Proper Orientations Research Articles

A novel buckling-induced planner isotropic auxetic meta-structure and its application in BRB: A numerical study

Recently, anti-tetra-chiral-type bulking-induced auxetic meta-structure (generated by arraying periodic orthogonal elongated holes onto a sheet structure) was proved to exhibit superior aseismic performance. Anti-tetra-chiral-type auxetics, however, present strong anisotropic performance, which may limit their potential applications, as proper structural orientations are required during operations to utilize the beneficial auxetic effect. In analogy with anti-tetra-chiral-type bulking-induced auxetic meta-structure, an anti-tri-chiral-type bulking-induced auxetic meta-structure was therefore proposed by arraying periodic tri-dumbbell-shaped holes onto a sheet structure. Systematic finite element (FE) analyses were then conducted on a unit cell with periodic boundary conditions to elucidate the deformation mechanism and investigate the effective mechanical properties of the proposed auxetic meta-structure. Results show that the proposed design exhibits excellent auxeticity and planner isotropy. A novel auxetic buckling restrained brace (BRB) core brace was then designed based on the proposed auxetic meta-structure. Numerical calculations were then conducted to investigate the aseismic performance of the proposed auxetic BRB core. It is shown that the proposed auxetic BRB core brace demonstrates better energy dissipation capacity compared to a traditional BRB core brace with positive Poisson’s ratio and a recently reported auxetic BRB core brace with orthogonal elliptical holes. Practically, the aseismic performance of the proposed BRB core brace is independent of the orientation of the perforated holes and hence can allow uncertain fairly big manufacturing errors.

Optical Waveguide Fingerprint Recognition Device with Two‐Stage Dual‐Function Gratings

AbstractIn the under‐screen fingerprint recognition of smart cell phones, the tiny image signals are easily deteriorated by the protective membranes of screens. To solve this issue, an optical waveguide comprising two stage dual‐function gratings is proposed to supply extra lighting. The first stage is formed by two adjacent gratings possessing a cross angle of 120°, which serve as couplers and beam splitters to trap and split the incident light into two paths within the optical waveguide film, respectively. The second stage gratings, possessing a 60° included angle to the first stage, act as beam orientators and expanders by consecutively redirecting a portion of the light beams towards the sensing zone. By covering the waveguide film outside on an organic light emitting diode display screen and setting a camera and a laser under the screen, this slim construction shows high efficiency and large area under‐screen fingerprint recognition with high signal contrast. The design inspires a novel method for efficiently and flexibly controlling photons by arranging a series of gratings with the proper orientations and locations on a chip, which is highly demanded in displays and optical communication.

Optimization of Indoor Thermal Performance Through Orientation and Vertical Greenery Percentage Analysis in High-Rise Residential, Malaysia

Vertical Greenery System (VGS) is one of the passive solutions for urban greening that emphasizes application of building envelope. It can improve both indoor thermal performance and energy efficiency in the longer run. To realize this effort, proper orientations are identified as the main key factors. As high-rise buildings are being develop throughout urban cities in Malaysia, indoor spaces received high amount of solar radiation due to improper orientation and site constraint exposure that mainly comes from East and West. To overcome this issues, orientation study and vertical percentage analysis were conducted in this paper. Investigation on the importance of having proper façade orientation and greenery percentage in urban cities are the main purpose of this research. Several methods that involved empirical studies and simulation using IESVE software were conducted to fulfil this investigation. Based on the findings, the highest reduction in both temperature and cooling load energy using vertical greenery system can be tabulated in the following order: East > West > South > North. It is suggested, that both the East and West orientations to be the best façades to implement the VGS. Both facades received direct sunlight in the morning and evening sessions, enabling the VGS envelope to reduce the indoor dry bulb temperature and building cooling load energy more efficiently at higher altitude. For vertical greenery percentage analysis, higher percentage of vegetation will result in a more positive effect towards the reduction of indoor dry bulb temperature. In conclusion, the incorporation of a 100% VGS window wall ratio coverage is shown to have a reduction of 1.42°C and it was estimated at least 16.9% for building cooling load energy saving.

Uniaxial Load Specification for Vehicle Knuckle Part Using Maximum Stress Similarity in Triaxial Load Case

Knuckle parts have a complex relationship with adjacent vehicle parts, making it difficult to determine the proper fatigue evaluation specification when considering vehicle operation. An accelerated triaxial load case for the knuckle part was derived using a combination of four event modules from the test code developed by the Korea Automotive Technology Institute. The fatigue damage analysis of the front and rear knuckle models was conducted with respect to the accelerated triaxial load case, and the maximum stress was measured at hotspots for the magnitude and orientation of the critical plane. The sensitivity analysis of the knuckle models was conducted for six directions of the unit force, and the proper uniaxial force orientations of the two knuckle models were determined for the maximum stress similarity in the triaxial load case in terms of the magnitude and orientation of the critical plane. The final uniaxial load specification was derived by adjusting the magnitude of the candidate uniaxial load and the error analysis showed reliable results through inverse safety factors with 0.02, 0.04 error, and critical plane angles with 10.8, 0.8 degrees error for front and rear knuckles, respectively, verified by comparing the maximum stress similarity between the triaxial and uniaxial load cases.

Port Hudson: The Most Significant Battlefield Photographs of the Civil War by Lawrence Lee Hewitt

Reviewed by: Port Hudson: The Most Significant Battlefield Photographs of the Civil War by Lawrence Lee Hewitt Carol Degrasse (bio) Port Hudson: The Most Significant Battlefield Photographs of the Civil War. Lawrence Lee Hewitt. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2021. ISBN 978-1621904830. xi, 352 pp. $49.95. The photographic history of the American Civil War—although extensive—has only recently begun to receive the meticulous attention it deserves, particularly in terms of engaging with the historical and geographical context of extant images. Although broad photographic collections of the “decisive” Civil War battles have been compiled, few have undergone the type of comprehensive examination that Lawrence Lee Hewitt accomplishes in Port Hudson: The Most Significant Battlefield Photographs of the Civil War. Hewitt not only provides an expansive visual record of the Battle of Port Hudson, he also decisively corrects the many inconsistencies and inaccuracies associated with these photographs. Hewitt’s book—the product of four decades of research and collecting—takes on greater historical significance when one considers that military occupation and natural erosion have markedly changed the terrain, further complicating the visual record of the battlefield and surrounding landscape. This notable distinction sets the book apart from earlier collections that examine Civil War battle-fields in which the landscapes have been accurately preserved or restored. Here, Hewitt makes a concerted effort to correct topographical inaccuracies by supplying revised maps that depict the photographs’ proper orientations. Perhaps more importantly, he also painstakingly strives to provide proper attribution of the photographs, amend erroneous captions, and include photographs omitted from earlier collections, including those of Black troops and some of the first known “action shots” of any Civil War battle. The book contains 173 of the most representative photographs of Hewitt’s massive collection, covering a diverse range of subjects that include military and civilian spaces taken both during and after the siege. The photographs—some published for the first time—are arranged in chronological order to depict the topographical changes that occurred during battle as well as after its conclusion. Hewitt’s first two chapters provide historical context for those that follow— first, foregrounding Civil War photography both as an art and a business venture and second, providing a brief but thorough historical context for the Port Hudson battles. The other chapters are arranged chronologically, each focusing on one or more of the seven photographers whose works this volume includes. Each chapter contains biographical information on the artists, along with accounts of the photographic techniques they used at Port Hudson. William D. McPherson and his partner, A. J. Oliver, are given two chapters, with the duo’s [End Page 326] photographs of Port Hudson during and after the siege appearing separately. Apart from its sheer abundance, McPherson and Oliver’s work merits a second chapter for its uniqueness. For example, the pair’s work demonstrates some of the earliest attempts to produce combination printing as well as night-time and time-lapse photographs. Hewitt even suggests that some of McPherson and Oliver’s photographs are the first to show troops “engaged” in battle, although to do so, he extends the meaning of engaged to include photographs simply taken while the siege was under way. One of Port Hudson’s defining characteristics is that Hewitt does not simply present the photographs with a historical and geographical emphasis. Instead, he skillfully weaves the historical and geographical information into a narrative that also delves into photographic history and technology, battlefield archaeology, and cartography. The Port Hudson collection will likely never attain the level of recognition of photos of other battle sites; however, this type of in-depth visual study will provoke new scholarship on other Civil War battles and on Civil War photography as a whole. Carol Degrasse Southern Methodist University Carol Degrasse CAROL DEGRASSE is a PhD candidate at Southern Methodist University in Dallas and a 2021 NEH Summer Scholar. She has published on Rebecca Harding Davis, Emily Dickenson, Henry David Thoreau, and effective pedagogical practices. Her dissertation, “Visualizing Identity: Photography and Social Performances of Race in the American Nineteenth Century,” challenges widely accepted theories of race, visual culture, and performance by examining the roles played by aesthetics in framing social identities of...

Effect of Build Orientation on Mechanical Behaviour and Build Time of FDM 3D-Printed PLA Parts: An Experimental Investigation

One of the important process parameters affecting the tensile strength and build time of the part is the build orientation. Therefore, in this study, FDM 3D-printed PLA parts were fabricated at different build orientations to examine the effects of build orientation on the tensile properties and build time of material. In this regard, three build orientations and three print angles were examined. According to results, tensile strength decreased when the build orientation of the parts was aligned from flat to upright direction and 0° to 90° printing angle. For upright build orientation, 36% less tensile strength obtained than the flat ones because of the fracture mode and the loading direction. In terms of build time, build time increased as the build orientation changed from flat to upright. Therefore, the build orientation had a big impact on the tensile properties and build time of the parts produced using FDM. The findings of this study will contribute to the literature on proper build orientations and print angles.

On the in–out–proper orientations of graphs

An orientation of a graph G is in–out–proper if any two adjacent vertices have different in–out-degrees, where the in–out-degree of each vertex is equal to the in-degree minus the out-degree of that vertex. The in–out–proper orientation number of a graph G, denoted by χ↔(G), is minD∈Γmaxv∈V(G)|dD±(v)|, where Γ is the set of in–out–proper orientations of G and dD±(v) is the in–out-degree of the vertex v in the orientation D. Borowiecki et al. proved that the in–out–proper orientation number is well-defined for any graph G (Borowiecki et al., 2012). So we have χ↔(G)≤Δ(G), where Δ(G) is the maximum degree of vertices in G. We conjecture that there exists a constant number c such that for every planar graph G, we have χ↔(G)≤c. Toward this speculation, we show that for every tree T we have χ↔(T)≤3 and this bound is sharp. Next, we study the in–out–proper orientation number of subcubic graphs. By using the properties of totally unimodular matrices we show that there is a polynomial time algorithm to determine whether χ↔(G)≤2, for a given graph G with maximum degree three. On the other hand, we show that it is NP-complete to decide whether χ↔(G)≤1 for a given bipartite graph G with maximum degree three. Finally, we study the in–out–proper orientation number of regular graphs.

Worldview through the Prism of Personal Life-Meaning Orientations

The article provides an insight into the interrelation between the worldview and personal meaningful orientations in the context of the modern digital era. The purpose of the article is to investigate the process of generating personal ontology with due regard to personal meaning-making, which involves considering three groups of issues. Firstly, attention is focused on understanding the complexity of the modern epoch against the background of the technological revolution and the effects of virtual imitation of reality, which may determine the worldview. Secondly, an effective insight into life-meaning orientations involves reviewing methodological approaches. Thirdly, the article considers the basic paradigms of life choices including the pragmatic option for self-determination, retrospective reflection based on historical-philosophical inquiry, the paradigm of genetic determination of human behavior and decision-making, and an opposing existential paradigm, which identifies proper life orientations. The study refers to enactivism as a methodological tool, according to which, changes in external circumstances generated by the subject may effect the structure of semantic regulations. The authors come up with an innovative approach to investigating the ways in which the meanings of personal ontology are shaped in the context of complexity and virtualization of the modern world. The idea of the ambivalence of life-purpose relfection is justified. The authors come to a conclusion that structuring personal ontology depends on processing the main tendencies of the epoch in the domain of personal reflection, which is based on one’s inner world and connected with goal-setting and shaping one’s life-project.

Transparent Colored Display Enabled by Flat Glass Waveguide and Nanoimprinted Multilayer Gratings

In this paper, a type of transparent colored static display consisting of a flat glass waveguide and embedded multilayer gratings is presented, by which multiple patterns and colors with a wide field of view (FOV) can be displayed. The embedded grating is achieved by nanoimprinting followed by deposition of a high refractive index dielectric layer. The process can be repeated to produce multilayer gratings, which are shaped into specific patterns to be displayed, and they are designed to have proper periods and orientations to independently extract light incident from different edges of the glass plate. Such transparent display offers the advantages of low cost, easy fabrication and wide FOV, and it is suitable for colored signage and decorative applications.

Determination of S1 screw adjustment parameters using by 3D CT images in healthy subjects

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the anthropometry of the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) types in the Turkish population and to determine the safe limits of the length and angle of the sacrum by the posterior lumber approach in lumbosacral instrumentation surgery. Material and Method: Sacral regions (left and right pedicle lengths and pedicle angles) and PSIS types of healthy subjects were evaluated using 3D images. Results: A total of 111 patients (58 males and 53 females) were included in the study. The mean age was 46.9 ± 14.8 in males and 44.3 ± 16.4 in females. In men, the right pedicle length was 52.83 mm, the left pedicle length was 53.81 mm, the right pedicle angle was 35.84, the left pedicle angle was 35.13, and the caudal angle was 39.24 degrees. In females, right pedicle length was 48.88 mm, left pedicle length was 49.28 mm, right and left pedicle angle was 35.83, and caudal angle was 39.24 degrees. PSIS type 1 was found to be 58.6%, type 2 32.4% and type 3 9%. Conclusion: Optimal screw lengths, angles and proper screw orientations can be easily and safely operated in posterior stabilization. In this study, morphometric and anthropometric information related to sacral screw orientation were also determined. These data may help to prevent surgical complications by contributing to the surgeon about preoperative anatomical structure in lumbosacral surgery stabilization procedures.

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ПРОИЗВЕДЕНИЙ Ч. АЙТМАТОВА КАК УСЛОВИЕ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ОБЩЕЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКИХ ЦЕННОСТЕЙ У БУДУЩИХ ПЕДАГОГОВ

Introduction. The article deals with the problem of educating a new generation of pedagogues on the basis of studying the works by Ch. Aitmatov in the process of globalization. The purpose of the article is to analyze the works by Ch. Aitmatov and, using the method of content analysis, to prove that the development of universal human values in future teachers is very effective when studying with students the novel “Axeman’s Block” by Ch.Aitmatov. The research methodology. The author used the method of content-analysis in order to reveal whether the choice of this work by Ch. Aitmatov is really effective for the formation of proper value orientations during the educational process. The results of the study. Making use of the method mentioned above, it was shown which of the universal human values contained in the book by Ch. Aitmatov are particularly characteristic of it and, thus, can facilitate the formation and upbringing of today’s generation of students as well as the future ones. The analysis of the book “Axeman’s Block” revealed that the belief in the eternal moral values of religious origin is the most characteristic value-orientation feature of this novel. Conclusion. The data obtained showed that the content of the works by Ch. Aitmatov is rich in obvious and hidden moral values ​​that can be developed in future teachers in the process of studying the works by Ch. Aitmatov. Moreover, the results of the research can serve as a basis for more effective professional training of future pedagogues and for developing in them important value orientations.

The role of universities in disseminating the social responsibility practices of insurance companies

The desire and ability to apply the concept of social responsibility is directly proportional to a culture that is formed due to the relevant knowledge, skills and qualifications. It is believed that university education is able to interest future owners, experts and clients of insurance companies in running socially responsible activities.The purpose of the study is to determine the role of universities in disseminating the social responsibility practices in the insurance sector.The main method of research is the survey conducted among 536 full-time students-financiers at domestic universities in September and October 2018. This method allowed to identify peculiarities of students’ perception of the social responsibility concept in the insurance sector of Ukraine. The case study method was also applied to reflect the social responsibility practices used by domestic insurance companies.As a result of the combination of the methods proposed, the low level of students’ knowledge of social responsibility in the insurance sector and the low interest of insurance companies as compared to foreign insurance companies have been shown. That is why, in the process of training, it is important for universities to focus on the proper world-view positions and value orientations, dialog and ethical cooperation that will enhance the professional training of students and develop modern professional competence among them that will meet international practices and requirements.

An Affordance and Distance Minimization Based Method for Computing Object Orientations for Robot Human Handovers

The ability to hand over objects to humans is an important skill for service robots. However, determining the proper object pose for handover is a challenging task. Our approach, based on observations of a set of natural human handovers, addresses three related challenges in teaching robots how to hand over objects: (1) how to compute mathematically an appropriate ‘standard’ or ‘mean’ handover orientation, (2) how to ascertain whether an observed set is of good or poor quality, and (3) using (1) and (2), how to compute an appropriate handover orientation from a set, in a manner that is robust to the quality of the set. We first compare three methods for computing mean orientations and show that our proposed distance minimization based method yields the best results. Next, we show that using the concept of affordance axes, we can evaluate the quality of a set of observed orientations. Finally, using affordance axes together with random sample consensus, we devise a method for computing an appropriate handover orientation from a set of observed natural handover orientations. User study data verified that our methods are successful in identifying both good and poor quality sets of handover orientations and in computing appropriate handover orientations from observed natural handover orientations. These results enable robots to automatically learn proper handover orientations for various objects.

Robust topology optimization for multiple fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) composites under loading uncertainties

This study proposes a non-deterministic robust topology optimization of ply orientation for multiple fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) materials, such as carbon fiber–reinforced plastic (CFRP) and glass fiber–reinforced plastic (GFRP) composites, under loading uncertainties with both random magnitude and random direction. The robust topology optimization is considered here to minimize the fluctuation of structural performance induced by load uncertainty, in which a joint cost function is formulated to address both the mean and standard deviation of compliance. The sensitivities of the cost function are derived with respect to the design variables in a non-deterministic context. The discrete material optimization (DMO) technique is extended here to accommodate robust topology optimization for FRP composites. To improve the computational efficiency, the DMO approach is revised to reduce the number of design variables by decoupling the selection of FRP materials and fiber orientations. In this study, four material design examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. The robust topology optimization results exhibit that the composite structures with the proper ply orientations are of more stable performance when the load fluctuates.

Weighted proper orientations of trees and graphs of bounded treewidth

Given a simple graph G, a weight function w:E(G)→N∖{0}, and an orientation D of G, we define μ−(D)=maxv∈V(G)⁡wD−(v), where wD−(v)=∑u∈ND−(v)w(uv). We say that D is a weighted proper orientation of G if wD−(u)≠wD−(v) whenever u and v are adjacent. We introduce the parameter weighted proper orientation number of G, denoted by χ→(G,w), which is the minimum, over all weighted proper orientations D of G, of μ−(D). When all the weights are equal to 1, this parameter is equal to the proper orientation number of G, which has been object of recent studies and whose determination is NP-hard in general, but polynomial-time solvable on trees. Here, we prove that the equivalent decision problem of the weighted proper orientation number (i.e., χ→(G,w)≤k?) is (weakly) NP-complete on trees but can be solved by a pseudo-polynomial time algorithm whose running time depends on k. Furthermore, we present a dynamic programming algorithm to determine whether a general graph G on n vertices and treewidth at most tw satisfies χ→(G,w)≤k, running in time O(2tw2⋅k3tw⋅tw⋅n), and we complement this result by showing that the problem is W[1]-hard on general graphs parameterized by the treewidth of G, even if the weights are polynomial in n.

Guided Evolution of Recombinant Bombyx mori Acetylcholinesterase II by Homology Modeling to Change Pesticide Sensitivity.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has been widely used for the detection of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides, due to its high sensitivity and low limit of detection to the presence of pesticides. The homology modeled recombinant Bombyx mori Acetylcholinesterase II (rBm-AChE II) and docking results with multiple pesticides inferred that Y398, located at the bottleneck of the active site gorge, might be important for enzyme sensitivity. Thus, three mutants (Y398G, Y398F, Y398W) were constructed and exhibited different enzyme activities and sensitivities. The results showed that Y398W possessed a remarkably increased enzyme activity, while Y398F had a significant reduction. The Y398F has an approximately 2-fold lower IC50 for some pesticides than the wild type enzyme, indicating a higher sensitivity. With the detailed investigation of the conformations of computer simulation, we propose that for the positively charged and small substrate ATChI, a larger side chain at position 398 improves the fixation of the substrate in an appropriate conformation for catalysis. For bulky substrates such as pesticides, the diffusion in the active site gorge may be related to the enlargement of the bottleneck by having proper orientations more easily. In addition, a more hydrophobic side chain at the bottleneck seemed to be beneficial for ligand diffusion.

Crystal structure and substrate specificity of ExoY, a unique T3SS mediated secreted nucleotidyl cyclase toxin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa

BackgroundThe nucleotidyl cyclase toxin ExoY is an important virulence determinant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that causes severe acute and chronic infections in immune-compromised individuals. Additionally, this unique T3SS effector shows a striking preference for cUMP, a newly identified non-canonical secondary messenger. Thereby, ExoY is also considered as a potential tool to study unexplored cUMP signaling pathways. MethodsThe crystal structure of ExoY was determined at 2.2 Å resolutions by in-situ proteolysis assisted crystallization and Rosetta-molecular replacement method. Additionally, isothermal calorimetric (ITC) and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation studies were also carried out to gain molecular insights into its substrate specificity and catalysis. Results and conclusionExoY is a partially unfolded protein with higher propensity to form soluble higher-order oligomers. However, with meticulous attempts of removing of disordered regions by proteases, the recalcitrant ExoY could be successfully crystallized. The crystal structure of ExoY revealed similar overall structural fold present in other anthrax toxA family of nucleotidyl cyclases, with two-to-three distinctly conserved regions conferring specificity to eukaryotic binding partner. The in-vitro catalytic preference of ExoY is in the following order: cGMP > cUMP > cAMP > cCMP. The substrate specificity of ExoY mainly depends on its ability to bind NTP in proper geometrical orientations. ExoY also seems to prefer one-metal-ion dependent catalysis than two-metal-ion dependent catalysis. General significanceOur results provide much needed structural insight on ExoY, an important virulence determinant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and an exciting tool to study non-canonical cNMP signaling pathways. Accession numbersThe structure factors and coordinate files have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank with accession number 5XNW.

Development orientations for attracting investments – A perspective of less-developed townships in China

Investment attraction by adopting adequate development orientations is perceived as effective method for promoting social and economic development in those less developed areas or regions such as the mountainous townships in Southwest China. Investments will not be attracted or utilized effectively if the development orientation is positioned improperly. Existing studies do not provide methods for helping these townships define proper development orientations. This paper presents a decision-making method called matching coefficient model for supporting these less-developed townships to identify suitable development orientations in order to attract effective investments. The application of the method is demonstrated by a sample of 20 townships located in Southwest China. Research data employed are collected through on-spot investigations and semi-structured interviews with the officials in these sample townships. The research reveals that the existing development orientations adopted in many less-developed Chinese townships do not match the resources endowment they possess, thus limited investment has been attracted. The study finds that agritourism business is most suitable for application in these townships in order to attract effective external investments, and that strategic emerging industry seems not suitable. The research results provide valuable reference for township governments to design development orientations and adopt measures towards effective investment attraction.

Proper Orientations of Planar Bipartite Graphs

An orientation of a graph G is proper if any two adjacent vertices have different indegrees so that the values of the indegrees define a coloring of G. The proper orientation number $${{\mathrm{\overrightarrow{\chi }}}}(G)$$ of a graph G is the minimum of the maximum indegree, taken over all proper orientations of G. In this paper, we show that a connected bipartite graph may be properly oriented even if we are only allowed to control the orientation of a specific set of edges, namely, the edges of a spanning tree and all the edges incident to one of its leaves. By using the same technique, we prove that 3-connected planar bipartite graphs have proper orientation number at most 5. This statement is the most general result in support of the open problem of whether all planar graphs have bounded proper orientation number. Additionally, we give a short proof that $${{\mathrm{\overrightarrow{\chi }}}}(G) \le 4$$ , when G is a tree and this proof leads to a polynomial-time algorithm to properly orient trees within this bound.

Scattering parameter analysis of cascaded bi-anisotropic metamaterials

Forward and backward reflection and transmission scattering (S-) parameters of a metamaterial (MM) structure of bi-anisotropic slabs in cascade are analyzed. Signal flow graph technique is applied in this analysis for a cascaded connection of two and three bi-anisotropic MM slabs with different orientations. We also investigated effects of geometrical parameters (fabrication tolerances) of individual MM cells on forward and backward reflection and transmission S-parameters of cascade connection of MM cells. We note from our analysis the following important points. First, forward and backward reflection S-parameters become equal to one another for a MM structure composed of an even number of bi-anisotropic MM slabs (individually characterized by non-identical forward and backward reflection S-parameters) with proper orientations only if there exists symmetry of the structure in the propagation direction. Second, it is noted that it is not possible to obtain identical forward and backward reflection S-parameters of a MM structure composed of an odd number of bi-anisotropic MM slabs. Finally, reflection asymmetry (bi-anisotropy) of cascade connection of MM cells generally is enhanced for a change in geometrical parameters of individual MM cells.