Proper Mass Research Articles

Infinitesimally thin static scalar shells surrounding charged Gauss-Bonnet black holes

We reveal the existence of a new form of spontaneously scalarized black-hole configurations. In particular, it is proved that Reissner-Nordström black holes in the highly charged regime Q/M > (Q/M)crit = sqrt{21}/5 can support thin matter shells that are made of massive scalar fields with a non-minimal coupling to the Gauss-Bonnet invariant of the curved spacetime. These static scalar shells, which become infinitesimally thin in the dimensionless large-mass Mμ » 1 regime, hover a finite proper distance above the black-hole horizon [here {M, Q} are respectively the mass and electric charge of the central supporting black hole, and μ is the proper mass of the supported scalar field]. In addition, we derive a remarkably compact analytical formula for the discrete resonance spectrum {left{eta left(Q/M, Mmu; nright)right}}_{n=0}^{n=infty } of the non-trivial coupling parameter which characterizes the bound-state charged-black-hole-thin-massive-scalar-shell cloudy configurations of the composed Einstein-Maxwell-scalar field theory.

How short can stationary charged scalar hair be?

It is by now well established that charged rotating Kerr-Newman black holes can support bound-state charged-matter configurations which are made of minimally coupled massive-scalar fields. We here prove that the externally supported stationary charged scalar configurations cannot be arbitrarily compact. In particular, for linearized-charged-massive-scalar fields supported by charged rotating near-extremal Kerr-Newman black holes, we derive the remarkably compact lower bound $({r}_{\text{field}}\ensuremath{-}{r}_{+})/({r}_{+}\ensuremath{-}{r}_{\ensuremath{-}})>1/{s}^{2}$ on the effective lengths of the external charged scalar ``clouds'' [here ${r}_{\text{field}}$ is the radial peak location of the stationary scalar configuration, and ${s\ensuremath{\equiv}J/{M}^{2},{r}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}}$ are, respectively, the dimensionless angular momentum and the horizon radii of the central supporting Kerr-Newman black hole]. Remarkably, this lower bound is universal in the sense that it is independent of the physical parameters (proper mass, electric charge, and angular momentum) of the supported charged scalar fields.

Non-minimally coupled massive scalar field configurations supported by charged reflecting shells: Analytic treatment in the weak coupling regime

The physical and mathematical properties of bound-state matter configurations which are made of massive scalar fields with a non-trivial (non-minimal) coupling to the electromagnetic field of a central charged reflecting shell of radius Rs are studied analytically. In particular, we explicitly prove that the Klein-Gordon wave equation for the composed charged-reflecting-shell-nonminimally-coupled-linearized-massive-scalar-field system is amenable to an analytical treatment in the dimensionless weak coupling regime (or equivalently, in the dimensionless small-mass regime) μαQ≪1 (here μ,Q, and α are respectively the proper mass of the non-minimally coupled scalar field, the electric charge of the spherically symmetric supporting shell, and the non-minimal coupling parameter of the composed Maxwell-scalar theory). We derive a remarkably compact resonance formula {μ(α,Q,Rs;n)}n=1n=∞ for the allowed masses of the supported spatially regular scalar fields in the composed charged-shell-nonminimally-coupled-massive-scalar-field bound-state configurations.

Analysis of ghrelin, leptin, and interleukin-6 salivary concentration among children aged 7-10 years and its relationship with nutritional status and some anthropometric data.

Obesity is acomplex condition with multifactorial aetiopathogenesis. Adipose tissue is reservoir of many adipokines which play agreat role in proinflammatory response in obesity. Aim of the study: Comparative assessment of ghrelin, leptin, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) salivary concentration among children having proper and excess of body mass. Analysis of the interrelationship between the obtained concentrations of substances and selected anthropometric parameters and blood pressure values in the studied children. The study group comprised 102 children aged 7-10 years. The nutritional status of children was assessed by the use of the BMI index. The control group (n =74) comprised children with proper body mass, and the study group (n=28) contained children having overweight/obesity. Saliva samples were taken from all children at school. Subsequently, some anthropometric parameters and blood pressure values of the children were measured. The laboratory assessment of substances was made by ELISA method. Next, statistical analysis of all obtained results was performed using professional software. Salivary ghrelin, leptin, and IL-6 concentrations were statistically significantly higher in the study group than in the control group (p=0.001). The study revealed apositive correlation between salivary ghrelin concentration and BMI in the whole study population (p=0.001), and between ghrelin concentration and body weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio in all subjects. In the study group, the BMI value was positively correlated only with IL-6 saliva concentration (p=0.005). The study revealed significant differences between saliva ghrelin, leptin, and IL-6 concentration between the control group and the study group. The above findings can be agood predictor with which to detect co-existing metabolic alternations in obese patients.

An Examination of Longitudinal Changes in Korean Middle School Students’ Psychological Health According to Their Body Mass Index and Weekly Exercise Hours

Background: It is necessary for adolescents to maintain proper body mass index (BMI) and regular exercise for proper growth, development, and psychological health. Existing studies have demonstrated the significant positive effect of regular physical activity or exercise on preventing socio-psychological problems and cognitive body image issues in adolescents. This study aimed to investigate the longitudinal changes in psychological health factors of mental health, self-concept, self-esteem, and self-efficacy according to BMI and weekly exercise hours among Korean middle school students. Methods: Cohort data were obtained from the Gyeonggi Institute of Education for three years (2015–2017), and a total of 16,027 data points were analyzed. We performed a repeated-measures analysis of variance (3 grades × 4 body mass index groups × 5 weekly exercise hours groups) using SPSS software (version 21.0, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) for data analysis. Results: The results obtained through the analysis are as follows. As school grades rose among Korean middle school students, psychological health factors such as mental health, self-concept, self-esteem, and self-efficacy decreased. And the deterioration of psychological health factors showed lower positive results for normal and underweight students than for overweight and obese students. Students with a lot of exercise time every week showed a lower decrease in psychological health factors. Conclusions: The results suggest that education for health promotion, considering body mass index and daytime exercise, is necessary to prevent the deterioration of psychological health factors in Korean middle school students.

BURST ABDOMEN: RELATED FACTORS AND POST-OPERATIVE CHALLENGE FOR SURGEONS

ABSTRACT Background: Burst abdomen is a post-operative dehiscence of the layers of abdominal wall including peritoneum with exposure of the intestines and is one of the most frustrating and difficult. Type of incision vertical or transverse, nature of surgery elective or emergency and postoperative complications affect the outcome of Laparotomy. Objective: To find and evaluate effective management of abdominal wound dehiscence in elective and emergency Laparotomy and how to prevent and overcome its complications. This post-operative complication encountered by surgeon is always a challenge. The main concern is because of risk of evisceration and need to intervene and there is always a possibility of recurrence of dehiscence. Patients and Methods: Our study was conducted in 310 patients who had undergone exploratory laparotomy at Punjab Institute of Medical Sciences, Jalandhar, Punjab, India . Out of 310 patients, 170 patients underwent emergency laparotomy and 140 were elective cases. They were managed either by midline vertical incision or transverse incision and outcome of results were analyzed for wound dehiscence. Result: Most significant variation associated with wound dehiscence was with hypoproteinemia, anemia, chronic cough and emergency procedures. Pre-operative and post-operative etiological factors such as chronic cough, anemia, hypoproteinemia, diabetes, obesity, use of Steroids, wound infection, abdominal distension, bowel leaks, electrolyte imbalances are significantly responsible for the outcome of patients. Moreover, the hospital stay was too long in burst abdomen and this adds to the economic burden on patient. 3 patients developed incisional hernia which was managed after 6-8 months by Mesh Hernioplasty. Conclusion: Midline Vertical incision is always the reason of choice in condition where quick access to intra-abdominal entry is required but transverse incision is a good access to intra-abdominal approach and the incidence of burst abdomen is less. Proper single or mass closure technique should be adopted and every effort should be made to minimize both pre-operative and post-operative risk factors.

On band gaps of nonlocal acoustic lattice metamaterials: a robust strain gradient model

We have proposed an “exact” strain gradient (SG) continuum model to properly predict the dispersive characteristics of diatomic lattice metamaterials with local and nonlocal interactions. The key enhancement is proposing a wavelength-dependent Taylor expansion to obtain a satisfactory accuracy when the wavelength gets close to the lattice spacing. Such a wavelength-dependent Taylor expansion is applied to the displacement field of the diatomic lattice, resulting in a novel SG model. For various kinds of diatomic lattices, the dispersion diagrams given by the proposed SG model always agree well with those given by the discrete model throughout the first Brillouin zone, manifesting the robustness of the present model. Based on this SG model, we have conducted the following discussions. (I) Both mass and stiffness ratios affect the band gap structures of diatomic lattice metamaterials, which is very helpful for the design of metamaterials. (II) The increase in the SG order can enhance the model performance if the modified Taylor expansion is adopted. Without doing so, the higher-order continuum model can suffer from a stronger instability issue and does not necessarily have a better accuracy. The proposed SG continuum model with the eighth-order truncation is found to be enough to capture the dispersion behaviors all over the first Brillouin zone. (III) The effects of the nonlocal interactions are analyzed. The nonlocal interactions reduce the workable range of the well-known long-wave approximation, causing more local extrema in the dispersive diagrams. The present model can serve as a satisfactory continuum theory when the wavelength gets close to the lattice spacing, i.e., when the long-wave approximation is no longer valid. For the convenience of band gap designs, we have also provided the design space from which one can easily obtain the proper mass and stiffness ratios corresponding to a requested band gap width.

Comparison of Remote Sensing Techniques for Geostructural Analysis and Cliff Monitoring in Coastal Areas of High Tourist Attraction: The Case Study of Polignano a Mare (Southern Italy)

Rock slope failures in urban areas may represent a serious hazard for human life, as well as private and public property, even on the occasion of sporadic episodes. Prevention and mitigation measures indispensably require a proper rock mass characterization, which is often achieved by means of time-consuming, costly and dangerous field surveys. In the last decades, remote sensing devices such as high-resolution digital cameras, laser scanners and drones have been widely used as supplementary techniques for rock slope analysis and monitoring, especially in poorly accessible areas, or in sites of large extension. Although several methods for rock mass characterization by means of remote sensing techniques have been reported in specific studies, there are very few contributions that focused on comparing the different methods in an attempt to establish their advantages and limitations. With this study, we performed digital photogrammetry, Terrestrial Laser Scanning and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle surveys on a cliff located in a popular tourist attraction site, characterized by complex geological and geomorphological settings, as well as by disturbance elements such as vegetation and human activities. For each point cloud, we applied geostructural analysis by means of semi-automatic methods, and then compared multi-temporal acquisitions for cliff monitoring. By quantitative comparison of the results and validation by means of conventional geostructural field surveys, the pros and cons of each method were outlined in attempt to depict the conditions and goals the different techniques seem to be more suitable for.

Structural Vibration Control with the Implementation of a Tuned Mass Rocking Wall System

A tuned mass rocking wall (TMRW)-frame structure system is proposed to improve the energy dissipation ability of the traditional rocking wall-frame system. Based on the energy dissipation principle of the traditional tuned mass damper (TMD), a TMRW is designed with proper mass and stiffness according to the dynamic characteristic of the host structure. Firstly, considering the presence of inherent structural damping, the dynamic amplification factor of the main mass was derived from the dynamic equations of the TMRW mechanism. A practical design table was then obtained after parameter study. Secondly, by taking a six-story frame structure as an example, the dynamic time-history analysis was conducted to study TMRW’s seismic performance. The inter-story drift ratios of the TMRW-frame, the traditional rocking wall-frame, and the frame structures were compared, and the seismic responses of the controlled and uncontrolled structures were also compared. The results demonstrate that the TMRW can effectively reduce the inter-story displacement of the host structure, and the lateral deformation mode of the host structure tends to be more uniform. However, compared with the traditional rocking wall-frame system, the proposed TMRW has less ability on coordinating deformation.

Thermodynamic Analysis, Advanced Non-Linear Dynamic Simulation and Multi-Criteria Optimization of a 100 MW Parabolic Trough Solar Steam Power Plant

Thermodynamic analyses of concentrating solar power plants and optimizing these cycles relying on the energetic and exergetic optimal efficiencies are quite common. However, it is found that just considering the efficiency of the system for performance optimization and neglecting the adverse effects of the plant's wrong operation timings, which is a function of the solar working fluid flow rate, can easily give misleading optimization results. This study's primary goal is to find the optimal operating point of the cycle in terms of the thermodynamic efficiencies considering the system's operating time. Thus, the Sliding Mode Control (SMC) approach is employed to provide a proper mass flow rate for the working fluid from the solar collector field to achieve a precise output temperature from the collectors in different operating conditions. Multi-objective optimization is performed using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. The results of power block sensitivity analysis indicate that a 70℃ increase in the solar collector outlet temperature remarkably enhances electricity generation and exergetic efficiency by 67 and 48%. The two-objective optimization shows 22.01%, 2.10%, and 5.46% enhancement in response time, thermal efficiency, and exergetic efficiency, and the three-objective optimization reveals 3.68% and 3.74% improvement in efficiency (thermal and exergetic), respectively.

The Impact of Variable Curing Conditions on the Properties and Microstructures of Mixtures of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Circulating Q1 Fluidized Bed Combustion Ash

The use of Portland cement, an important construction material, is encountering growing challenges because of its adverse environmental impacts. In this study, a new hydration system without Portland cement, which blends ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) ash, was developed and tested. The variables included the effect of different types of CFBC ash, the mass ratios between CFBC ash and GGBFS, and different curing temperatures. The mortar properties were determined through the compressive strength test, absorption test, shrinkage test, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The main results were as follows: (1) The compressive strength of mortar specimens made with this ecologically friendly hydration system reached at least 40 MPa under a 35°C curing temperature. (2) Mortar with finer CFBC ash as an activator had higher compressive strength and lower absorption. (3) A proper mass ratio of GGBFS to CFBC ash is necessary for engineering applications. The present findings indicate that to maximize compressive strength, the particle size and the mass ratio of CFBC ash to GGBFS must be considered. According to the result, the type A ash with 3:7 mass ratio of CFBC ash to GGBFS is recommended.

Triboelectric properties of BaTiO3/polyimide nanocomposite film

The method of doping high dielectric nanoparticles (NPs) into polymers to raise the permittivity can enhance the output performance of vertical contact-separation-mode triboelectric nanogenerator (VCS-TENG). However, for lateral sliding-mode TENG (LS-TENG), the triboelectric effect is accompanied by wear of material, and whether the composite material with high permittivity is beneficial to the durability as well as the electrical output remains ambiguous. In this paper, the influence of BaTiO3/polyimide (BTO/PI) nanocomposite films on the output performance of VCS-TENG and LS-TENG is compared, and the effects of NPs doping mass fraction, normal force and reciprocating frequency on the tribological properties and electrification performance are investigated. The results show that BTO/PI nanocomposite film with proper doping mass fraction not only increases the wear resistance of LS-TENG, but also improves the output. For LS-TENG, the 5 wt% of BTO NPs exhibits the highest electrical output while for VCS-TENG, the 18 wt% of BTO NPs exhibits the best highest electrical output. In addition, under the test conditions in this paper, increasing the normal load and reciprocating frequency is beneficial to the output performance of the LS-TENG but harmful to the durability. This work can provide guidance for the nanocomposite film design of LS-TENG.

Neutron stars in f(R,T) gravity with conserved energy-momentum tensor: Hydrostatic equilibrium and asteroseismology

We investigate the equilibrium and radial stability of spherically symmetric relativistic stars, considering a polytropic equation of state (EoS), within the framework of f(R,T) gravity with a conservative energy-momentum tensor. Both modified stellar structure equations and Chandrasekhar's pulsation equations are derived for the f(R,T)= R+ h(T) gravity model, where the function h(T) assumes a specific form in order to safeguard the conservation equation for the energy-momentum tensor. The neutron star properties, such as radius, mass, binding energy and oscillation spectrum are studied in detail. Our results show that a cusp — which signals the appearance of instability — is formed when the binding energy is plotted as a function of the compact star proper mass. We find that the squared frequency of the fundamental vibration mode passes through zero at the central-density value corresponding to such a cusp where the binding energy is a minimum.

Evaluation of Platelet Counts in the Normal Pregnancy and other Gestational Conditions at Tertiary Care Hospital of Sindh

Background: During gestational period, the most common disorder is hypertension that directly affects the gestation. The frequency of gestational hypertension is increasing day by day and ultimately the pressure is developed on the endothelial wall. Gestational hypertension mostly reduces the platelet counts.
 Aim of Study: The major theme of this research is evaluating the count of platelet during pregnancy and other gestational conditions.
 Methodology: A Retrospective research was carried out for the period of 06 months at Gynae and Obstetrics ward at tertiary care hospital of Sindh, Pakistan. Total 104 females were selected with different gestational age and trimester. A questionnaire was filled by all participants that were comprised of demographic data and gestational conditions such as preeclampsia, eclampsia, parity and seizure episodes. Females with highest risk factors diseases such as Diabetes, Hepatic disorder, Anemia, renal disorder and cardio vascular disease were not included in our research. Blood samples were collected from all selected participants for proper platelet count and data was compared with normal ranges of platelet count among the pregnant females. Data was analyzed by using statistical software 24.00 versions.
 Results: It was observed that 49 patients were having normal pregnancy, 32 had preeclampsia and 23 had eclampsia. 38 participants were first timer & 52 were having second time parity. 58 participants had 2nd trimester of pregnancy. According to condition of anemia, 27 had severe anemic condition whereas 43 had moderate anemic condition. 49 participants had reduced level of platelet count and 17 had very low platelet count. Severity of gestation can be managed through proper management and physician instructions. Hypertension was measured through severity scale, 29 patients had moderate level of hypertension and 22 had severe level of hypertension. 19 participants had very abnormal level of blood count.
 Conclusion: It was concluded that proper diagnostic test should be conducted on time for proper management of reduced platelet count and there should be proper mass counseling should be conducted in order to overcome the deficiency of platelet count. There should be proper diet and exercise during pregnancy that can manage the condition of hypertension. Severity of gestation can be managed through proper management and physician instructions.

Lattice regularisation and entanglement structure of the Gross-Neveu model

We construct a Hamiltonian lattice regularisation of the N-flavour Gross-Neveu model that manifestly respects the full O(2N) symmetry, preventing the appearance of any unwanted marginal perturbations to the quantum field theory. In the context of this lattice model, the dynamical mass generation is intimately related to the Coleman-Mermin-Wagner and Lieb-Schultz-Mattis theorems. In particular, the model can be interpreted as lying at the first order phase transition line between a trivial and symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phase, which explains the degeneracy of the elementary kink excitations. We show that our Hamiltonian model can be solved analytically in the large N limit, producing the correct expression for the mass gap. Furthermore, we perform extensive numerical matrix product state simulations for N = 2, thereby recovering the emergent Lorentz symmetry and the proper non-perturbative mass gap scaling in the continuum limit. Finally, our simulations also reveal how the continuum limit manifests itself in the entanglement spectrum. As expected from conformal field theory we find two conformal towers, one tower spanned by the linear representations of O(4), corresponding to the trivial phase, and the other by the projective (i.e. spinor) representations, corresponding to the SPT phase.

Newly proposed insulin resistance indexes called TyG-NC and TyG-NHtR\xa0show efficacy in diagnosing the metabolic syndrome

PurposeObesity and insulin resistance are considered cardinal to the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome. Several simple indexes of insulin resistance calculated from biochemical or anthropometric variables have been proposed. The study aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of indirect insulin resistance indicators in detecting metabolic syndrome in non-diabetic patients, including TG/HDLc, METS-IR, TyG, TyG-BMI, TyG-WC, TyG-WHtR, and new indicators TyG-NC (TyG-neck circumference) and TyG-NHtR (Tyg-neck circumference to height ratio).MethodsThe diagnostic accuracy of eight insulin resistance indexes was assessed using the receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC curves) in 665 adult non-diabetic patients. Then, the analysis was performed after the division into groups with proper body mass index, overweight and obese.ResultsAll indexes achieved significant diagnostic accuracy, with the highest AUC (area under the curve) for TyG (0.888) and Tg/HDLc (0.874). The highest diagnostic performance in group with the proper body mass index was shown for TyG (0.909) and TyG-BMI (0.879). The highest accuracy in the group of overweight individuals was presented by TyG (0.884) and TG/HDLc (0.855). TG/HDLc and TyG showed the highest AUC (0.880 and 0.877, respectively) in the group with obesity. Both TyG-NC and TyG-NHtR reached significant areas under the curve, which makes them useful diagnostic tests in metabolic syndrome.ConclusionsIndirect indices of insulin resistance, including proposed TyG-NC and TyG-NHtR, show an essential diagnostic value in diagnosing metabolic syndrome. TyG and TG/HDLc seem to be the most useful in the Caucasian population.

Extremal rotating black holes, scalar perturbation and superradiant stability

A (charged) rotating black hole may be unstable against a (charged) massive scalar field perturbation due to the existence of superradiance modes. The stability property depends on the parameters of the system. In this paper, the superradiant stable parameter space is studied for the four-dimensional extremal Kerr and Kerr-Newman black holes under massive and charged massive scalar perturbation. For the extremal Kerr case, it is found that when the angular frequency and proper mass of the scalar perturbation satisfy the inequality ω<μ/3, the extremal Kerr black hole and scalar perturbation system is superradiantly stable. For the Kerr-Newman black hole case, when the angular frequency of the scalar perturbation satisfies ω<qQ/M and the product of the mass-to-charge ratios of the black hole and scalar perturbation satisfies μqMQ>3k2+2k2+2,k=aM, the extremal Kerr-Newman black hole is superradiantly stable under charged massive scalar perturbation.

Background model of phoswich X-ray detector on board small balloon

We performed a detailed modelling of the background counts observed in a phoswich scintillator X-ray detector at balloon altitude, used for astronomical observations, on board small scientific balloon. We used Monte Carlo simulation technique in Geant4 simulation environment, to estimate the detector background from various plausible sources. High energy particles and radiation generated from the interaction of Galactic Cosmic Rays with the atmospheric nuclei is a major source of background counts (under normal solar condition) for such detectors. However, cosmogenic or induced radioactivity in the detector materials due to the interaction of high energy particles and natural radioactive contamination present in the detector can also contribute substantially to the detector background. We considered detailed 3D modelling of the earth’s atmosphere and magnetosphere to calculate the radiation environment at the balloon altitude and deployed a proper mass model of the detector to calculate the background counts in it. The calculation satisfactorily explains the observed background in the detector at 30 km altitude (atmospheric depth: 11.5 g/cm 2 ) during the balloon flight experiment from a location near 14.5 ° N geomagnetic latitude.

A multiscale model of terrain dynamics for real-time earthmoving simulation

A multiscale model for real-time simulation of terrain dynamics is explored. To represent the dynamics on different scales the model combines the description of soil as a continuous solid, as distinct particles and as rigid multibodies. The models are dynamically coupled to each other and to the earthmoving equipment. Agitated soil is represented by a hybrid of contacting particles and continuum solid, with the moving equipment and resting soil as geometric boundaries. Each zone of active soil is aggregated into distinct bodies, with the proper mass, momentum and frictional-cohesive properties, which constrain the equipment’s multibody dynamics. The particle model parameters are pre-calibrated to the bulk mechanical parameters for a wide range of different soils. The result is a computationally efficient model for earthmoving operations that resolve the motion of the soil, using a fast iterative solver, and provide realistic forces and dynamic for the equipment, using a direct solver for high numerical precision. Numerical simulations of excavation and bulldozing operations are performed to test the model and measure the computational performance. Reference data is produced using coupled discrete element and multibody dynamics simulations at relatively high resolution. The digging resistance and soil displacements with the real-time multiscale model agree with the reference model up to 10–25%, and run more than three orders of magnitude faster.

A Dynamic Partitioning Method to solve the vehicle-bridge interaction problem

This paper presents a Dynamic Partitioning Method (DPM) to solve the vehicle-bridge interaction (VBI) problem via a set of exclusively second-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The partitioning of the coupled VBI problem follows a localized Lagrange multipliers approach that introduces auxiliary contact bodies between the vehicle’s wheels and the sustaining bridge. The introduction of contact bodies, instead of merely static points, allows the assignment of proper mass, damping and stiffness properties to the involved constrains. These properties are estimated in a systematic manner, based on a consistent application of Newton’s law of motion to mechanical systems subjected to bilateral constraints. In turn, this leads to a dynamic representation of motion constraints and associated Lagrange multipliers. Subsequently, both equations of motion and constraint equations yield a set of ODEs. This ODE formulation avoids constraint drifts and instabilities associated with differential–algebraic equations, typically adopted to solve constrained mechanical problems. Numerical applications show that, when combined with appropriate numerical analysis schemes, DPM can considerably decrease the computational cost of the analysis, especially for large vehicle-bridge systems. Thus, compared to existing methods to treat VBI, DPM is both accurate and cost-efficient.