.

Biplot and Procrustes Analysis of Poverty Indicators By Province in Indonesia in 2015 dan 2019

Poverty is one of the country's problems that the government should overcome. Poverty is influenced by several indicators. The success of a government can be seen from changes in poverty. This study compares the percentage of Indonesia's poverty indicators at the beginning of office (2015) and the end of office (2019) of one government period. The indicators that most affect the poverty rate in 2015 and 2019 are seen using biplot analysis while to measure the similarity and the magnitude of the percentage change in poverty from 2015 to 2019 can use procrustes analysis. The results of the biplot analysis show that households have access to proper sanitation services as the indicator with the highest diversity in 2015 while in 2019 it is the poor young population (15-24 years old) who are not in school and working or attending training and households have access to decent drinking water sources. Riau Islands, DKI Jakarta, DI Yogyakarta, and Bali are the provinces that have the highest values in almost all poverty indicators except the indicator of the percentage of young people (15-24 years old) who are not in school, working or attending training. The results of the procrustean analysis show an increase of 9.7% in Indonesia's poverty indicators in 2019 compared to 2015. So it can be said that the two configurations are very similar.

Uncovering the linkage between sustainable development goals for access to electricity and access to safely managed drinking water and sanitation services

Efforts to improve access to electricity and access to water and sanitation often go hand in hand, as they are essential components of sustainable development. By ensuring access to electricity, communities can have improved access to safe and reliable water supply and sanitation services, leading to better health outcomes, enhanced livelihoods, and overall development. This study investigates the effects of access to electricity on access to safely managed drinking water and sanitation services in 19 African countries from 2000 to 2020. Driscoll-Kraay standard errors and IV-GMM estimation techniques are used to estimate the relationship. The results show that access to electricity is positively associated with the percentage of people using safely managed clean water and sanitation services. The results also show that access to safely managed clean water and sanitation facilities in urban and rural areas turns out to be increased as far as access to electricity increases. The findings indicate that access to electricity reduces urban-rural inequalities in access to clean water and sanitation facilities. The sub-regional analyses conducted reveal that these findings are robust across SSA countries. Lastly, the findings reveal that GDP per capita, globalization, FDI and urbanization are channels through which access to electricity contributes to increasing access to safely managed water and sanitation services. African governments should implement policies that highlight the transformative potential of reliable electricity supply in ensuring sustainable and equitable access to clean water and proper sanitation facilities to safeguard public health and well-being.

Determinants of Diarrhea Among Children Aged 1 to 6 Years in Flood-Affected Areas of Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Frequent floods can contribute to the spread of various diseases and complications, some of which may result in diarrhea, especially among children. The current study aimed to find the determinants of diarrhea among children aged 1-6 years in flood-affected areas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A cross-sectional study was conducted in flood-affected districts. Data regarding sociodemographic information related to diarrhea and anthropometric data were collected through a validated questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to find the determinants of diarrhea. In the presence of diarrhea, the prevalences found of stunting, wasting, and being underweight were 75.2%, 76.5%, and 74.1%, respectively, which is higher than those in children without diarrhea (stunting, 24.8%; wasting, 23.5%; and being underweight, 25.9%). In bivariate regression, children aged 2-4 years (odds ratio [OR] = 1.65, P < 0.05), large family size (OR = 7.46, P < 0.01), low income (OR = 2.55, < 0.001), bathing in ponds (OR = 3.05, P < 0.05), drinking of untreated water (OR = 3, P < 0.05), flooding (OR = 1.8, P < 0.05), children living in mud houses (OR = 1.5, P < 0.05), and usage of utensils without lids (OR = 1.96, P < 0.001) were significantly associated with occurrence of diarrhea. In multivariate regression, the identified risk factors (P < 0.05) for diarrhea in flood-affected areas included illiterate mothers, flooding, large family size, households without livestock, poor water quality, untreated water, and lack of toilet facilities. In conclusion, addressing the determinants of diarrhea identified in this study is crucial for mitigating the impact of frequent floods on children in flood-affected areas. Moreover, the higher prevalence of malnutrition underscores the urgent need for comprehensive strategies and proper water, sanitation, and hygiene programs to reduce the occurrence and determinants of diarrhea.

Observational Study on Adherence to modified Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute H3-A6 Guidelines on Blood Sampling Procedures

Background: The accuracy of clinical laboratory results is paramount for effective patient diagnosis and treatment. However, errors in the pre-analytical phase, particularly during phlebotomy, significantly impact the reliability of laboratory data. With the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines serving as a benchmark for best practices in blood collection, adherence to these standards is crucial for minimizing errors. Objective: This study aimed to assess compliance with modified CLSI guidelines in phlebotomy procedures within a healthcare setting and identify the most prevalent errors in the pre-analytical phase that could compromise patient safety and the integrity of laboratory results. Methods: Conducted at the Combined Military Hospital Lahore from January to March 2023, this observational study scrutinized phlebotomy practices across three distinct healthcare settings: emergency department, outpatient department, and clinical wards. A structured checklist, adapted from the European Federation for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM) guidelines and aligned with local modifications, was employed to evaluate compliance in 20 specific areas of phlebotomy practice. A total of 285 phlebotomies were observed by specialized staff, with data analyzed using SPSS version 25 to compare error frequencies and compliance rates across different settings and among various healthcare professionals. Results: The study revealed an overall compliance rate of 88% for identified request forms, 76% for patient identification according to local guidelines, and 66% for proper hand sanitization. However, significant errors were identified in checking for potential complications of venipuncture (34% compliance), with tubes being clearly under or overfilled (46% compliance), and in verifying that patients were prepared for phlebotomy (46% compliance). The error frequency varied across settings, with the highest discrepancies observed in the emergency department. Differences in compliance rates between laboratory staff and nurses were statistically significant in key areas, including patient identification (p&lt;0.001) and tube labeling (p=0.081). Conclusion: The study highlights a critical need for improving adherence to CLSI guidelines within phlebotomy practices to enhance patient safety and the accuracy of laboratory results. Targeted educational and training interventions are essential for addressing the identified gaps in compliance, particularly in patient identification, sample volume control, and verification of patient preparation for phlebotomy.

PEMODELAN REGRESI NONPARAMETRIK SPLINE TRUNCATED KASUS KEJADIAN DIARE DI PROVINSI BALI

Nonparametric regression is a flexible approach used to determine the relationship between the predictor variable and the response variable is unknown. One method that can be used to estimate nonparametric regression models is the truncated spline. The truncated spline is an effective method to estimate nonparametric regression models due to its ability to adapt to the data's characteristics through knots. Truncated spline estimates its parameters with the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) method and finds the optimal knot points with the minimum generalized cross validation (GCV) value. This study used the truncated spline to model diarrhea cases in Bali Province, examining five variables that could affect incidence. The optimal knot points were 2-1-3-3-2 with a minimum GCV value of 67572,38. The study found that the number of clean drinking water facilities, food management places that meet health requirements, public places that meet health requirements, population density, and access to proper sanitation facilities had a significant effect on diarrhea incidence. The coefficient of determination for this model is 98,87%.

An advanced hybrid deep learning model for predicting total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity (EC) in coastal aquifers

For more than one billion people living in coastal regions, coastal aquifers provide a water resource. In coastal regions, monitoring water quality is an important issue for policymakers. Many studies mentioned that most of the conventional models were not accurate for predicting total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC) in coastal aquifers. Therefore, it is crucial to develop an accurate model for forecasting TDS and EC as two main parameters for water quality. Hence, in this study, a new hybrid deep learning model is presented based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNE), Long Short-Term Memory Neural Networks (LOST), and Gaussian Process Regression (GPRE) models. The objective of this study will contribute to the sustainable development goal (SDG) 6 of the united nation program which aims to guarantee universal access to clean water and proper sanitation. The new model can obtain point and interval predictions simultaneously. Additionally, features of data points can be extracted automatically. In the first step, the CNNE model automatically extracted features. Afterward, the outputs of CNNE were flattened. The LOST used flattened arrays for the point prediction. Finally, the outputs of the GPRE model receives the outputs of the LOST model to obtain the interval prediction. The model parameters were adjusted using the rat swarm optimization algorithm (ROSA). This study used PH, Ca + + , Mg2 + , Na + , K + , HCO3, SO4, and Cl− to predict EC and TDS in a coastal aquifer. For predicting EC, the CNNE-LOST-GPRE, LOST-GPRE, CNNE-GPRE, CNNE-LOST, LOST, and CNNE models achieved NSE values of 0.96, 0.95, 0.92, 0.91, 0.90, and 0.87, respectively. Sodium adsorption ratio, EC, magnesium hazard ratio, sodium percentage, and total hardness indices were used to evaluate the quality of GWL. These indices indicated poor groundwater quality in the aquifer. This study shows that the CNNE-LOST-GPRE is a reliable model for predicting complex phenomena. Therefore, the current developed hybrid model could be used by private and public water sectors for predicting TDS and EC for enhancing water quality in coastal aquifers.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND THE INCIDENCE OF STUNTING IN NGALANG GUNUNGKIDUL

Stunting is one of the nutritional status cases experienced by most toddlers worldwide. WHO 2020 revealed that Indonesia is the second country in Asia with the highest prevalence of 31.8% of stunting problems in toddlers. Several factors cause toddlers to experience stunting, including indirect factors, namely socioeconomic status. The socioeconomic status of the residents of Ngalang on the incidence of stunting toddlers aged 12-60 months was found to be 40 toddlers short and 6 toddlers very short. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between socioeconomic status and the incidence of stunting in Ngalang Gunungkidul. This type of quantitative research uses a cross-sectional design. Population 85 parents of toddlers 12-60 months with stunting conditions. The sample was obtained using the Solvin method: 46 parents of stunted toddlers who met the inclusion criteria. After the Spearmen rho test was obtained, many members in the family p=0.019; of many children of the family, p=0.010, the father's educational status is p=0.058, the mother's educational status is p=0.025, and the monthly income in the family p=0.023. There is Stunting is a prevalent nutritional issue among toddlers globally. The results showed a significant relationship between family size, number of children, mother's educational status, family income, and stunting in toddlers. However, no significant relationship was found between the father's educational status and stunting, suggesting the need for further research on the father's role. Preventative measures include participating in premarital classes and prioritizing a child's growth and development through proper nutrition, parenting, healthcare, and environmental sanitation.

Metode Geographically Weighted Panel Regression (GWPR) Untuk Menganalisis Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kemiskinan Di Provinsi Sumatera Utara

This study aims to analyze the factors of population density, life expectancy, years of schooling, open unemployment rate, per capita monthly food expenditure, population with health complaints, economic growth, human development index, households with access to proper drinking water and households with access to proper sanitation on the percentage of poverty in North Sumatra province. This research is based on secondary data available at the North Sumatra Central Bureau of Statistics in 2017-2021. The factor analysis used in this study is Geographically Weighted Panel Regression (GWPR) which is a combination of the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) method with the panel data regression method. The results of the research analysis show that simultaneously the factors of population density, life expectancy, open unemployment rate, monthly per capita food expenditure, population with health complaints, households with access to proper drinking water have no significant effect. If tested simultaneously, only the factor of households having access to proper sanitation has a significant effect on the percentage of poverty. However, partially, these factors have a significant effect on the percentage of poverty.