Proper Program Research Articles

DMFT of the First Permanent Molars, dmft and Related Factors among All First-Grade Primary School Students in Rafsanjan Urban Area.

Statement of the Problem: Dental caries is the most common chronic childhood disorders throughout the world. The dmft (decayed, missing, and filled primary teeth) and DMFT (decayed, missing, and filled permanent teeth) are some of the most important epidemiological indices in dentistry. Evaluation of these two indicators in the population can help in future planning of healthcare programs to improve oral health status.Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate these indicators and the related factors in first-grade primary school students in Rafsanjan urban area to determine their present status, which might be helpful for future health care planning.Materials and Method: In this cross-sectional study, DMFT index of first permanent molar and dmft were evaluated by census method on 2031 first-grade primary school students in Rafsanjan urban area in 2018 (May-June). Dental examination was done using a mirror and probe under natural light according to World Health Organization criteria. The data were then analyzed using independent two-sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, Tukey's multiple comparisons test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov nonparametric test and Leven's test in SPSS version 21 software.Results: The mean and standard deviation of dmft index and DMFT index of first permanent molar were 6.37 ± 3.40 and 0.30 ± 0.72, respectively. The proportion of caries free students was 4.1%. A significant association was found between the values of these indices and school type, the level of education of parents, parental occupation, family size, and frequency of brushing and the use of floss (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant association between these two indices with gender (p= 0.347 and p= 0.593, respectively). Conclusion: The results of this study showed high prevalence of caries in first-grade primary school students in Rafsanjan. Therefore, to improve this situation, more attention is needed for proper oral health program planning and education of families concerning oral hygiene and dental preventive measures.

Changing pattern of female cancer during last 10 years-experience from a Tertiary Cancer Center

Background-The global burden of cancer continues to increase largely because of the aging and growth of the world population alongside an increasing adoption of cancer causing behaviors, particularly smoking in economically developing countries and life style changes. India exhibits heterogeneity in cancer. Since two decade changes in the pattern of cancer has been observed in various studies. So this retrospective study was done to observe the changing pattern in female cancer in our institution during last 10 years. Aims and object-To observe the changes in female malignancies during last 10 years in terms of age shifting and site of presentation. Result/observation-Ca cervix is on decreasing trend while ca breast is on increasing pattern.Ca gallbladder, ca esophagus, colorectal cancer and ca ovary are on gradually increasing trend while hematological malignancy is showing a sharp rise in trend. Conclusion- Evidence-based policy decision on steps for cancer prevention and cancer control should be formulated. More emphasis should be given on the cancer which are showing an increasing trend so that proper and effective screening and cancer control program can be implicated.

Authentic Research In A Large Laboratory Course: Studies of Metabolic Channeling Properties With Malate Dehydrogenase (MDH) Isoforms In Trypanosoma brucei

We are using a Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience (CURE) model to provide opportunities for upper level Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (BMB) majors to gain exposure to laboratory research, and connect to the protein-centric MDH CURE community (MCC) of faculty from many institutions. Initially, students perform a four-week “boot camp” of common laboratory techniques and then work, as teams, on authentic research projects. We are interested in metabolic regulation in Trypanosoma brucei, the protozoan parasite that causes African sleeping sickness, this unicellular eukaryote is dependent on metabolic regulation for successful colonization of the Tsetse fly and subsequent infection of mammalian hosts. Growth within the fly utilizes oxidative phosphorylation of amino acids, whereas growth in the mammalian bloodstream is strictly glycolytic. Three MDH isoforms exist in T. brucei, localized to mitochondria, cytoplasm and glycosomes, respectively. We are interested in determining if any of the T. brucei MDH isoforms interact with other metabolic enzymes as appropriate to promote the proper metabolic program. Reports from other species some MDH isoforms form specific interactions with these enzymes to promote high flux of intermediates via substrate channeling. We have used student projects to explore interactions between T. brucei Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and enzymes that act in adjacent steps in metabolic pathways of mitochondria or in cytoplasm. Students have generated clones and optimized recombinant expression of MDH, citrate synthase (CS) and fumarate hydratase (FH) isoforms. While some student teams design projects de novo, others choose to continue a project from a previous semester. Student teams have conducted expression studies, interaction assays and enzymatic analyses to characterize these enzymes. Students give presentations, a final poster and write and revise reports and a research proposal. Students also share their ideas and projects with other members of MCC, a consortium of faculty working on similar projects with other organisms. MCC CUREs have been shown to support student learning, retention and sense of ownership of research, and MCC provides a wealth of opportunities for comparative studies and to offer faculty and students access to scientific information and community beyond the students and instructors in the course, assisting development of hypotheses and sharing of reagents.

An integrated simulation method for soil‐structure interaction analysis of nuclear structures

AbstractThis paper presents the development, implementation and application of an integrated simulation method for non‐linear soil‐structure interaction (SSI) analysis of nuclear structures. The integrated simulation method allows decomposition of the soil‐structure system into three subsystems: the superstructure, the soil‐foundation interface, and the soil domain. Each decomposed subsystem can be modelled independently using a proper finite element analysis program to accurately represent its non‐linear behaviour as per the current guideline for non‐linear SSI analysis of nuclear structures. The integrated simulation method is applicable to both static and dynamic analysis cases. The method was applied to the detailed SSI analysis of a realistic nuclear containment structure. The analysis was benefited by using different analysis tools for the three subsystems to capture both material and geometrical nonlinearities such as sliding and gapping at the soil‐foundation interface. The integrated model was compared with the model based on the fixed‐base assumption. Different results address the importance of non‐linear SSI analysis for seismic performance assessment of nuclear structures.

Maternal identity perceived by mothers with infancy children －Focused on the Application of Content Analysis Technique

Purpose : This study analyzes the perception of maternal identity of mothers who have infancy children. Methods: This study was conducted using Content Analysis with sample of 65 mothers with infant children from October 2019 to January 2020. The 65 mothers were interviewed and the outcomes of the interview and their parenting statements were analyzed with content analysis. Statements were categorized and analyzed according to the selected procedure. Results : The results of the study are as follows: the 47 statements in total on perception of the meaning of maternal identity were identified into 8 categories and the total 54 statements on the importance of maternal identity were classified into 8 categories. On the other hand, the total 61 statements as for the experience of maternal identity while raising children are grouped into 10 categories and the 33 statements in total as for the ability to demonstrate maternal identity while raising children were analyzed to have 5 categories. Finally, the total 37 statements on the intention to learn about establishing maternal identity while raising children were categorized in 9 groups. Conclusion : In conclusion: the outcomes of this study cite that it is necessary for the relevant organization to develop and apply a proper maternal identity promotion program so that they could help mothers with infant children establish their maternal identity.

Green supply chain management and firm performance: The mediating effect of green innovation

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess green innovation as a mediating variable in the relationship between green supply chain management and firm performance.Design/methodology/approach: This study used the companies listed on the PROPER program for the 2010-2018 period on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sample collected by using purposive sampling method obtained 488 companies. The data were tested using STATA 16.Findings: The results of the analysis showed that green supply chain management had a positive effect on green innovation, green innovation had a positive effect on firm performance, and green supply chain management had no effect on firm performance. Green innovation mediated the relationship between green supply chain management and firm performance.Research limitations/implications: The limitation of this study was using companies listed on the PROPER program, so it needed to be studied by applying other companies. Besides, it only implemented green innovation, green supply chain management, and firm performance. Future studies can apply other green-related aspects and performances.Practical implications: Regarding the problem of environmental impact, companies in Indonesia can apply green innovation and green supply chain management to improve their firm performance. Companies in Indonesia are increasingly faced with pressure from stakeholders to implement green supply chain management.Social implications: It is useful for the Indonesian government in overcoming environmental impact issues by implementing green supply chain management by companies. Companies that implement green supply chain management will have an impact on increasing green innovation and firm performance.Originality/value: This study assessed the mediation of green innovation in the relationship between green supply chain management and firm performance. This indicated that here there was pressure from stakeholders to pay full attention to the environment, so that companies in Indonesia can apply green innovation and green supply chain management to improve firm performance.

“The fest of the forward culture”. Ludwig van Beethoven’s anniversary in the “Land of Soviets”

The problem field of the study. The celebration of the anniversary of a historical personality gives a meaningful assessment of this person in a particular period from the point of dominant ideological paradigm, indicates his place in a particular socio-cultural space and his significance in the artistic context. This is proved by the celebration of the 200th anniversary of the birth of L. van Beethoven in the Federal Republic of Germany. In the seventies of the 20th century, at the turn of the decade, the reputation of the classical composer as a “sacred figure of spiritual culture” became a factor that escalated the social conflict of generations in his homeland, a vivid manifestation of which were the fateful events of 1968. As a result, the reputation of the “The Great Deaf”, which had been built up over centuries, underwent a radical revision, as indicated by the general “critical pathos” of the anniversary celebration. The celebration of the 200th anniversary of the birth of L. Van Beethoven in the Soviet Union turned out to be completely different in terms of socio-political and artistic directions. Thus, the purpose of the study is to identify the mechanisms of ideological inversion in relation to the great German composer and his work, as well as the peculiarities of the organization of the country’s cultural and artistic life in connection with the anniversary. These issues are still of current interest because: – firstly, referring to the events that happened fifty years ago, we can note the transformation in the perception of the composer’s personality in the socio-cultural space; – secondly, it becomes possible to objectively, without ideological inversion, evaluate the artistic life of the USSR in general and Ukraine in particular (then the UkSSR); – thirdly, the analysis of the jubilee events of that time clearly highlights the fundamental tendencies of modern policy pursued by our state in the field of culture. Results for discussion. The Soviet Union formed an institutionalized image of L. van Beethoven, which was widely replicated by all possible scientific and artistic means in the culture of the 70s of the 20th century. As a result, the image of a mythologized character with a set of fundamentally mandatory, immutable, easily recognizable features that successfully distinguish him from other representatives of the artistic pantheon, was firmly implanted in the minds of the so-called “ordinary citizens” of the USSR: genius, “The Great Deaf” and favorite composer of Lenin. Thus, throughout practically the entire historical period of the USSR, according to the musical preferences of the “leader of the world proletariat”, the personality of L. van Beethoven and his work underwent an ideological inversion, the starting point of which was 1927 – the centenary of the death of the German composer. At that time, the priority goal was to demonstrate that “own” is different from “bourgeois” by marking the centenary of the death of the great German composer. The fact is that this oppositional paradigm of the 1920s formed a universal algorithm of “jubilee celebrations”, according to which a proper program of events (officially, ideologically and artistically approved) was designed and implemented throughout the existence of the Soviet Union. Thus, the 200th anniversary of L. van Beethoven in the Soviet Union at that time acquired all the hallmarks of a national holiday, manifested in governmental celebrations with mass media propaganda and appropriate repertoire in all cultural and artistic institutions in Moscow, Leningrad and Kiev and other cities of the country. A specially created commission headed by D. Shostakovich – the Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin Prize – supervised all the work on organizing the celebrations. On his behalf, the official newspaper of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union “Pravda” on December 16 published a programmatic article “Bequeathed to the Ages” on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the birth of L. van Beethoven. The text was a concentration of propaganda clich&amp;#233;s that fully reproduced the ideologically inverted image of the “The Great Deaf”. Thus, the celebration was carried out in the confronting opposition to bourgeois ideology, reflected in the socio-political discourse. Conclusions. As a result, the personality of L. van Beethoven underwent those transformational processes of ideological mythologization. This is evidenced by all the propaganda rhetoric associated with the anniversary celebrations, as well as the content of artistic life in the USSR, which was provided with the necessary budgetary funds. The state cultural policy of that time, focused on the broad (popular) masses, by its nature contradicts today’s trends in meeting the individual spiritual needs of a a personality.

The Validation Crisis in Psychology

Cronbach and Meehl (1955) introduced the concept of construct validity and described how researchers can demonstrate that their measures have construct validity. Although the term construct validity is widely used, few researchers follow Cronbach and Meehl’s recommendation to quantify construct validity with the help of nomological networks. As a result, the construct validity of many popular measures in psychology is unknown. I call for rigorous tests of construct validity that follow Cronbach and Meehl’s recommendations to improve psychology as a science. Without valid measures even replicable results are uninformative. I suggest that a proper program of validation research requires a multi-method approach and causal modeling of correlations with structural equation models. Construct validity should be quantified to enable cost-benefit analyses and to replace existing measures with better measures that have superior construct validity.

Impact of intrapersonal and interpersonal emotional intelligence and self-directed learning on academic performance among pre-university science students

Provision of equitable access to university education is the primary goal of pre-university education. Academically weak students stand to benefit more from pre-university program. However, available literature on effectiveness of the program revealed that high percentage of students still fail pre-university courses. Although the role of psycho-emotional factors on student academic performance has been highlighted, mechanism through which psycho-emotional factors impact on academic performance of pre-university science students is still not clear to offer adequate insights for proper intervention program. Therefore, we examined the pre-university students' academic performance in sciences in relation to Emotional Intelligence (EI) (Interpersonal EI and Intrapersonal EI) and Self-directed Learning (SDL). Specifically, a correlational study design was conducted to measure and gauge the level of relationships amongst Interpersonal EI, Intrapersonal EI, SDL and academic performance of pre-university students. The participants were 443 Nigerian students enrolled in pre-university science program. Students' self-report on EI and SDL were gathered and analyzed using SPSS 26 and AMOS 24. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were performed to determine cross-cultural validity of the instruments in the Nigerian context. After controlling for gender and age, the hierarchical regression analysis reveals that student academic performance was positively predicted by perceived Interpersonal and Intrapersonal EI, whereas self-directed learning has an inconsistent predictive impact at different steps in the model. Overall, the predictor variables were able to explain substantial proportion of students’ academic performance in pre-university program. Insightful suggestions were made.

Prevalence and Distribution of Cassava Bacterial Blight in the Kenyan Coast

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is one of the staple food crops grown in Kenya. Diseases remain one of the major constraints for cassava production. Apart from other major viral diseaes Cassava mosaic and Cassava brown streak, Cassava bacterial blight (CBB) caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv manihotis and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv cassavae are a major constraint in cassava production in Kenya. This study was done to identify the prevalence, distribution, and farmers' knowledge of cassava bacterial blight in the coastal region of Kenya. A survey was conducted involving 250 farmers who were randomly selected from two regions of Kilifi and Taita Taveta counties. Among the 250 farmers interviewed, 61.6 % identified cassava bacterial blight symptoms in their farms. The main varieties found growing in the region were Tajirika, Karembo, Kibandameno, and Shibe which were all confirmed by farmers as susceptible to cassava bacterial blight. During the survey, plant samples were randomly collected in the field. Out of the 70 samples collected, 40 of them were confirmed positive with X.pv manihotis and X.pv cassavae which cause cassava bacterial blight. The study concluded that there is a widespread of cassava bacterial blight in Kilifi and Taita taveta counties. Kilifi County had the highest incidence of 22% with Taita Taveta having the lowest incidence of 13%. Kilifi County had a higher severity of 8% as compared to Taita Taveta which had 5% Severity. Therefore there is a need for a proper management program to be deployed in managing the disease to enhance cassava production in the region.

Современные методы восстановительного лечения пациентов после артроскопической реконструктивной пластики передней крестообразной связки коленного сустава: обзор литературы

Introduction The leading method for treating patients with injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament is its reconstruction. Although this operation is a common procedure, the issues of rehabilitation have not been fully studied. The aim of study Collection and analysis of available published studies on current methods of rehabilitation treatment after arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Materials and methods We analyzed the publications that were devoted to current methods of rehabilitation treatment of patients after arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. The materials were searched for in the PubMed and Web of Science databases using the keywords “anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction”, “anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation”. Inclusion criteria were compliance with the general topic, relevance, introduction of new rehabilitation treatments. Studies published earlier than the last 10 years were excluded. Results The analysis found that the main rehabilitation treatments used in patients after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament are of protective character (wearing a functional orthosis or other immobilizing appliance, dosed walking with crutches) and physical activity (complex of exercises, swimming). The most effective way to prevent contractures is early activation of the limb and the maintenance of muscle tone. In turn, the main task of immobilization is prevention or relief of pain. Our study proposes the authors’ methods of rehabilitation which can be used for restorative treatment and accelerate the process of ligament repair. The work includes rehabilitation procedures performed at home after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament under the supervision of a rehabilitation instructor. Discussion Rehabilitation of patients after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament is a necessary complement to surgical treatment. Fast recovery of patients and a full return to an active lifestyle depend on a proper rehabilitation program.

Water-responsive shape memory PLLA via incorporating PCL-(PMVS-s-PAA)-PCL-PTMG-PCL-(PMVS-s-PAA)-PCL

Poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) was one of the most well-known biodegradable polyesters. Although its thermo-responsive shape memory (SM) function has been studied by proper program, high transformation temperature is not suitable in some biomedical applications. Water-responsive SM polymer is an alternative choice and exhibits great potential because it is harmless to the cells and tissues of organisms. In the work, a novel PCL-(PMVS-s-PAA)-PCL-PTMG-PCL-(PMVS-s-PAA)-PCL copolymer was devised as an additive to endow PLLA with water-responsive SM capability. The incorporated PLLA was characterized by cross-section, water contact angle, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Inserted PTMG segment and assisted ambient temperature were contributed to its SM behaviors. The shape fixation ratio and shape recovery ratio were 92.0% and 94.2%, respectively. The schematic diagram between internal microstructures and macroscopic properties was proposed. At the same time, the incorporated PLLA showed excellent toughness. So the obtained SM material would be promising for medical and biomimetic fields.

How participatory is corporate environmental performance rating An assessment of Indonesia's PROPER program

How participatory is corporate environmental performance rating An assessment of Indonesia's PROPER program

How participatory is corporate environmental performance rating An assessment of Indonesia's PROPER program

How participatory is corporate environmental performance rating An assessment of Indonesia's PROPER program

Effectiveness of self-care program on the quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing cardiac rehabilitation: A Randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND:Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a life-threatening condition that causes physical and psychological disorders and decreases patients’ quality of life (QoL). Performing proper educational self-care program may lead to higher QoL in these patients. This study was performed to investigate the effectiveness of a self-care educational program on QoL in patients with CAD.MATERIALS AND METHODS:This semi-experimental study was performed on 60 patients with CAD referred to the cardiac rehabilitation (CR) center of Vali Asr hospital in Qom, Iran, in 2018–2019. Patients were divided into control and intervention groups by randomized sampling. The self-care educational program was provided through lectures and booklet. Data collection was done using the “demographic and clinical data questionnaire,” and “Seattle Angina questionnaire.” Questionnaires were completed in both groups, before and at least 1 month after education. Analysis of the obtained data was performed using SPSS software (version 25), central indexes, Mann–Whitney test, and Wilcoxon test.RESULTS:No significant differences were observed between the two groups for demographics characteristics and quality of life before the intervention. Before the self-care program, the mean score of the QoL in the intervention and control group were 56.14 ± 9.75 and 58.46 ± 11.71, respectively. After that, the mean score of the QoL in the intervention and control group were 59.25 ± 10.56 and 59.7 ± 13.33, respectively. The statistical analysis showed significant differences in the mean scores of QoL in the intervention group before and after the intervention (P < 0.05). However, no statistically significant differences were seen in the control group before and after the study (P > 0.05).CONCLUSIONS:The self-care educational program improved the QoL in patients with CAD. Therefore, lectures and educational booklets should be considered by CR nurses.

Optimisation of two-dimensional warranty region under preventive maintenance over product lifetime by considering both manufacture and consumer's point of views

An appropriate warranty period plays an essential role in consumer satisfaction and manufacturer costs. Manufacturer and consumer are two critical parts of any transaction; therefore, inattention to each of them causes dissatisfaction and financial loss. Therefore, this research proposes a model to determine an optimal two-dimensional warranty period to minimise both manufacturer's warranty servicing cost and consumer's post-warranty cost. Furthermore, to reduce the frequency of product failures, a preventive maintenance program is implemented during the warranty and post-warranty periods, respectively, by the manufacturer and the consumer. Finally, two comparisons are made to show the model effectiveness. The first one shows the superiority of the joint minimisation of the manufacturer's warranty cost and the consumer's post-warranty cost over the single minimisation. The second one shows that a proper preventive maintenance program can effectively reduce the costs of both the manufacturer and the consumer.

Epidemiology of cervical spine injury in Northern India: A retrospective study

Background: The epidemiology of cervical spine injuries in trauma patients of Northern India is largely unknown. Study Design: Retrospective study. Objectives: To find out the epidemiology and demographic factors associated with patients of traumatic cervical spinal injury presented to a level 1 trauma center. Patients and Methods: The study sample includes patients with cervical spine injury admitted to our level one trauma centre from the period of July 2018 to June 2019. Those patients who succumbed to their injuries due to various reasons before imaging or brought dead having suspected cervical spine injury were excluded from the study. Results: During the study period, 83 patients having cervical spine injury were admitted and treated. Out of 83, 75.9% (63) were male and the remaining 24.1% (20) were female. The most common mode of injury was fall from height (66.3%) followed by road traffic accidents (24%). About 64% of the patient population belonged to rural areas. The most affected age group in this study was 20–39 years. The most common associated injury is Extremities fracture (9.6%) followed by head injury (8.4%). C5C6 was the most common level and 69.9% underwent surgery. Pressure sore was presented in 12% of cases. Conclusion: The epidemiology of cervical spine injury in Northern India is different from developed countries. In the present study, the most common cause of cervical spine injury was fall from height followed by motor vehicle accidents. Proper awareness program, educating people, national policymaking, and involvement of NGOs and training primary health care workers will help in reducing the incidence of cervical spine injuries in this region

Personal protective equipment usage and its disposal by the residents of Dhaka city during the COVID-19 pandemic: A mixed-method enquiry

CONTEXT: COVID-19 has caused unprecedented hazard not only to the health and economy but also to the environment worldwide. In the absence of an effective vaccine to the mass people, practice of preventive measures against coronavirus can only save the health and economy of a poor nation like Bangladesh. On one hand, poor practice of protective behavior against the novel coronavirus has been reported among the general population and on the other hand, sudden rise of personal protective equipments (PPEs) use are causing massive damage to the environment of the cities like Dhaka. AIMS: This study aims to understand the perception and practice of use and disposal of PPEs against COVID-19 by the residents of Dhaka city. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was designed with a mixed-method approach with an online survey and key informant interviews of the residents of Dhaka city. RESULTS: About 44% of respondents were regular mask users and 3% used gloves regularly while staying out of home. Confusion, discomfort, hot weather, and unaffordability were commonly reasoned for not regular use. About 40% of the respondents disposed their used masks or gloves to open places in the streets at some point of their life during the pandemic. Lack of proper disposal facilities in the city was evident throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS: A proper health education program along with government initiatives enhancing disposal facilities around the city can improve the situation.

Conservative management vs. surgical repair in degenerative rotator cuff tears: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

To analyze the available evidence comparing the clinical and functional outcomes of physiotherapy vs. surgical repair in the management of degenerative rotator cuff tears (RCTs), and to perform a meta-analysis to clarify the possible superiority of one approach vs. the other. A literature search was carried out on the PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases on May 30th, 2020, to identify all the randomized trials comparing surgery to conservative management of degenerative rotator cuff tears. The following data were extracted from each included study: patients' demographics, study design and level of evidence, follow-up times, treatment groups, evaluation scores adopted, overall clinical findings. The quality of the trials was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment. A total of 7 studies, including 326 patients and dealing with conservative treatment vs. surgical repair for rotator cuff tears, were included in this study. Although surgery provided superior results both in terms of VAS (p=0.017) and Constant score (p<0.0001) compared to conservative management at 1 year follow-up, this superiority did not reach the "minimal clinical important difference". Otherwise, a few data are available about long-term outcomes, thus there is insufficient evidence about the role of surgery to prevent the progression of tendon wear. A proper rehabilitation program is able to provide similar results compared to surgery at a short term follow-up in degenerative RCTs. Further long term data are necessary to understand if tendon repair might have a protective role towards worsening of degeneration thus providing better clinical outcome than conservative management.

Nutritional and Consumers Behavior towards Street Foods

Street foods plays vital role for low and middle income group of urban peoples of developing countries, street foods meets food and nutritional requirements at very affordable prices for peoples all over the world. Mostly street foods are unhealthy foods, which is increased by high risk of contamination through physical, chemical and biological components which occurs a grave concern in the form of food safety and security. Street foods are nutritionally rich and these are rich source of carbohydrates and fats, eating which increases the risk of chronic non communicable diseases. Street foods may the increases risk of foodborne illnesses, which is the reason of food contamination through the microorganisms and so that food poisoning are developed. Due to lack of facilities, cheap raw materials, also lack of education and insufficient knowledge (GMP) of street food handlers, can cause foodborne diseases and chronic non-communicable diseases, and with which strongly influence on Food Safety, Nutritional Value and health of school children’s and all urban peoples of developing countries. To troubleshoot all these problems proper health authorities should regulate the marketing of street food products and start a proper training program for the urban street food handlers and school based street food handlers, which is related to food safety, food security, foodborne diseases and non communicable diseases. In addition, the inclusion of food safety and food security in school courses will provide opportunities for all peoples and school children’s to becomes aware about food safety, food security and nutrition. however, street foods are oftentimes an unhealthy diet and notwithstanding, street foods meet peoples dietary needs. Street food vending have occurred a vital public health issues and a major consideration to everybody. The objective of this study to describe nutritional issues of street foods to the diet, Nutritional Value of Street Foods, consumers eating habits and its impact on Health. It is necessary that, the standards suggested by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and WHO should be included, to contribute to nutritional security of street foods and public health.