Proper Relationship Research Articles

The Relationship of Experience to Thought

It is a familiar philosophical idea, one that undoubtedly contains much truth, that experience makes an essential contribution to contents of thoughts - that without a proper relationship to experience, thought is empty. To isolate the truth contained in this idea we need to become clearer on contents of thoughts and on the precise relationship of experience to these contents. These the goals of the present essay. The goals large and distant, and I shall be satisfied if I manage to take a few steps in the right direction.We need to address a preliminary question before we embark on our project: how should we conceive of thoughts? I suggest we follow the lead of Plato and Sellars and model thoughts as inner speech (or inner writing or inner typing - it does not matter which). Let us take thoughts to have logical structure analogous to that of out-loud sayings, and let us use the same logical vocabulary for thinkings and sayings. So, we can classify certain thinkings and sayings as suppositions; we can call their constituents terms; we can of these constituents as expressing concepts and as denoting particulars or universale; and so on. We can move back and forth between sayings and thinkings, and between constituents of sayings and constituents of thinking. Points made for one will hold, mutatis mutandis, for the other.It may be objected that the Plato-Sellars model is too intellectual, that it denies thought to mute animals. Response: Maybe so, but my present project is intellectual. I am concerned to understand the logic of empirical inquiry, an inquiry that is discursive. I want to understand such things as what sorts of challenges proper, what demands for justification legitimate, and what connections to experience necessary for content. For this logical inquiry, the Plato-Sellars model of thinking is, prima facie, a good starting point. By adopting the model, I am not denying the possibility of a broader conception of thought, one not so closely tied to language. Such a conception may well be desirable, even necessary, for certain inquiries. The present inquiry provides, however, no immediate reason to seek such a conception. We should not fritter away our limited resources chasing a new model of thought when an older one will serve us just as well. We can always revisit the old model if we encounter problems and we suspect the model to be a contributing factor.A. CONCEPTUAL CRITICISM1 . Men often, John Locke tells us, set their Thoughts more on Words than Things and speak several Words, no otherwise than Parrots do (Essay, III.ii.7). This parroting of meaningless words is, if not excusable, at least understandable. Words being superficially all similar, it is easy to suppose that they must be meaningful simply because we use them in familiar constructions in familiar ways.1 Superficial impressions can be misleading, however. Just as we critically assess assertions and beliefs for truth and rationality, similarly we can (and should) critically examine words and concepts for meaningfulness and rational legitimacy. This critical inquiry can be expected to issue injunctions. Locke's own injunction was this: A Man should take care to use no word without a signification, no Name without an Idea for which he makes it stand (Essay, IH.xi.8).2. David Hume follows Locke in his own pursuit of the critical inquiry, and he offers us a crisp methodological maxim:When we entertain, therefore, any suspicion, that a philosophical term is employed without any meaning or idea (as is but too frequent), we need but enquire, from what impression is that supposed idea derived? And if it be impossible to assign any, this will serve to confirm our suspicion. (Enquiry, §2)Hume's maxim rests on a particular conception of thought and experience. All the materials of thinking, Hume tells us, are derived either from our outward or inward sentiment, from what Hume calls 'impressions'. …

THE COMPANIONS OF THE PROPHET (S.A.W.S.), STARS THAT DO NOT LOSE THEIR SHINE

The role and significance of honourable companions in spreading Islam is great and significant. That is exactly why they have had a special place for all generations of Muslims. From the very arrival of Islam to this area, Muslims have showed great respect for the most honourable and chosen generation of Muslims. I have supported that relation towards honourable companions with Qur’anic verses and authentical hadiths of the Prophet (s.a.w.s.), with the aim for that practice of respect to last and to dismiss attempts of some fractions and sects to shatter that attitude. One of important issues which is very common today is a relation of companions towards Ahl al-Bayt and vice versa. This paper is an attempt to present their true relation. The relation was based on Islamic brotherhood and on special respect for the family and descendents of the Prophet (s.a.w.s.). That is clearly seen in Qur’anic verses and numerous hadiths. Also, I have mentioned historical facts that confirm a proper relationship of companions towards Ahl al-Bayt and vice versa, like having the same names and similar to that. I hope that this humble paper will be a contribution to affirmation of culture of Ahl al-Bayt and companions that Muslims greatly need today in order to put aside many disagreements and misunderstandings which result in disunity and weakening of the Muslim ummah. Keywords: companions, Ahl al-Bayt, human relations, the Qur’an, hadith

Textualism and Jurisdiction

Recent legislation has reinvigorated the scholarly debate over the proper relationship between Congress and the federal courts in matters of federal-court jurisdiction. The traditional view of jurisdiction-stripping is that Congress has virtually plenary power to determine the jurisdiction of the federal courts. Others have argued that there are substantial limits on Congress's authority to deprive the federal courts of jurisdiction over certain matters. A similar debate has raged over the obligation of federal courts to exercise jurisdiction that Congress ostensibly has conferred. Since the debate over Congress's role in crafting a jurisdictional regime last flared in full force, textualism has been ascendant as a methodology for interpreting statutes, and has had a profound impact on the way that judges - textualists and non-textualists alike - read statutes. The rise of textualism provides an important opportunity to update the long-standing debate over the proper roles of Congress and the courts in matters of federal-court jurisdiction. Like the debate over congressional control of the federal jurisdictional regime, textualism is largely about the judicial role in a democracy. Textualists argue that their methodology recognizes the properly limited judicial role, and they insist that judges must be faithful agents of the legislature, guided by the plain meaning of statutory text. To the extent that textualism has had a significant impact on judicial decision-making, particularly by the Supreme Court, we might expect to see a move towards strict interpretation of jurisdictional statutes, and a vindication, at least as a descriptive matter, for the strong congressional-control models. After all, if the textualist judge is supposed to act as a faithful agent of Congress, following the plain meaning of statutory text, then when Congress plainly withdraws jurisdiction, faithfully textualist judges can be expected to decline to exercise authority; and if Congress confers jurisdiction without qualification, then we might expect textualist judges to eschew arguments for implicit exceptions to the exercise of jurisdiction. In practice, however, textualism has been applied somewhat unevenly to jurisdictional statutes. Although the Court's textualists have strictly read statutes that purport to divest the federal courts of jurisdiction, they have not been as consistent in applying textualism to statutes that appear, based on their plain language, to confer expansive grants of jurisdiction. Textualism's goal to limit the judicial role in a democratic society is advanced by strict interpretations of statutes purporting to divest the courts of jurisdiction. But when Congress appears to confer broad grants of authority - such as in the general federal-question statute - being a truly faithful agent based on statutory language will result in a more robust judicial role than some textualists might otherwise prefer. The treatment by the Court's textualists of jurisdictional statutes suggests that the textualists' urge to constrain judicial power has sometimes trumped the textualists' demand that courts act as faithful agents of Congress by considering only the plain meaning of statutory language in deciphering Congress's instructions. This has implications both for textualism and for the larger question of the proper relationship between Congress and the courts in crafting a jurisdictional regime. It should force textualists to defend their approach more explicitly as a device for constraining judicial authority, and perhaps less as the optimal means for implementing a theory of faithful agency in statutory interpretation. And it suggests that, at least as a positive matter, the strong congressional-control models of federal jurisdiction have not yet fully prevailed, at least with respect to the question of the courts' authority to decline to exercise jurisdiction that Congress ostensibly has granted.

Brother Against Brother: Conflict in the Polish National Alliance, 1900-1940

Abstract The pre-World War II political conflicts that characterized the life of the Polish National Alliance (PNA) fraternal society, the largest organization in the Polish immigrant and ethnic community in the United States, are largely forgotten today. But this prolonged and ideologically charged fight between two nearly evenly matched factions within the Alliance not only involved a battle for the soul of the PNA. To a large degree it affected the entire Polish ethnic community in America. A key issue was the proper relationship between the emigration and the newly independent Poland, a state whose rebirth in 1918 had for decades been a high priority in Polonia. The story of this conflict is instructive in at least two ways. First, it shows the continuing power of ethnic feeling within the Polish American community during the entire period, particularly in the interwar period, something that continued during World War II and for decades after. Second, it offers a cautionary lesson about the adverse consequences that a too intense relationship between an ethnic diaspora and its members’ ancestral homeland can have in directing the community’s focus away from its other concerns.

The Profit Sharing Organization: An Effective Work Force Driven Organization

In the modern era, organizations face numerous problems in their day to day work life. HR managers and experts put in immense efforts to solve organizational issues, but the problems prevail in organizations. The major challengeable problems are employee turnover and employee grievances. Furthermore, the important need of any organization is employing and training a motivated employee for increasing work productivity. A Profit Sharing Organization is a novel organization that exists for an ideal and common goal, wherein, the employer and the employees work as family members, share the profits equally and enjoy more benefits. Thus, Profit Sharing Organizations exhibit less number of employee grievances, low employee turnover rate, high level of employee motivation and performance, proper employee maintenance and good relationship among employees, which shows the path for organizational growth. This paper highlights the major problems faced by a contemporary organization, and elucidates the advantages and opportunities available in a Profit Sharing Organization. The time period of the study was from September 2011 - February 2012.

Craniofacial Principles in Face Transplantation

Face transplantation allows the reconstruction of the previously nonreconstructible injury. Anthropometric landmarks are fixated to corresponding cephalometric landmarks to restore function and appearance, with emphasis on phonation, mastication, and functional upper airway. Currently, only a few face transplantations have been performed worldwide. A portion of these reconstructions involves combinations of hard and soft tissues of the midface. Craniofacial and orthognathic considerations should be emphasized for functional effect in the planning and execution of face transplants that include both bone and soft tissue elements. These steps are taken to restore normal anatomy by fixating the midface into proper relationship with the skull base. Traditional orthognathic planning, using cephalometric parameters, often involves a line through sella and nasion as a reference for the skull base. Intraoperatively though, without a cephalograph, the sella-nasion plane is not accessible as a reference point. Postoperative analysis of our first face transplant recipient revealed that the Frankfort horizontal plane can alternatively serve as an accessible skull base reference point to guide the positioning of the midface. We have developed a technique to ensure fixation of the midface donor allograft in a proper functional relationship with the skull base, within 1 SD of Bolton normative data. "Reverse craniofacial planning" allows for precise fixation of the hard tissue components of the face transplant in relation to the skull base, as opposed to a "best fit" approach. We believe that this relationship results in the most anatomical restoration of occlusion, speech, and airway function.

Computational Simulation of Failures in Brittle Materials

The paper used computer simulation techniques to model the failure process of brittle materials. The simulation method is the finite element method. We have prepared a quad tree method program, through which the unit discrete planes structure, and the quick automatic generation of quadrilateral elements of good quality, and the discrete units of information and node information. We use object-oriented method of preparation of the finite element program, and use it for displacement in the destruction of the simulation, stress analysis. We simulate the failure process of brittle materials. Simulation, the choice of failure criteria and damage model are two key, they choose the proper relationship to the simulation results, good or bad. According to the characteristics of brittle materials, select the first strength theory as a failure criterion and a damage model suitable for brittle materials. The model assumes that a crack in the destruction of the cell boundary, and then through the crack surfaces and the distribution of the load to compensate for the energy released when the virtual cracks. Finally, the destruction of the material is given by the computer graphics form.

Modular prosthesis replacement for comminuted and unreconstructable radial head fractures

Objective To analyze the results of modular prosthesis replacement for treatment of comminuted and unreconstructable radial head fractures associated with other elbow fractures and sof-tissue injuries. Methods From November 2009 to March 2011,22 patients with comminuted radial head fracture of Mason type Ⅲ were treated with Acumed modular prosthesis replacement. Repair of collateral ligaments and associated elbow fractures was carried out simultaneously.They were 16 men and 6 women,with an average age of 41.5 years (from 21 to 62 years).The left side was involved in 9 cases and the right in 13.One patient was associated with posterior olecranon fracture-dislocation of Monteggia type Ⅱ,13 with elbow terrible triad,one with elbow dislocation but without coronoid process fracture,3 with Essex-Lopresti injury and 4 with medial collateral ligament injury.The coronoid process fracture was fixated with Kirschner wire and the proximal ulnar fracture with plate and screw.Hinged external fixators were used in 2 cases of elbow terrible triad.Patients were evaluated by the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS). Results The follow-ups averaged 12.95 months ( range,6 to 22 months ).One patient had disturbed elbow flexion of less than 90° due to prosthesis overstuffing,one patient had elbow instability in spite of full range of motion gained due to prosthesis understuffing,and one patient had elbow ankylosis at elbow flexion of 70° with a heterotopic ossification bridge.The results in the other 19 patients were good to excellent. Their average flexion was 131.5°±4.4° (from 130° to 140°),average extension 5.4°±6.3° (from 0 to 20°),average range of extension-flexion motion 126.1 ° ± 7.7° ( from 120° to 140°),average pronation 81.6° ± 6.4° ( from 70°to 90°),average supination 85.6° ± 3.1° (from 80° to 90°),and average range of rotation 167.2° ± 8.2°(from 150° to 180°).Their mean postoperative MEPS score was 94.2 ± 5.1 points (from 85 to 100points). Conclusions The Acumed modular radial head prosthesis offers 200 standard combinations (10left and 10 right stem options with 5 diameters and 4 collar height options) to accommodate different sizes and provide proper restoration of the overall length of the radius,replicates natural radial head geometry,provides improved articulation with the capitellum,prevents loosening and maintains the proper relationship between the radial neck and the plane of the head.Consequently,it is a fine treatment option for radial head fractures of Mason type Ⅲ complicated with additional elbow fractures and soft-tissue injuries,but it can also lead to complications. Key words: Elbow joint; Fractures; Surgical procedures, operative; Arthroplasty, replacement

Conditional cooperativity in toxin–antitoxin regulation prevents random toxin activation and promotes fast translational recovery

Many toxin–antitoxin (TA) loci are known to strongly repress their own transcription. This auto-inhibition is often called ‘conditional cooperativity’ as it relies on cooperative binding of TA complexes to operator DNA that occurs only when toxins are in a proper stoichiometric relationship with antitoxins. There has recently been an explosion of interest in TA systems due to their role in bacterial persistence, however the role of conditional cooperativity is still unclear. We reveal the biological function of conditional cooperativity by constructing a mathematical model of the well studied TA system, relBE of Escherichia coli. We show that the model with the in vivo and in vitro established parameters reproduces experimentally observed response to nutritional stress. We further demonstrate that conditional cooperativity stabilizes the level of antitoxin in rapidly growing cells such that random induction of relBE is minimized. At the same time it enables quick removal of free toxin when the starvation is terminated.

Vermin, Victims and Disease: UK Framings of Badgers In and Beyond the Bovine TB Controversy

AbstractThe question of whether to cull wild badgers in order to control the spread of bovine TB (bTB) in UK cattle herds has been deeply contentious for nearly 40 years, and still shows no sign of resolution. This paper will examine the strategic framing of badgers in recent debates over bTB in the UK media, which take two opposing forms: the ‘good badger’ as epitomised in Kenneth Grahame's children's novel ‘The Wind in the Willows’; and the less familiar ‘bad badger’: carnivore, digger, and carrier of disease. It will then uncover the deeper historical and cultural roots of these representations, to argue that underlying the contemporary ‘badger/bTB’ controversy is an older ‘badger debate’ about the proper relationship between these wild animals and humans. Finally, the implications of this finding for current debates over bTB policy will be explored.

Spheres of Argument: 30 Years of Influence

Thirty years ago in the Spring 1982 issue, The Journal of the American Forensic Association (now Argumentation and Advocacy), published a Review Symposium on Argument Fields. The special issue, which was edited by Charles Arthur Willard, included essays by a number of leading scholars in argumentation including: David Zarefsky, Joseph Wenzel, Dilip Parameshwar Gaonkar (one of the first journal essays by a brand new assistant professor who had yet to complete his Ph.D.), Robert Rowland, and an essay by G. Thomas Goodnight, which at first glance seemed to be out of place. Unlike the others, Goodnight's essay focused on spheres, not of argument. Thirty years later field theory is no longer a core topic of debate within argumentation studies, but the situation is very different in relation to spheres of argument. The study of the public, personal, and technical spheres of argument that Goodnight inaugurated with his groundbreaking essay remains vibrant today. It is not too strong to say that all of the many scholars, using a variety of approaches, who study public controversies of various kinds owe a debt to Goodnight for foregrounding not only the role of argument in public deliberation, but the way that other spheres overlap with and influence the public sphere. The present special issue pays tribute to the enormous influence of Goodnight's work on spheres of argument and research traditions that emerged out of that focus. Perhaps one of the most important virtues of the issue is that it reprints Goodnight's original essay that helped create the research tradition. In addition to this foundational work, the issue includes David Zarefsky's thoughtful consideration of the argument tradition in which Goodnight was working and of the influence of the spheres concept. The issue also includes three case studies that usefully extend Goodnight's work. Edward Schiappa considers the interaction of the public and technical spheres in the legal and political debate about Proposition 8 in California, which overturned same-sex marriage. He uses the case study to inform the debate about the boundaries between, and proper relationship among, the three spheres of argument. Nicholas S. Paliewicz focuses on the interaction of the public and technical spheres in the debate about global warming. His essay makes the important point that, for the public, sphere to function properly in relation to highly technical issues like global warming, there is a need for representatives of the public sphere to apply precise standards drawn from the technical sphere in assessing scientific issues that relate to questions for public deliberation. Rachel Avon Whidden considers two case studies relating to vaccination in order to further reveal the complex interactions among the three spheres. She notes both that in some cases there may be a danger that application of personal sphere evaluation standards to technical issues may lead to inappropriate health decisions and also that large corporations may attempt to colonize the personal sphere when large profits are at stake. Finally, G. Thomas Goodnight himself concludes the discussion with a thoughtful reflection on the development of research about the spheres concept and a consideration about possible ways to extend such research in the future. It is fair to say that thirty years later Goodnight remains a provocative theorist. WHY THE SPHERES DEBATE MATTERS In his essay, David Zarefsky makes the point that, of all the essays in the 1982 special issue on argument fields, the one that continues to strongly influence argumentation theorists to this day is Goodnight's essay. What is the source of this influence? It seems to me that there are several reasons for this state of affairs. The first is that Goodnight focused the attention of argumentation on the work that argument does or should do in public life. Implicitly, democracy itself is built around the presumption that societal problems can be solved and conflicts overcome if the public, their representatives, and other stakeholders argue strongly about the particular issue and then use the resources of argument to resolve any conflict or issue. …

Shostakovich Studies 2 (review)

Reviewed by: Shostakovich Studies 2 Judith Kuhn Shostakovich Studies 2. Edited by Pauline Fairclough. (Cambridge Composer Studies.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. [xi, 323 p. ISBN 9780521111188. $90.] Music examples, illustrations, bibliography, index. This symposium on Dmitri Shostakovich emerged from the 2006 Shostakovich Centenary Conference at the University of Bristol. It features a distinguished international group of scholars from the Russian Federation, Finland, the United States, and the United Kingdom. As Fairclough notes in her introduction, the essays in this collection reflect a growing sophistication among Shostakovich scholars, and a notable shift in tone from the notorious "Shosta kovich wars" of the 1990s (p. 1). Shostakovich research has blossomed in the past ten years. The result, as can be seen in this collection, is an increasingly nuanced and complex picture of the composer, his music and his cultural environment. Looming over Shostakovich scholarship are Richard Taruskin's 1990s-era exhortations that researchers should beware of mythmaking assumptions that turn Shostakovich into a simple hero or villain, and avoid the "vile trivialization" that reduces his music to a single fixed meaning, particularly a biographical or political one (Taruskin, Defining Russia Musically [Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997]: 537-42). The positive results of Taruskin's urgings are on display here in articles and findings that never could have appeared in the 1990s. Olga Digonskaya ("Mitya Shostakovich's First Opus: Dating the Scherzo, op. 1"), continuing her steady stream of archival discoveries, shows that the 15-year-old Shostakovich misdated this early work in order to smooth over a gap in his compositional productivity and present an impressive orchestral work written at the age of 13 as his first opus. Shostakovich's own works lists, she suggests wryly, should be used with caution as documentary evidence of his work habits, although they can serve as an invaluable source of information on his character and psychological traits (p. 72). Similarly, Levon Hakobian ("Shostakovich, Proletkul't and RAPM") argues that the composer's early connections with Soviet proletarian music organizations were more extensive than might be expected. Fairclough ("Dolmatovskiy on Shostakovich: [End Page 612] a Last Memoir") explores an "officially approved" poet's memoir of the composer. Yevgeny Dolmatovsky was a Soviet loyalist whose texts Shostakovich set in such "official" works as Song of the Forests (1949) and The Sun Shines Over Our Motherland (1952). Fairclough suggests that the reception of two less official-sounding Shostakovich-Dolmatovsky collaborations—the Four Songs on Texts of Ye. Dolmatovsky, op. 86 and Five Romances on Texts of Ye. Dolmatovsky, op. 98—has been prejudiced by our negative preconceptions of Dolmatovsky; after all, she notes, Shostakovich was also "officially approved" for most of his life (p. 249). Also questioning our preconceptions, Simo Mikkonen argues that Western scholarship has overdramatized the 1936 Pravda denunciations of Shostakovich (" 'Muddle instead of Music' in 1936: Cataclysm of Musical Administration"). For Mikkonen, "a full and proper understanding of the proper relationship between music and the Soviet state in the 1930s is still lacking in Western scholarship" (p. 231). While Mikkonen is surely right to plead for more archival work and a less monolithic view of Soviet arts administration (p. 231), his conclusions seem at times to be overdrawn. Here, for example, he promises to "explain why [the January-February 1936 denunciations of Shostakovich in Pravda] were really written" (p. 231), claiming that the attacks "were never meant to cause him [Shostakovich] serious trouble" (p. 247). This strange assertion seems to promise archival evidence of official pre-publication discussions showing the strategies behind the Pravda denunciations. Instead of providing such direct evidence of intent, however, Mikkonen bases his claims on post-publication events: a larger campaign against formalism that evolved from the Pravda denunciations, and the 1936-39 power struggles between composers and the Committee on Artistic Affairs. Neither of these events explains why the Pravda articles were published, however. Further, these events—despite Mikkonen's denigration of Western scholarship—have already been well documented by Western scholars like Sheila Fitzpatrick, Kiril Tomoff and Caroline Brook (Fitzpatrick, The Cultural Front: Power and Culture in Revolutionary Russia [Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992]: 198-209; Tomoff, Creative Union: The Professional Organization of Soviet Composers, 1939-1953 [Ithaca...

Factors influencing photo curing kinetics of novel UV-cured siloxane-modified acrylic coatings: Oxygen inhibition and composition

An experimental study was carried out for the development and characterization of innovative photopolymerizable siloxane-modified acrylic formulations for possible use as protective coatings of stone substrates. The kinetics of the radical photopolymerization mechanism induced by UV radiations in presence of a suitable photoinitiator was studied by a calorimetric analysis by varying the atmosphere (oxygen or nitrogen) and the composition of the mixtures, in particular of the UV photoinitiator.The reactivity, expressed in terms of both heat developed and rate of reaction, was generally found to decrease when the photopolymerization was carried out in air, due the inhibiting action of the oxygen towards the free radical polymerization. The addition of a proper thiol to the acrylic modified resin was found to reduce the adverse effect of oxygen on the kinetic reaction and on the degree of conversion. This result allowed to reduce the content of the photoinitiator and to increase the content of the siloxane in the acrylic based mixtures. The effect of the change of the composition of the formulations on the kinetic behaviour of the acrylic based resins was also analysed by calorimetric analysis. Calorimetric experimental data were fitted to a simple kinetic model for radical photopolymerization reactions. Finally, a proper relationship between the glass transition temperature and the total extent of reaction was applied to the experimental data. A good agreement between the experimental data and both the theoretical models was generally found.

Addressing the ‘Dismal Disconnection’: Normative Theory, Empirical Inquiry and Dialogic Research

This article engages with recent methodological debates in political theory concerning the role of political theory and in particular the criticism that ideal normative theorising is too abstracted from the real-world circumstances that it hopes to change. These debates raise questions concerning the proper relationship between normative political theory and empirical inquiry. We suggest that feminist research has an important contribution to make to these questions, which has tended to be under-recognised within mainstream debates. Specifically, feminist critical theory points to important limitations within both ideal political theory and orthodox empirical social science. Rather than trying to combine these two approaches, feminist critical theory offers an alternative approach to standard political research methods. The central concerns of critical feminists with the social conditions of inclusion and democratic participation, the forms of power that can invade theory and practice in politics, and the need to create an ‘undistorted space’ in which the voice of those subjected to injustice can be heard, predispose it towards an applied approach to normative theory, while at the same time remaining highly attuned to the possible conservative implications of such a move. This dual focus has led many feminist critical theorists to endorse a dialogical approach. In this article, we detail this approach and recommend it as a resource to mainstream political theorists.

Вырываясь из объятий политики. Исследование культур воспоминания как способ поощрения исторического диалога в литовско-российских отношениях

This article focuses on the factors inhibiting a productive rethinking of the past in contemporary Lithuanian-Russian relations. The rethinking of the past is understood as a process facilitating the reconsideration of historical meanings through adjusting them to the expectations and values of a contemporary society. The author argues that, during this process, historical research an important tool for encouraging the co-existence of communities should fulfil certain social functions. Having chosen the Lithuanian-Russian communication space as a case, the author emphasises the need to develop interest in mutual knowledge of cultures of remembrance in this space. Outlining the strategies specific to the prevailing cultures of remembrance in contemporary Russia and Lithuania, the author addresses the question of their proper relationship, as well as that of the appropriateness of politics of history. The criminalisation of certain evaluations of the past and the academic dialogue between historians are regarded as two opposite extremes of politics of history actually existing in the Lithuanian-Russian communications space. The author stresses that research on the values and interpretations of the past peculiar to certain social groups in both Lithuania and Russia may be considered as a basis for further development of the historical dialogue. It is assumed that such research may contribute to the improvement in the field of politics of history.

An escape from the embrace of politics. A study into the cultures of remembrance as a means to encourage a historical dialogue in Lithuanian-Russian relations

This article focuses on the factors inhibiting a productive rethinking of the past in contemporary Lithuanian-Russian relations. The rethinking of the past is understood as a process facilitating the reconsideration of historical meanings through adjusting them to the expectations and values of the contemporary society. The author argues that in this process historical research — as an important tool for encouraging the co-existence of communities — should fulfil certain social functions. Having chosen the Lithuanian-Russian communication space as a case, the author emphasises the need to develop an interest in mutual knowledge of cultures of remembrance in this space. Outlining the strategies specific to the prevailing cultures of remembrance in contemporary Russia and Lithuania, the author addresses the issue of their proper relationship, as well as that of the appropriateness of historical policy. The criminalisation of certain evaluations of the past and the academic dialogue between historians are regarded as two opposite extremes of historical policy actually existing in the Lithuanian-Russian communication space. The author stresses that research into the values and interpretations of the past peculiar to certain social groups in both Lithuania and Russia may be considered as a basis for further development of the historical dialogue. It is assumed that such research may contribute to the improvement in the field of politics of history.

Technology and Freedom: Pope Benedict XVI on Faith, Reason, and Politics

Pope Benedict XVI connects the problem of technology to the question of how human beings have chosen to employ their reason, both in their encounter with faith and in their pursuit of human freedom. His analysis involves a penetrating study of the history of modern thought, a history he distinguishes from the practice of classical political philosophy. Benedict's willingness to meet the challenge of philosophy, I argue, allows him both to uncover the danger to human freedom that accompanies the modern technological project, and to lay out his understanding of how to best protect and enrich human reason and the practice of virtue. For Benedict, the defense of human freedom against the dangers posed to it by technology depends on the proper relationship between faith and reason, and between philosophy and theology.

Mathematical Analysis and Verification of the Corrosion Prevention Mechanism of Dry-cured Ham

This paper analyzes mathematically the relationship between the aw value of the muscles of traditional Xuanwei dry cured ham and the relative humidity of the surroundings and the relationship of the aw value of the muscles and the salt water concentration. The proper relationship has been discovered between them and the standard production process for Xuanwei ham has been set and then production verification tests have been done. The result is that the low-salt dry-cured ham containing humidity of 49.58%, salt of 5.91%, preserves the traditionally authentic aromas and flavors and meets the modern healthy demands of consumers.

Nil’s and Iosif’s Rhetoric of Starchestvo

The ideal master-disciple relationship or starchestvo associated with Paisii Velichkovskii (1722-92) and his epigones rests on a complex monastic legacy stretching back to Christian Antiquity and includes early Russia’s two greatest native writing elders, Nil Sorskii (1433/4-1508) and Iosif Volotskii (1439/40-1515). Pedagogical networks, circulation of texts, structural continuities, and workings of the hierarchy’s nomenklatura system in the 16th century contributed to the solidification of Nil’s and Iosif’s literary and institutional legacy in which this rhetoric was embedded and expressed. Their genres and sub-genres combine testament, regulation, sermon, systematic exposition, polemic, hagiography, and epistle, all freely utilizing maxims, enthymemes (rhetorical syllogisms, sometimes as questions), emotional appeals, scare stories, and insults, as well as poetic imagery. Both recognize the disciples’ active role in master’s success, as they address a variety of audiences. Nil’s spiritual treatise discusses the need for the “reliable” teacher, while his epistles place each recipient in his proper relationship to authority. Iosif directly speaks in turn to the pastor and the senior elders and officials of their responsibilities; he shows the multiplicity of authority lines within the large cenobium; and he polemically defends formal structures and discipline. His hagiography depicts the ideal elder as advising hesychast-hermit, community disciplinarian, and politically indispensible supplicant to God. Crucial for our overall sense of starchestvo, Iosif’s applies the New Testament maxims concerning “binding” and “loosing” to the teacher as teacher, while Nil’s Tradition/Instruction, specifying that only those qualified to listen and speak guide others, bridges to the modern era.

Privacy and the New Legal Paradigm: Tradition and Development in Taiwan

AbstractThe right to privacy is relatively new but has ever increasing importance. Different approaches toward its protection do exist at the moment; however, they all face challenges due to rapid technological and global changes. This article presents an idea of a new legal paradigm and its application in privacy protection. This legal paradigm gives equal attention to the forming of state‐made law and social norms. It also emphasizes the cooperative relationship between the two lawmaking efforts. The new legal paradigm requires a shift from the traditional internal legal point of view, which overlooks the importance of social normative formation. Such a shift, however, may not be equally difficult in the Chinese‐speaking world, where social norms derived from efforts searching for proper relationship among different roles in a society have long been the teaching of the Confucian school. Within the Confucian teaching, this article searches for the traditional Chinese idea of privacy and how it is placed in a series of self‐cultivation needed to bring order to the societies, following with a preliminary sketch of the current development of privacy protection in Taiwan to demonstrate its distinctiveness under such Confucian influence, i.e., emphasizing private ordering much more than legislative and administrative lawmaking. Since the success of the Taiwanese approach, or all future successful privacy protection, requires public spheres where concerns of different stakeholders can be reflected and dealt with, this article ends with a critical description of the development of the new research area, i.e., e‐participation, and suggests how e‐participation can be benefited by the idea of the new legal paradigm.