Proper Relationship Research Articles

儒家論墮胎與母胎關係

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.西方倫理學界長期爭訟的墮胎問題的三個主要不同觀點，即所謂支持生命之保守主義、支持選擇之自由主義，與支持早期墮胎但反對晚期墮胎之折中主義。雖然三者似是各不相容的論點，但實有一共同的基本觀念，即三者同樣以母胎雙方乃是各自獨立的權利主體。本文批判此一假設並不切合母胎的真實情況。本文採用母胎乃一種非一非二之內在關係，不能以權利分析的方法來解決雙方之衝突。而孕母既是一道德行動者，此一關係當納入道德社群之內作準確的說明，方能得出較切合我們道德經驗的結論。本文通過儒家之家庭倫理關係說明此一內在關係的特色，即以相互之義務為主，見出作為道德行動者之孕母，對胎兒實有一不可逃的保護愛護之義務，不能以個人意願或身體權利進行墮胎。本文進而依儒家之取向，說明在不同情況下而懷孕，孕母所具有的墮胎理據和合理的解決方式。Abortion is a perennial problem in the West. This essay shows that although the three major Western approaches to this issue – pro-life conservativism, pro-choice liberalism and the third way view that supports early but disallows late abortions – sound quite incompatible with each other, they nevertheless share a fundamental idea. They take the maternal-fetal relation as a relation between two unrelated right-holders, the pregnant woman and the fetus. This assumption can be criticized as not appropriate to the reality of the maternal-fetal relation. In this essay, I adapt the not-one-and-not-two relationship model of the pregnant woman and the fetus proposed by others, and take their proper relationship as an internal relationship. I argue that we cannot solve the conflict in abortion by the claim of rights of the two parties. Furthermore, as the pregnant woman is a moral agent, this relation should be considered within the conception of a moral community to arrive at a conclusion that reflects our moral experience.I employ the Confucian conception of a family ethical relation to analyze and explain this internal relationship and its characteristics. The most important feature is that within such an intimate family relationship, the obligation of members to each other is primordial. In other words, the pregnant woman as a moral agent has the inescapable obligation to protect the fetus. She cannot claim a right to abortion by autonomy or the right to bodily integrity. Then I go further to explain how this Confucian conception of family relationships could give the proper reasons and solutions for various types of pregnancy to determine whether it is morally acceptable for abortion in such cases.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 1125 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

The Children’s Republic of Science in the Antebellum Literature of Samuel Griswold Goodrich and Jacob Abbott

The antebellum years in the United States were marked by vigorous debates about national identity in which issues of hierarchy, authority, and democratic values came under intense scrutiny. During this period, a prime objective of indigenous authors writing for American children was educating the young so they would be ready to assume their republican responsibilities. The question of how depictions and discussions about nature and science were deployed toward this end is explored by examining key texts about nature and science from the era's two most prolific and popular children's authors--Samuel Griswold Goodrich (1793-1860) and Jacob Abbott (1803-79)--and highlighting assumptions within these works about what the proper relationship should be between the search for scientific knowledge and the larger polity.

El sueldo no es suficiente para atraer y retener a los mejores

Organizations face the challenge of attracting and retaining talented staff. In some instances, a reference to the existence of a war for talent is made. It is that way that the retention of workers has stopped being managed, exclusively, with the offer of good salaries. This paper explores, in a first instance, the theoretical framework that describes the principal tools of talent retention that companies develop, and that are considered as part of the total remuneration that workers receive: economic compensations, recognition, career plans and staff development, feedback, personal and professional life balance, social network and team making, proper relationship with superiors and organizational climate life. Later, the results that were obtained from interviews with ten of the best companies to work for in Peru, according to the Great Place to Work Institute ranking in 2007, on retaining talent tools that they implement are shown. Finally, conclusions on the case studies are presented.

Identity, Alterity, and Ethics in the Work of Husserl and His Religious Students

In this essay I shall compare and contrast the work of Edmund Husserl with that of two of his most famous students, Edith Stein and Emmanuel Levinas, on identity and alterity in the constitution of the and the Other.1 The implications of their respective theories of the intersubjective, of how any we can be posited, on ethical formulations will be explored. Although there is no evidence to suggest that Stein or Levinas, who belonged to different generations of Husserl's students, ever met or corresponded with one another, their mutual interest in these topics is great. Each has offered critiques of their teacher's portrayal of empathy (Einfuhlung-in feeling), in addition to proposing their own unique positions. They also engaged actively in debate over the proper relationship between individuals, between individuals and communities, as well as between communities and states. I will argue that in rebutting Stein's work on empathy, Husserl himself made way for Levinas's later contributions. At the same time, a number of Levinas's criticisms of Husserl are prefigured in Stein. Clarifying Levinas's own views vis-a-vis Husserl is itself a complicated affair and requires explication. At times, Levinas praised Husserl as having opened the door to his own elucidation of the Other. This was accompanied, however, by a number of criticisms of Husserl's approach-some of which I shall dispute. In the end, I will highlight not only intriguing assertions which Stein and Levinas held in common, but also the middle ground between the two-more or less congruent with that maintained by Husserl himself. In many respects, the biographies of Stein and Levinas are similar. Each was drawn to Husserl's philosophy after reading his Logical Investigations very early in their careers. Each played critical roles in the dissemination of Husserl's thought. Stein, who served as Husserl's assistant for eighteen months from 1916 to 1918, prepared a revision of the sixth Logical Investigation, Ideas II, and compiled what became the basis for On the Phenomenology of the Consciousness of Internal Time (1893-1917)-more famously edited by Martin Heidegger. Neither of these texts was published by Husserl while Stein was in his employ, and she complained that it was difficult to get the ever busy Husserl to review what she had done. When he did get to her work, new questions and developments forestalled completion.2 Levinas was also well-known to Husserl. This is important to establish, not only for biographical reasons, but because it increases the likelihood that Levinas had knowledge of Husserl's earlier unpublished texts on intersubjectivity and perhaps even of disagreements between Husserl and Stein. Levinas translated part of the fourth and the entire lengthy fifth Cartesian Meditation, introducing Husserl's texts to French speaking philosophers. Both Stein and Levinas in the years after these contributions underwent religious conversions of differing sorts. Stein was baptized as a Roman Catholic Christian in 1922. It is important to note that Stein believed she was integrating and Christianity-two aspects of the same-in taking this action.3 She too, then became a translator, but of John Henry Cardinal Newman and St. Thomas Aquinas.4 In 1934, Stein entered a convent as a postulant and subsequently became a nun of the Carmelite order adopting a new name-Sister Teresa Benedicta of the Cross. Forty-five years after her death as a Jew in Auschwitz on May 1, 1987, she was beatified-declared worthy of public veneration as a holy, blessed person-in a ceremony performed by Pope Jean Paul II.5 Emmanuel Levinas followed another distinctly religious path. After World War II from 1947 to 1951 he studied under the mysterious Mordechai Chouchani-to many like Elie Wiesel, a surviving link to the worlds of Talmudic learning before the Shoah.6 Even though Levinas at different times claimed to universalize Judaism and bridge Greek and Jewish thought,7 as a philosopher who effectively constructed a fence (gezeirah/siag) around Otherness he was not a proponent of any religious or cultural integration, much less assimilation. …

Ever Increasing Number of the Animal Model Systems for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Attention, Please

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsiveness. Current estimates suggest that 4-12% of school age children are affected by ADHD, which hampers proper social relationship and achievements in school. Even though the exact etiology of the disorder is still in the middle of active investigation, the availability of pharmacological treatments for the disorder suggest that at least the symptoms of ADHD are manageable. To develop drugs with higher efficacy and fewer side effects, it is essential to have appropriate animal models for in vivo drug screening processes. Good animal models can also provide the chances to improve our understanding of the disease processes as well as the underlying etiology of the disorder. In this review, we summarized current animal models used for ADHD research and discussed the point of concerns about using specific animal models.

On the analysis of a mixed mode bending sandwich specimen for debond fracture characterization

The mixed mode bending specimen originally developed for mixed mode delamination fracture characterization of unidirectional composites has been extended to the study of debond propagation in foam cored sandwich specimens. The compliance and strain energy release rate expressions for the mixed mode bending sandwich specimen are derived based on a superposition analysis of solutions for the double cantilever beam and cracked sandwich beam specimens by applying a proper kinematic relationship for the specimen deformation combined with the loading provided by the test rig. This analysis provides also expressions for the global mode mixities. An extensive parametric analysis to improve the understanding of the influence of loading conditions, specimen geometry and mechanical properties of the face and core materials has been performed using the derived expressions and finite element analysis. The mixed mode bending compliance and energy release rate predictions were in good agreement with finite element results. Furthermore, the numerical crack surface displacement extrapolation method implemented in finite element analysis was applied to determine the local mode mixity at the tip of the debond.

Forward march on European defence

The debate on European security and defence has been dominated over the past ten years by institutional bickering about the proper relationship between the European Union's European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) and the NATO alliance. In the last year, however, there have been some positive moves towards greater cooperation between member states, as well as increasing Europe's performance in global expeditionary missions. France is at the forefront and the United States is talking more about EU-NATO coordination. The United Kingdom, however, remains hesitant.

A Plastic Clock: How Circadian Rhythms Respond to Environmental Cues in Drosophila

Circadian clocks synchronize the physiology and behavior of most animals with the day to night cycle. A fundamental property of the molecular pacemakers generating circadian rhythms is their self-sustained nature: they keep oscillating even under constant conditions, with a period close to, but not exactly, 24 h. However, circadian pacemakers have to be sensitive to environmental cues to be beneficial. They need to be reset every day to keep a proper phase relationship with the day to night cycle, and they have to be able to adjust to seasonal changes in day length and temperature. Here, we review our current knowledge of the molecular and neural mechanisms contributing to the plasticity of Drosophila circadian rhythms, which are proving to be remarkably sophisticated and complex.

System-oriented ecotoxicological research: Which way to go?

This paper presents an overview of the possibilities for further development of tools and. approaches for the ecological assessment and management of diffusively contaminated ecosystems. It is based on the results of the “Netherlands Stimulation Programme on Ecosystem-oriented Ecotoxicological Research”, the SSEO programme, which ran from 1998 to 2006, and on opinions of international experts on ecological and ecotoxicological risk-assessment methods and their legal applications. The paper also discusses the pros and cons of the set-up of the SSEO programme.Proper management of diffusively polluted areas has to be based on an integral risk-based and system approach. The approach has to be founded on the relationships between pollution, natural stresses, management measures and the presence and activities of specific species. Furthermore, the relationships between biodiversity in ecosystems and its stability and functioning have to be known. The assessment of aquatic ecosystem quality is now based on the comparisons of the composition of actual species with that of reference species. This type of system does not yet exist for the assessment of soil quality, but it is being developed. It is shown that ecological quality criteria based on a Species Sensitivity Distributions approach are sufficiently conservative to avoid or prevent major ecological impacts of diffuse pollution at concentrations below legal standards.However, a proper quality relationship of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning is lacking in the ecological assessment methods. Future research should focus on the relationship of ecosystem structure (species composition) and ecosystem functioning and on the impact of disturbing the environment and appropriate management measures.

Behavior of concrete-filled double skin steel tubular columns with octagon section under axial compression

Based on some conclusions of two kinds of concrete-filled double skin steel tube (CFDSST) members with circular or square sections, a new kind of CFDSST with octagonal section, where the outer tube has an octagonal section and the inner tube has a circular section, is proposed in this paper. Behaviors of the CFDSST members with octagon section subjected to axial compression are investigated, and some curves of load-strain of steel tubes and confined concrete and the bearing capacity of members are obtained. It is indicated that the bearing capacity of the columns with octagonal section is larger than that with square section and is smaller than that with circular section, and the bearing capacity of members is related to the ratio of the straight side to the bevelled one. Based on the proper stress-strain relationship, a couple of numerical analyses are made using the finite element software named ANSYS. Finally, a simplified formula is proposed in the paper, and the numerical results agree well with the experimental results and the mathematical solutions. The results are valuable for engineers.

Aglycone exploration of C-arylglucoside inhibitors of renal sodium-dependent glucose transporter SGLT2

Inhibition of sodium-dependent glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2), the transporter that is responsible for renal re-uptake of glucose, leads to glucosuria in animals. SGLT-mediated glucosuria provides a mechanism to shed excess plasma glucose to ameliorate diabetes-related hyperglycemia and associated complications. The current study demonstrates that the proper relationship of a 4′-substituted benzyl group to a β-1C-phenylglucoside is important for potent and selective SGLT2 inhibition. The lead C-arylglucoside (7a) demonstrates superior metabolic stability to its O-arylglucoside counterpart (4) and it promotes glucosuria when administered in vivo.

Immigrant Exclusion from Welfare: An Analysis of the 1996 Welfare Reform Legislative Process

Congress passed the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) in August 1996. This major welfare reform bill explicitly barred legal immigrant eligibility for most federal means‐tested public benefits. This article applies a Foucauldian method of analysis to congressional discourse surrounding legal immigrant exclusion from welfare. Such an approach examines how political issues are constructed to reveal the use of power and discursive rules in the production of socially and politically acceptable truths. I argue that legislators used specific discursive constructions to frame immigrant exclusion provisions. These discursive approaches, often at odds with empirical data, reinforced existing ideology and governed the employable concepts that held power in the debate. The analysis also demonstrates that political discourse implicitly revolved around the “immigrant bargain.” Elements of this bargain included the ideal type of immigrant desired by the United States and the proper relationship of the nation to such immigrants.

'Currency Manipulation' and World Trade

Central bank intervention in foreign exchange markets may, under some conditions, stimulate exports and retard imports. In the past few years, this issue has moved to center stage because of the foreign exchange policies of China. China has regularly intervened to prevent the RMB from appreciating relative to other currencies, and over the same period has developed large global and bilateral trade surpluses. Numerous public officials and commentators argue that China has engaged in impermissible manipulation, and various proposals for stiff action against China are now pending on Capitol Hill. This paper clarifies the theoretical relationship between exchange rate policy and international trade, and addresses the question of what content can be given to the concept of manipulation as a measure that may impair the commitments made in trade agreements. The analysis goes to the proper relationship between IMF obligations and WTO obligations and to the question whether trade measures can be an appropriate response to exchange rate policies. Our conclusions are at odds with much of what is currently being said in Washington. For example, it is often asserted that China's currency policies have real effects that are equivalent to an export subsidy. In fact, however, if prices are flexible the effect of exchange rate intervention parallels that of a uniform import tariff and export subsidy, which will have no real effect on trade, an implication of Lerner's symmetry theorem. With prices, the real effects of exchange rate intervention and the translation of that intervention into trade-policy equivalents depend critically on how traded goods and services are priced. We show how the effects differ, according to whether exporters invoice in the local currency of the producer, in the currency of the buyer, or in a vehicle currency such as dollars. The real effects of China's policies are thus potentially quite complex, are not readily translated into trade-policy equivalents, and are dependent on the time frame over which they are evaluated (because prices are less sticky over a longer time frame). Accordingly, we are skeptical about many of the policy responses now under consideration in Washington both on economic and legal grounds.

Table of Contents

Abstract Cover Story Reap significant rewards for your unit by initiating corporate partnerships Clemson raises thousands from corporate partnerships Helpful Hints Successful partnerships = addressing needs of division, companies Grant Watch Briefs Court denies challenge to financial aid law FIRE finishes redesign of free speech resource Judge rules that materials for program are illegal College suspends group for planning a concert Assessment Advice Improve relationships with faculty by sharing assessment data Alcohol Report shows extent of student binge drinking, drug abuse Helpful Hints What can you do to reduce alcohol, substance abuse? Did You Know? Alcohol‐related deaths, injuries, sexual assaults have risen in recent years The Advisory Board Speaks Review advisory board's thoughts on proposed changes to FERPA regulations The bottom line: proposed changes to FERPA regulations Did You Know? Note proposed changes to FERPA regs that affect student affairs Washington Report New law will help ensure access to student loans Law & Campus ACCESSIBILITY College's prompt action leads OCR to close complaint College will make public forum fully accessible TITLE IX College destroys evidence in Title IX case, faces sanction GREEK AFFAIRS Fraternity loses recognition, files due process claim DISABILITIES Student challenges policy on service animals Leaders & Innovators KENNETH A. ZICK, VICE PRESIDENT FOR STUDENT LIFE, WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY Relationship covenant informs helicopter parents of proper behavior Model Policy Couple relationship covenant with parents' orientation, council

Green Like Me?

Creation stories are at the heart of every movement. American environmentalism is no exception to the rule. The wilderness cause began with John Muir's quixotic fight to save the Hetch Hetchy Valley from inundation, and future Americans may remember that Al Gore's slide show launched the crusade against global warming. Even those environmentalists who define themselves in opposition to the green mainstream have their tales, too. In 1982, residents of Warren County, North Carolina, a predominantly rural African American community, rose up against a proposed industrial landfill. Five years later, in 1987, the United Church of Christ's Commission for Racial Justice published Toxic Waste and Race in the United States, the nascent movement's foundational text, which gave the movement its name: environmental justice. Of course, creation stories are often simple stories. The business of historians is to complicate or overturn them. And this is what makes Kimberly Smith's thoughtful new book an important contribution to environmental history, if not American history in general. As she argues, black thinkers had long made the environment central in their politics and writings because much of what they say about racial oppression makes sense only against a background of claims about humans' proper relationship to the natural world (p. ix-x). But whites and blacks did not share the same nature. The saints in the conven-

Collaboration Between Cooperative Groups and Industry

By Linda R. Bressler, PharmD, and Richard L. Schilsky, MD The proper relationship between academic investigators and the pharmaceutical industry when conducting large, multicenter, prospective, randomized clinical trials is controversial and can be tense. The potentially conflicting goals of government-funded cooperative groups and pharmaceutical industry sponsors was the subject of a recent commentary in Nature1 by Martine Piccart, current President of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer and her colleagues. They expressed particular concern that important features of clinical trials—the design, the duration of patient follow-up, the conduct of any subset analysis, and the adverse event analysis and reporting—may be excessively influenced or controlled by an industry collaborator. They proposed a model for collaboration wherein the clinical trial database is maintained by the academic investigators until the trial end points are met. The data would not be disclosed to the industry collaborator without the approval of an independent data monitoring committee. Once the primary end points of the trial are met (eg, patient survival), the data can be provided to the industry sponsor for an application to regulatory authorities for the new indication. Dr. Piccart suggests that such collaboration is a “. . . win-win situation resulting in commercial registration of products, academic publications, and last but not least, hopefully better outcomes for patient treatments.”

Invitation and Refusal: A Reading of the Beginnings of Schooling in Aotearoa New Zealand

This paper is a selective consideration of the scene of the establishment of the first school in New Zealand in 1816. By foregrounding the possible views of the indigenous (Maori) people about schooling, the authors show that the promise of schooling was impossible to fulfil. Our argument is that the first teacher(s)’ refusal to learn from the people they intended to teach ensured that a proper educational relationship between Maori and European could never be established.

Scandalous Family Relations: Dealing with Darwinism in Wilhelm Raabe's Der Lar

This article discusses Wilhelm Raabe's 1889 story Der Lar as an important and long overlooked literary response to the cultural debate on Darwinism. It argues that the text conducts a narrative experiment that places a Darwinian object (a stuffed gibbon) at the center of a constellation of characters who interact with it in different ways, thereby drawing it into a broad cultural and philosophical discussion. As the ape becomes a figure of reflection for constructing the characters' identities in the story, it also serves as a trope for exploring the impact of Darwinism on bourgeois values and for discussing the proper relationship between science and literature in realism. Ultimately, Der Lar works towards a reconciliation of abstract theory with individual narrative and undertakes a critical assessment of the relevance of science in everyday human life.

PHILOSOPHY AND THE STUDY OF ITS HISTORY

Abstract: This article's goal is to outline one approach to providing a principled answer to the question of what is the proper relationship between philosophy and the study of philosophy's history, a question arising, for example, in the design of a curriculum for graduate students. This approach requires empirical investigation of philosophizing past and present, and thus takes philosophy as an object of study in something like the way that contemporary (naturalistic) philosophy of science takes science as an object of study. This approach also requires articulating a sense in which philosophy might make, or might have made, progress.

'Doing Time'.... After the Jury Acquits: Resolving the Post-Booker 'Acquitted Conduct' Sentencing Dilemma

The sentencing revolution, occasioned by the Supreme Court's re-invigoration of the Sixth Amendment right to jury-found facts in Apprendi v. New Jersey and Blakely v. Washington, caused the Court to overturn mandatory Federal Sentencing Guidelines and to reconfigure the Guidelines as an advisory-only system in United States v. States v. Booker. For the past two years, post-Booker cases have revealed deep contradictions between three important, but directly competing, constitutional-policy imperatives, i.e. (a) defining the limits of Congress' power to establish uniform sentencing policy and procedures, to eliminate or reduce apparent disparities in sentencing between judges; (b) re-establishing the system of individuated, case-specific sentences by permitting broader judicial discretion in sentencing; and (c) protecting the Sixth Amendment right to jury-found facts as a bulwark against governmental over-reaching, in the context of judicial decision-making. Within the last several months, the Court decided Rita v. United States and Gall v. United States, which go a long way in sorting out the proper relationship between the first two policy imperatives above. However, the proper relationship between judicial discretion in sentencing and the Sixth Amendment right to jury-determined facts in sentencing, established in Apprendi and Blakely, is yet to be definitively addressed by the Court, post-Booker. Given the importance of Sixth Amendment jury fact-finding as a bulwark against judicial excess animating all members of the Court in Apprendi, Blakely and Booker, together with recent indications by members of the Court that the Sixth Amendment issues underlying Booker have yet to be resolved, indicate that further resolution of this issue will soon be on the Court's agenda, of necessity. This article examines the unresolved, post-Booker contradiction between judicial discretion in sentencing and the Sixth Amendment right to jury-found facts, by considering the circumstance in which the contradiction is most plain, the judicial use of acquitted conduct to impose a sentence based on facts the jury has considered, and rejected, in an acquittal. The article advances the position that the minority view expressed in lower court cases, that acquitted conduct may never be used by a sentencing court in light of Apprendi and Blakely (at least with respect to facts related to proof of the elements of the acquitted offense), is essentially correct as a matter of principle, and simple logic. However, the broad discretion entrusted to the sentencing court by the remedial measures described in Booker, Rita and Gall, requires principled line-drawing, if the jury is not to be supplanted by judicial fact-finding in sentencing, in apparent contravention of the Apprendi/Blakely/Booker Sixth Amendment rationale.