Proper Places Research Articles

Armstrong’s Theory of Laws and Causation: Putting Things into their Proper Places

[straipsnis ir santrauka anglų kalba, santrauka lietuvių kalba]Dėsnio ir priežastinio sąryšio standartinės sampratos gynėjai ir oponentai sutaria, kad šią sampratą teisinga yra priskirti Davidui M. Armstrongui. Iš esmės pritardamas įprastam požiūriui, šiame straipsnyje siūlau naujai pažvelgti į Armstrongo dėsnio ir priežastingumo teoriją traktuojant ją kaip Armstrongo metafizikos dalį. Labiausiai mums turėtų rūpėti verifikatorių teorija ir formalus dalykų padėtį sudarančių elementų aiškinimas. Taip kontekstualizuodamas standartinį požiūrį – matydamas jį kaip neatsiejamą nuo Armstrongo metafizikos kaip visumos, aš naujai interpretuoju jo dėsnio ir priežastingumo teoriją. Aš teigiu, kad tokia prieiga būtina norint neklaidžioti klystkeliais ir adekvačiai suprasti standartinį požiūrį. Straipsnio pabaigoje parodau, kaip būtent tokios prieigos taikymas saugo Armstrongo teoriją nuo lemtingojo A. Birdo kontrargumento.

Armstrong’s Theory of Laws and Causation: Putting Things into their Proper Places

[full article, abstract in English; abstract in Lithuanian] Armstrong’s theory of laws and causation may be articulated as something like the following, which we may refer to as the received view: “Laws are intrinsic higher-order relations of ensuring (necessitation) between properties. The instantiation of laws is identical with singular causation. This identity is a posteriori.” Opponents and advocates of this view, believe that it may fairly and correctly be attributed to Armstrong. I do not deny it; instead I seek to reconsider the received view, specifically by treating it as a part of Armstrong’s metaphysics. The main features that should concern us are truthmaker theory and the formal account of the constitutive parts of states of affairs. I also discuss Bird’s ultimate argument against Armstrong and show how its impact is weakened by this proper reading.

مفهوم الوسطیة وأثره فی الأمن المجتمعی دراسة فی ضوء الثقافة الإسلامیة

مفهوم الوسطیة وأثره فی الأمن المجتمعی دراسة فی ضوء الثقافة الإسلامیة

The station-free sharing bike demand forecasting with a deep learning approach and large-scale datasets

The station-free sharing bike is a new sharing traffic mode that has been deployed in a large scale in China in the early 2017. Without docking stations, this system allows the sharing bike to be parked in any proper places. This study aimed to develop a dynamic demand forecasting model for station-free bike sharing using the deep learning approach. The spatial and temporal analyses were first conducted to investigate the mobility pattern of the station-free bike sharing. The result indicates the imbalanced spatial and temporal demand of bike sharing trips. The long short-term memory neural networks (LSTM NNs) were then developed to predict the bike sharing trip production and attraction at TAZ for different time intervals, including the 10-min, 15-min, 20-min and 30-min intervals. The validation results suggested that the developed LSTM NNs have reasonable good prediction accuracy in trip productions and attractions for different time intervals. The statistical models and recently developed machine learning methods were also developed to benchmark the LSTM NN. The comparison results suggested that the LSTM NNs provide better prediction accuracy than both conventional statistical models and advanced machine learning methods for different time intervals. The developed LSTM NNs can be used to predict the gap between the inflow and outflow of the sharing bike trips at a TAZ, which provide useful information for rebalancing the sharing bike in the system.

State-of-the-Art Review on Modal Identification and Damage Detection of Bridges by Moving Test Vehicles

In 2004, Yang and co-workers proposed the extraction of bridge frequencies from the dynamic response of a moving test vehicle [Y. B. Yang, C. W. Lin and J. D. Yau, Extracting bridge frequencies from the dynamic response of a passing vehicle, J. Sound Vib. 272 (2004) 471–493] and verified the technique by a field test [C. W. Lin and Y. B. Yang, Use of a passing vehicle to scan the bridge frequencies — An experimental verification, Eng. Struct. 27(13) (2005) 1865–1878]. This technique was extended to construction of mode shapes [Y. B. Yang, Y. C. Li and K. C. Chang, Constructing the mode shapes of a bridge from a passing vehicles: A theoretical study, Smart Struct. Syst. 13(5) (2014) 797–819] and damage identification of bridges. It was referred to as the indirect method for bridge measurement because no vibration sensors are needed for installation on the bridge, but it only requires one or few vibration sensors on the test vehicle. When compared with the conventional direct method that relies fully on the response of the bridge fitted with vibration sensors, the advantage of the indirect method is clear: mobility, economy, and efficiency. Over the past years, many research studies were conducted along the lines of the indirect method for bridge measurement. Significant advances have been made on various aspects of application. This paper represents a state-of-the-art review of the related research works conducted worldwide. Comments and recommendations will be made at proper places, while concluding remarks including future research directions will be presented at the end of the paper.

Linking Arabic, Islam, and Economy: Onomastics on Business Name of People of Arab Descent in Indonesia

Name has a great influence in building the success of a business. The business strategy of people of Arab descent is to use Arabic words rather than English words to build the image of his shop. This paper explores how the use of Arabic words and strategic reasons of Arab descendants in Pasar Kliwon, Surakarta designates as the name of his shop. The data were taken by observing and taking pictures of store names from promotional media: store board, banner, and neon box followed by interviews with 10 shopkeepers. The data are then analyzed by classify the store names from the writing system and tracing the reference words used. The results show that business names are more dominated by single Arabic words; a small portion is an Arab-English combination. The bussiness names are derived from the proper name, surname, and places that have an Islamic nuance. This activity aims to build a positive image in the minds of consumers, showing the identity of who the owners and commodities, as well as convince consumers of halal products. Copyright (c) 2017 by KARSA. All right reserved DOI: 10.19105/karsa.v25i2.1390

Malas palabras en los lugares correctos: la toma de postura en español mexicano y la funciones comunicativas de wey

In everyday conversation speakers adopt a position (or stance) regard-ing how they express individuality, relationships with others and their relationship with language itself. As Du Bois (2007) argues ‘One of the most important things we do with words is take a stance’ (p. 139). This is more often than not achieved through the use of proper words in proper places, to quote Jonathan Swift, but in Mexican Spanish this can be done through the potentially ‘bad’ or improper word wey which enables speakers to demonstrate either solidarity, affiliation and closeness or discordance, detachment and distance as they seek to establish, maintain, neglect or terminate interpersonal relationships. Besides communicating the content of their message, speakers can also use the word wey to convey their awareness of the world along with their independence, histories, attitudes and experiences. Finally, the use of the word wey allows speakers take up a position towards language itself, using it for creative, ludic and rhetorical reasons. First of all, we define the concept of wey and subsequently describe its use in terms of Halliday’s ideational, interpersonal and textual language functions. We subsequently identify how the use of wey can reflect an interlocutor’s positionality (or stance) within a specific context. We then answer our research question regarding how the use of word wey can signal individuality, interpersonal relationships and the relationship with language itself. After presenting the research data, we then consider how the use of the word wey can be seen to empower interlocutors to come across in their own way and express their independence, unique histories and personal attitudes

Geste des Bretuns en alexandrins, ou, Harley Brut. Édition critique par Beatrice Barbieri

The substantial fragments of an Anglo-Norman Brut in London, BL, MS Harley 1605a1 (its Merlin prophecies also preserved in Lincoln, Cathedral Library 104, and London, BL, MS Add. 45103) have long stood in need of an edition. Hitherto, only the prophecies and the fifth fragment of the Brut have been edited. In her Introduction, Beatrice Barbieri provides excellent codicological descriptions of the manuscripts before proceeding to analyse carefully the complex of translations and adaptations of Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniae into medieval insular French. She establishes the precise version of the Historia used by the anonymous author of what she now calls the Geste des Bretuns, a title that reflects the nature of the text better than the traditional ‘Harley Brut’. Barbieri then goes on to examine the stylistic features of the work, which situate it interestingly in the orbit of the chanson de geste. The use of parallel laisses, clichés, and formulaic expressions all lend an epic air to the 3449 surviving alexandrines, which probably constitute about a quarter of the original text. Given the early date of the Geste (second half of the twelfth century, probably after 1170), the alexandrines may be considered precocious. Another noticeable feature of the Geste is its increased emphasis on Arthur’s standing through modifications and additions to the narrative of events during his reign, the purpose of which may be to elevate Arthur to the status of Alexander. The hermetic and obscure nature of the Merlin prophecies rendered them difficult to translate, although they were still considered interesting, and perhaps enigmatic, enough to circulate separately in the Lincoln and Additional manuscripts. Barbieri’s introductory matter includes the usual sections on previous editions, manuscript relations, language and versification, and explanation of editorial principles. The text itself is impeccably edited, with rejected readings and variants at the foot of the page (where they should be) and an asterisk indicating the presence of a note after the text. A glossary, bibliography, and indices of proper names and places complete the volume. It is not clear why the bibliography has been placed between the glossary and the two indices rather than at the end of the Introduction. Despite the relative brevity of the surviving witnesses, the Geste des Bretuns assumes a significant place in the tradition of the vernacular Brut. Specialists in Anglo-Norman and Arthurian literature will welcome this addition to the corpus of accessible texts. They will also be grateful that this interesting work has benefited from the attention of someone well trained in the Italian philological tradition. Rumours of the death of editing may have been exaggerated, but our university authorities and those who presume to evaluate research still need reminding that critical editions can make serious and worthwhile contributions to scholarship.

Good Grammar, Possessive Pronouns, and Preposterous Possessions in The Taming of the Shrew

With their focus on Bianca's Latinate lessons in act 3 of The Taming of the Shrew, scholars have long overlooked the play's indebtedness to a vernacular English grammar. Drawing attention to such vernacular "characters" as possessive pronouns, shrews, hysteron proteron, and other preposterous rhetorical figures, this essay considers new possibilities for reading The Taming of the Shrew, Shakespeare's representations of this vernacular grammar, and the purpose and message of Katherine's final speech. The essay considers what it means that, in both early modern England and in The Taming of the Shrew, English takes precedence over Latin; that possessive pronouns become keys to interpreting lessons in an English grammar; and that pronouns, even in their proper places, become sites of "preposterous possession." Strategically employing possessive pronouns in her final speech, Katherine, the shrew of this play who is (supposedly) tamed, enacts some preposterous possessions of her own. Through a close reading of a wide range of early modern texts alongside The Taming of the Shrew, the essay navigates a variety of contexts in order to reveal their continuities, rather than thinking about them as mutually exclusive. Such contextualizations illuminate and culminate in a reading of Katherine's final speech, which demonstrates how her grammar disrupts and overturns grammatical and gendered orders and allows her (and Shakespeare, too) to shape and imagine a new order of things. Indeed, Katherine embodies a burgeoning English vernacular, and as such, she is a figure through which Shakespeare explores that vernacular's critical moment, thereby reflecting Shakespeare's understanding of and participation in a changing educational landscape of early modern England.

Coolie Therapeutics: Labor, Race, and Medical Science in Tropical Australia

AbstractThis essay considers the biomedical framing of labor in tropical Australia from the late-nineteenth century until the early twenty-first century. This entails critical inquiry into racialized estimates of labor capacity or fitness, as well as skeptical examination of medical assumptions of risk and danger. Racial theories and medical conjectures have constituted flexible analytic toolkits that might adjust, adapt, and justify a variety of exploitative labor practices in Australia’s tropical north. Debates about coolie or indentured labor were never simply economic calculations: They also concerned notions of races and their proper places, and expressed particular moral sensibilities and medical fears. Thus labor history becomes entangled with histories of racial formation and of science and medicine

INFLUENCE OF STREET-ART ON THE FORMATION OF THE CITY IMAGE AND THE PRINCIPLES OF STREET-ART GEOGRAPHIC ZONES

The time when any drawing, inscription in the streets of Kyiv was considered as graffiti has passed, and now the city is covered with the works of good quality as the famous pieces of art. These art projects change the usual images of houses, streets and districts of the city for ordinary citizens. Its space is modified and it seems to get the other way of perception.The research objective is to study the features of street-art facilities geospatial location in Kyiv, the possibility to use these objects in tourism and recreation, explore how image and silhouette of the city will change with graffiti and other street-art facilities, to offer basic principles of street-art zoning.The objectives of the article: to analyse street-art artifacts in Kyiv for their artistic value and appropriateness of using them as the components in the formation of urban environment as well as the use of graffiti in tourist activity including the development of sightseeing route network in Kyiv.The methodological basis is the analysis of in-depth interview, analysis of previous texts and examination of conducted sociological surveys. The interview contains the elements of street-art and their perception by locals and tourists.This paper investigates the influence of contemporary street-art on formation of the tourist image of the city. The study shows that street-art has a beneficial effect on the tourist image of the city and changes townspeople's impression of the usual space.Purposive systemic territorial organization of street-art has a great role in forming the city image. Today in the capital of Ukraine this systematization is limited with finding appropriate topics for murals and proper places for their creation. Nobody knows how it will or would look like in the context and process of purposive formation of spatial and territorial image of the city in the nearest future.Murals could probably be divided into two groups. The first one creates modern urban environment for residents. The other works mainly for tourists. They almost do not coincide geographically. The first group is mainly focused on the residential areas with new buildings, the second – on the central parts of the city. They are losing the resident population and are gradually transforming into a tourist environment.

Longitudinal variation in the ionosphere‐plasmasphere system at the minimum of solar and geomagnetic activity: Investigation of temporal and latitudinal dependences

AbstractWe use the Global Self‐consistent Model of the Thermosphere, Ionosphere and Protonosphere (GSM TIP) as the first‐principle calculation of the physical system state, the quick‐run ionospheric electron density model (NeQuick) as the climatology background, and the International Reference Ionosphere‐based Real‐Time Assimilative Model for a global view of the ionospheric weather during a quiet period of the December 2009 solstice. The model computations are compared to the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) radio occultation profiles, CHAMP and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment in situ densities, and GPS total electron content (TEC). It is shown that the plasma density in the ionosphere is generally larger in the American/Atlantic longitudinal sector at any local time. The high‐latitude density enhancements are visible in the GSM TIP output at different altitudes but are not reproduced by the NeQuick empirical model. Given that observational data confirm an existence of the high‐latitude areas where ionospheric densities are elevated in the altitude range between 300 and 480 km, we conclude that the NmF2 maximum in the GSM TIP output can be trusted. Indeed, such high‐latitude NmF2, ionospheric electron content, and TEC maxima in the American longitude sector form on the proper places as shown by the GSM TIP data, COSMIC and GPS observations. According to our results, the high‐latitude maximum of NmF2 (1) manifests itself only when the integration over LT or UT of the global maps for 22 December 2009 includes nighttime, i.e., supporting an argument of its close association with the Weddell Sea Anomaly, and (2) also appears in the Ne distribution at altitudes above the F2 peak.

Criteria for the Formation and Dynamics of Sport Land through Urban Non-Place (with a Focus on the Experiences of Mashhad)

Open, arid, unbuilt spaces by roadside, in neighborhoods and urban areas are of hidden urban areas that despite numerous potential, they are left unused. Due to lack of proper public sport places in the cities, by changing into open sports ground, these spaces can be a good opportunity to improve the quality of life, organization of urban spaces, neighborhood orientation, and development of public services and welfare. Although transforming the urban non-spaces into spaces to dynamic sports spaces has happened in some cities based on article 110 of the Municipal Act, the neglect of social and economic structure of consumer groups, non-functional hierarchy of sports grounds, lack of attention to the texture and the absence of clear standards and criteria to choose the kind of exercise in proportion to the size and orientation of user groups have reducing the productivity of the land. The aim of this study is to identify criteria to categorize temporary outdoor sports grounds and classify them according to the criteria extracted. The method of study is based on field research methods and techniques of hierarchical analysis, fuzzy logic models and integrating layers. The results of this research is to develop different standards in terms of social, economic, physical, environmental and management issues about grouping these lands to increase productivity and efficiency. The criteria are determined in terms of location analysis, evaluation and grouping of land. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n4S1p65

We wore “sloppy sweaters [and] tweed skirts”: Apparel for Wartime College Co‐eds with a Case Study of College Towns in Oregon

In August 1943, almost years after the United States entered World War II college-age women who read McCall's magazine were told that good college wardrobe starts off with a boxy coat, one suit, one skirt all the sweaters you can lay your hands on. Other musthaves included two dresses, one in crepe and one in wool, slacks, an extra jacket, warm sleeping pajamas, a woolly robe, and for housework, a pinafore (Corey 93). Two years later, in August 1945, with the war in Europe over, readers of Vogue magazine learned little had changed with regard to their college wardrobe: One, or three skirts you love and adore; with as many, and as different, changes of tops as you can manage with your clothes allowance (Campus Changes 130).After the United States went to war in December 1941, rationing, saving, and making-do became important to the home front war effort (Blum 94). In some contrast to the comments from a 1943 McCall's, quoted above, young people were told to conserve their clothing and to mend rips and restore dangling buttons and snaps to their proper places. It isn't sissy to sew a button on your coat-soldiers and sailors are required to have their own sewing kits (Allen & Briggs 17). In August 1942 a writer in the Ladies' Home Journal told young female readers that Clothing must be purposeful... Government regulations have not limited fashion or freedom of choice, but we must ration ourselves-buy every article with an eye to many uses (Cushman 2425).Although the number of men decreased on campuses during World War II many of the regular college activities continued, and clothing was needed for multiple occasions, events, and seasons. Writers of student publications advised an increasingly female student body on the appropriate or inappropriate attire for class, dances, and other campus events (Oregon State College AWS Handbook Co-ed Code 1943-44 41; Susy Co-ed Gives Tips To Rookies for Game 1).College women continued to be recognized as an important consumer group for the apparel industry during the war. Magazine editors, retailers, and apparel manufacturers recognized that these young people had specific clothing needs. If a young college-age woman was to page through the August college editorial section of women's magazines or Sunday August newspapers she would view multiple styles and types of clothing. Thus, these young consumers faced mixed messages about apparel consumption; should they purchase the appropriate clothing items for the multiple college events or should they be patriotic and thus frugal and make-do?Scholars have examined the influence of World War II on apparel styles and the textile and apparel industry. This has included investigations on patriotic fabrics and scarves (Atkins; Boardman), changes in newspaper editorial policies that impacted the fashion industry (Buckland & O'Neal), and the use of fashion to help support the war effort (Buckland). However, there has been little discussion on college women and their clothing choices during World War II. The researchers explore the tensions and ambivalences that co-eds from colleges and universities in western Oregon faced in order to better understand how this home front consumer market was influenced by American participation in World War II. College women carefully selected occasionspecific clothing; some was purchased, some home sewn, and some kept from previous years, in their attempt to balance between social expectations of appropriate dress and patriotism in their clothing choices.Three institutions of higher education in western Oregon were selected as a case study of co-ed dress and consumer behavior during World War II as a result of interviews conducted with women about their wartime consumer behaviors. During those interviews it was discovered that ten women had been college students in the Mid-Willamette Valley.2 The three institutions, Oregon State College, Oregon College of Education, and Willamette University, experienced wartime challenges similar to reports on other higher education institutions across the United States during the War. …

Afterlives of the Dead: Uncovering Graves and Mishandling Corpses in Nineteenth-Century China

The late imperial Chinese state made a concerted effort to regulate the bodies of the dead. The statutes and substatutes of the Qing Code not only specified how and when corpses were to be buried, but they also criminalized the exposure, manipulation, alteration, and destruction of dead bodies. Through an examination of legal cases related to the crime of “uncovering graves” ( fazhong ), this article explores the uses and abuses of corpses in early nineteenth century China. It argues that dead bodies presented a unique problem for the state. On the one hand, laws related to uncovering graves were intended to keep corpses in their proper places. Once a corpse was buried, it was supposed to be fixed—ritually, materially, and spatially. Unfortunately, this ideal could never be fully realized, since corpses were always in motion. They decomposed; they shifted in the earth; they were exposed by soil erosion; and they were subjected to degradation over time. Moreover, they were disturbed, moved, manipulated, gathered, divided, circulated, and even consumed medicinally by others. In other words, many corpses had interesting and eventful social lives. This article explores some of these lives in an effort to illuminate how the state attempted to manage and control intractable bodies during the nineteenth century.

Prevalence of Traumatic Dental Injuries to Anterior Teeth of 12-Year-Old School Children in Kashmir, India.

BackgroundTraumatic dental injuries to anterior teeth are a significant public health problem, not only because their prevalence is relatively high, but also because they have considerable impact on children’s daily lives. Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) cause physical and psychological discomfort, pain and other negative impacts, such as tendency to avoid laughing or smiling, which can affect social relationships.ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries to anterior teeth among 12-year-old school children in Kashmir, India.Patients and MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in private and government schools of India among 1600 schoolchildren aged 12 years. In addition to recording of the type of trauma (using Ellis and Davey classification of fractures, 1970), over jet, Angle’s molar relation and lip competence were also recorded. The socioeconomic status and academic performance of the study subjects were registered. The data obtained were compiled systematically and then statistically analyzed. The statistical significance for the association between the traumatic injury and the variables was analyzed using the chi-square test. Logistic regression was used to identify potential risk predictors of TDIs.ResultsThe overall prevalence of TDI to anterior teeth was found to be 9.3%. The TDI to anterior teeth in male was more than female, but the difference was statistically nonsignificant (P < 0.01). Falls and sports were the most common causes of trauma in the present study. The highest potential risk factor for the occurrence of trauma was over jet. Academic performance was found to be significantly associated to TDI to anterior teeth, when analyzed in a multiple regression model.ConclusionsIt was concluded that the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries was 9.3%. Traumatic dental injuries among children exhibit complex interaction between the victims’ oral conditions and their behavior. Therefore, prevention should consider a number of characteristics such as oral predisposing factors, environmental determinants and human behavior. It is recommended that specific and proper public places for leisure and sports activities, with impact-absorbing surfaces around the items on which children are most likely to fall, should be provided.

Strong monogamy conjecture in a four-qubit system

Monogamy is a defining feature of entanglement, having far reaching applications. Recently, Regula \textit{et.al.} in Phys. Rev. Lett. \textbf{113}, 110501(2014) have proposed a stronger version of monogamy relation for concurrence. We have extended the strong monogamy inequality for another entanglement measure, viz., negativity. In particular, we have concentrated on four-qubit system and provided a detail study on the status of strong monogamy on pure states. Further, we have analytically provided some classes of states for which negativity and squared negativity satisfy strong monogamy. Numerical evidences have also been shown in proper places. Our analysis also provides cases where strong monogamy is violated.

Principle and Place: Complementary Concepts in Confucian Yijing Commentary

Aristotle’s thematic discussion of place in his Physics gives it a prominence in the later Western tradition that it never possessed in China. This is not to say that the concept of place is absent from Chinese thought, but it must be excavated from discussions of other topics. One of the components of Aristotle’s theory, later fleshed out and given a name by the Neoplatonists, is relational placement ( syntopōsis) , the positioning of things within the cosmos in relation to each other. The Chinese concept of the “constant principle” ( changli 常理), as employed in Confucian commentaries on the Yijing , constitutes the laws by which things in their natural or proper places are related to each other. The Confucian commentators do not simply spell out the laws that are implicit in the classical Western theory, but apply them to the state as well as to the cosmos. The many references to specific parts of the state in these commentaries reveal that the constant principle applies to the state and cosmos in significantly different ways.

Framing interior: race, mobility and the image of home in South African modernity

This paper explores the depiction of dwellings in order to locate the emergence of a particular framing of the interior in South Africa. I suggest that in the first half of the twentieth century, images of domestic spaces pointed both to racially distinct interiors and racialised forms of interiority. As an aesthetic technology of the late nineteenth century, photography aided in the production of visual motifs that fixed the appearance of race in a new way, and located such an appearance in particular places. The visual intertwining of race and place – designating racially proper and improper places – was instrumental to apartheid’s attempt to curtail racial mixing and unregulated mobility. In contrast with the imposed movement engendered by migrant labour, I suggest that the figure of the interior becomes a privileged standpoint from which to view the triumph of race as a form of fixity in modern South Africa.

A imparcialidade da ciência e as responsabilidades dos cientistas

This article, making use of a distinction between endorsing and accepting a claim, discusses the responsibilities that scientists incur in the light of the necessity to act, formulate policy, and to design regulations pertinent to technoscientific innovations, when decisions will inevitably be based, in important part, on claims that are only endorsed (and so implicated in compromises with ethical/social values), and not accepted in accordance with impartiality. Then, after introducing the notion of I conclude that the central responsibility of scientists is to engage in impartial investigation, and that this requires, not the exclusion of ethical and social values from having important roles in scientific research, but the inclusion, in their proper places, of the full array of values that are relevant to democratic deliberations.