Proper Hygiene Research Articles

Ageing-Oriented Prosthetic Treatment Plan: A Case Report

Today, older adults are routinely classified into different categories based on their degrees of independence. However, due to the extreme heterogeneity of this group, and the fact that ageing is a progressive process, older adults may require customized prosthetic treatment. Older people, during ageing, may quickly pass into a frail condition, with loss of independence and of the manual skills necessary for proper hygiene maintenance. With this in mind, complete arch rehabilitations can make an important contribution to a patient’s quality of life. New treatment strategies are needed which take into account the priorities of ageing. The aim of this case report is to show an adaptable prosthetic treatment protocol that is useful for older adults. This protocol provides individual satisfaction and also aids forecasting of the patient’s future functional and maintenance needs.

Isolation and Characterization of Multidrug Resistant Bacterial Pathogens Present in Hospital Environment within Awka Metropolis

The contamination of hospital environment by bacterial organisms plays a vital role in the spread of nosocomial infections. This study was conducted to determine bacterial contamination, bacterial profiles, antibiotic susceptibility pattern and plasmid profiles of bacterial isolates from hospital air, water and fomite environment within Awka. This cross-sectional study was conducted at Crest Specialist Hospital, Regina Caeli Specialist Hospital and Nnamdi Azikiwe University (UNIZIK) Medical Centre, Awka. Using random sampling techniques (surface, air and water), culturing, Gram staining, antibiotic susceptibility test, biochemical tests and molecular identification, bacterial organisms from surrounding air, water and fomites were isolated and identified. A total of 112 samples were collected from the three hospitals. Of all the samples, 110 (98.2%) showed positive for bacterial growth. A total of 40 bacterial isolates underwent antibiotic sensitivity testing, of which 6 (15%) showed multidrug resistance. Bacterial organisms isolated from Regina Caeli Hospital showed the most resistance to the antibiotic drugs (41.8%), followed by Crest Specialist Hospital (30.9%) and then UNIZIK Medical Centre (27.3%). Interestingly, there was 100% sensitivity of isolates to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, augmentin (amoxicillinclavulanate), rifampicin and septrin. Out of the six multidrug resistant isolates, Staphylococcus hominis strain PCP01, Myroides odoratimimus subsp. xuanwuensis strain M2S3B6 and Bacillus cereus strain DS-2 were identified using DNA sequencing and PCR. The three identified microorganisms are opportunistic pathogens. While S. hominis has no plasmid, both M. odoratimimus and B. cereus showed the presence of plasmids. With proper prevention practices such as; disinfection of hospital surfaces, proper personal hygiene of health care workers, special air handling and ventilation and wearing of facemask within the hospital environment, possibilities of nosocomial infections can be reduced drastically, especially in Africa. Keywords: Isolation, Characterization, Multidrug Resistant and Bacterial

Self-Reported Personal Hygiene Practice and Associated Factors among Prison Inmates in Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia: An Institution-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

The growing prevalence of communicable diseases in prison is significantly attributed to poor hygiene practices and insufficient sanitary conditions. The aim of this study was to assess self-reported personal hygiene practice and its associated factors among prison inmates in Gondar, northwest Ethiopia. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 1, 2018, to February 30, 2019. Data were gathered using a structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire and observational checklists. The mean age of the inmates was 36 years (±12.4) and the mean months spent in prison was 98.2 ± 15.4 months. The overall adherence to good personal hygiene practices among Gondar City Prison inmates was 54.3%, with a 95% CI of (49.4, 59.1). The number of prisoners per cell [adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 0.31; 95% CI, (0.16, 0.62)], daily water consumption [AOR, 6.78; 95% CI, (2.84, 16.15)], and good knowledge (AOR, 1.50; 95% CI, (1.23, 5.61)] were found to be significant predictors of personal hygiene practice among prison inmates. More than half of the study participants had good personal hygiene practices. Knowledge, daily water consumption, and the number of prisoners per cell were all found to be significantly associated with prisoners' personal hygiene practices. Improving the availability of water would be the best alternative way to improve the personal hygiene practices of the prisoners. Furthermore, prison inmates should be educated on proper hygiene measures and personal cleanliness to prevent the transmission of communicable diseases.

How much do pregnant women know about the importance of oral health in pregnancy? Questionnaire-based survey

BackgroundAlthough pregnancy is a physiological process it causes hormonal changes that can also affect the oral cavity. Pregnancy increases the risk of gum disease inflammation and tooth caries which could affect the health of the developing baby. Proper oral health is crucial both for mother and her babies and is related with mothers’ awareness of this connection. The aim of this study was the self-assessment of women’s both oral health and oral health literacy as well as mothers’ awareness of the connection of oral health and pregnancy.Material and methodsIn the study anonymous questionnaire was prepared and provided to be filled in by 200 mothers at the age from 19 to 44 y.o. who gave birth in the gynecological clinic. The questionnaire included demographic, and concerning the areas of oral health before and during pregnancy and after the childbirth questions.ResultsOnly 20% of the investigated women underwent the oral examination before the pregnancy and the next 38.5% underwent it intentionally when the pregnancy had been confirmed. As much as 24% of women pointed out lack of awareness of the importance of proper oral hygiene during pregnancy.41.5% of investigated women declared complaints during the pregnancy concerning teeth or gums and 30.5% underwent dental treatment; 68%, brushed their teeth properly—twice a day; 32% of women observed deterioration of oral health state during the pregnancy. The knowledge of the importance of oral health during pregnancy presented by the majority of mothers was relatively proper, which was strongly connected with higher education status and living in big cities. A significant correlation between higher birth weight and more frequent daily tooth brushing was observed. Both higher frequency of problems concerning the oral cavity and dental treatment during pregnancy were significantly related to the younger age of mothers.ConclusionsThe knowledge of women concerning of oral health on the management of pregnancy and development of fetus is still insufficient. Gynecologists should inquire pregnant women if they have done dental examination, and provide wider education about importance of oral health in pregnancy.

An Evidence-Based Digital Prevention Program to Improve Oral Health Literacy of People With a Migration Background: Intervention Mapping Approach

Studies in Germany have shown that susceptible groups, such as people with a migration background, have poorer oral health than the majority of the population. Limited oral health literacy (OHL) appears to be an important factor that affects the oral health of these groups. To increase OHL and to promote prevention-oriented oral health behavior, we developed an evidence-based prevention program in the form of an app for smartphones or tablets, the Förderung der Mundgesundheitskompetenz und Mundgesundheit von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund (MuMi) app. This study aims to describe the development process of the MuMi app. For the description and analysis of the systematic development process of the MuMi app, we used the intervention mapping approach. The approach was implemented in 6 steps: needs assessment, formulation of intervention goals, selection of evidence-based methods and practical strategies for behavior change, planning and designing the intervention, planning the implementation and delivery of the intervention, and planning the evaluation. On the basis of our literature search, expert interviews, and a focus group with the target population, we identified limited knowledge of behavioral risk factors or proper oral hygiene procedures, limited proficiency of the German language, and differing health care socialization as the main barriers to good oral health. Afterward, we selected modifiable determinants of oral health behavior that were in line with behavior change theories. On this basis, performance objectives and change objectives for the relevant population at risk were formalized. Appropriate behavior change techniques to achieve the program objectives, such as the provision of health information, encouragement of self-control and self-monitoring, and sending reminders, were identified. Subsequently, these were translated into practical strategies, such as multiple-choice quizzes or videos. The resulting program, the MuMi app, is available in the Apple app store and Android app store. The effectiveness of the app was evaluated in the MuMi intervention study. The analyses showed that users of the MuMi app had a substantial increase in their OHL and improved oral hygiene (as measured by clinical parameters) after 6 months compared with the control group. The intervention mapping approach provided a transparent, structured, and evidence-based process for the development of our prevention program. It allowed us to identify the most appropriate and effective techniques to initiate behavior change in the target population. The MuMi app takes into account the cultural and specific determinants of people with a migration background in Germany. To our knowledge, it is the first evidence-based app that addresses OHL among people with a migration background.

Association among the Presence of Rotavirus Group A and Types of Sources Located in Rural Communities

Among the etiological agents of acute gastroenterocolitis, group A Rotavirus stands out. Proper hygiene and basic sanitation are the prophylactic means. The present research aimed to carry out the tracking of Rotavirus in waters of rural communities. The collections were carried out in 86 residences, distributed in 16 communities, considering the types of sources: tubular wells, excavated wells, surface springs, cistern with rainwater and springs. The elution of membranes with negative charges was used to obtain viral particles. Extraction of the genetic material and cDNA synthesis were performed according to the rules of the kit used, then qPCR was performed with an Applied Biosystems StepOne® thermal cycler. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata® 16.0, BioEstat® 5.3 and Minitab® 1. Rotavirus was detected in 47 samples (54.6%), however, there was no significant association among municipalities and the presence of Rotavirus. There was a strong association with shallow excavated well OR = 3.59 [1.05–12.28, p = 0.04]. The virus to infect humans and non-human animals, it can infect poultry, cattle and pigs. The presence of Rotavirus in surface water qualifies it as a biological marker of water quality and would occur through fecal contamination in water surface and underground.

Clinical and Microbiologic Outcomes of Ceramic Laminate Veneers Bonded to Teeth Without a Finish Line: 1-year Results of a Prospective Study.

Purpose: To evaluate changes in the periodontium of teeth restored with ultrathin (0.2 to 0.39 mm) ceramic laminate veneers (CLVs) placed subgingivally without a finish line compared to the same teeth before restorative treatment and to nonrestored antagonist teeth in healthy periodontium patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 73 CLVs were bonded onto the enamel surface of teeth without a finish line and with the cervical margin placed about 0.5 mm subgingivally. The gingival crevicular fluid was collected before bonding (baseline) and at 7, 180, and 365 days after bonding to quantify S mitis, P intermedia, and P gingivalis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. Visible plaque index (VPI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), gingival recession (GR), and marginal adaptation were evaluated from baseline to 365 days in both groups. Results: No statistically significant differences were observed in VPI, PD, or BOP at any time point in the intragroup or intergroup comparisons (P > .05). All restorations obtained the alpha concept for marginal adaptation (ie, the restoration margin remained ideal at all time points). There was a statistically significant difference for S mitis between 180 and 365 days (P = .03). No statistically significant difference was observed for P gingivalis at any time point (P > .05). Conclusion: The periodontium in the restored group showed a clinical behavior similar to baseline. Overcontouring of the ultrathin (up to 0.39 mm) CLV, similar to the cementoenamel junction convexity, did not contribute to plaque accumulation or changes in the oral microbiota of patients with a healthy periodontium and proper oral hygiene instruction.

Identifying Predictors of Safe Food Handling Practices among Canadian Households with Children Under Eighteen Years

Poor food handling practices at home are a common cause of foodborne illness. Children are more susceptible to foodborne illness than adults. Because children’s food safety depends on the safe food handling practices of parents and caregivers, this study aims to identify determinants of safe food handling practices among Canadian families with children under 18 years. Data for Canadian households with children (n = 294) were extracted from a larger telephone survey conducted across all Canadian provinces and territories between 2014 and 2015. Four food safety practice outcomes and six demographic variables were examined using multivariable logistics regression. Most survey participants were females (56%) who had less than a bachelor’s degree (67%) and were caring for one child (55%). Approximately 90% of caregivers reported proper hand hygiene, and 79% refrigerated leftovers within 2 h of cooking. Only 33% of caregivers reported preventing cross-contamination, and fewer reported using food thermometers for poultry cuts (13%) and hamburgers (11%). Those in the higher income and education categories were less likely to follow safe food handling practices such as hand hygiene and safe refrigeration of leftovers. This research highlights the need for food safety interventions that target Canadian families with children within certain demographic groups.

Identifying Predictors of Safe Food Handling Practices among Canadian Households with Children Under Eighteen Years

Poor food handling practices at home are a common cause of foodborne illness. Children are more susceptible to foodborne illness than adults. Because children’s food safety depends on the safe food handling practices of parents and caregivers, this study aims to identify determinants of safe food handling practices among Canadian families with children under 18 years. Data for Canadian households with children (n = 294) were extracted from a larger telephone survey conducted across all Canadian provinces and territories between 2014 and 2015. Four food safety practice outcomes and six demographic variables were examined using multivariable logistics regression. Most survey participants were females (56%) who had less than a bachelor’s degree (67%) and were caring for one child (55%). Approximately 90% of caregivers reported proper hand hygiene, and 79% refrigerated leftovers within 2 h of cooking. Only 33% of caregivers reported preventing cross-contamination, and fewer reported using food thermometers for poultry cuts (13%) and hamburgers (11%). Those in the higher income and education categories were less likely to follow safe food handling practices such as hand hygiene and safe refrigeration of leftovers. This research highlights the need for food safety interventions that target Canadian families with children within certain demographic groups.

The Effect of COVID-19 Awareness on the Hygiene Behaviors of Individuals in the Region of Northern Cyprus

Objectives: The ability to cope with diseases and the methods of protection from infections has become an essential part of everyday life. The magnitude of the changes caused by the pandemic goes well beyond economic, psychological and sociological realms, and creates a new life cycle. This study, aims to determine the effect of individual awareness related to COVID-19 on individuals' hygiene behaviors. Methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional scale based study carried out between May and September 2021 in the 6 different districts of Northern Cyprus. The results come from 403 participants. A socio-demographic form and the COVID-19 Awareness and Hygiene Scales are applied to the participants. Results: We found a positive and statistically significant correlation between the general scores of participants from the COVID-19 Awareness Scale and COVID-19 Hygiene Scale. As the participants' scores in the COVID-19 Awareness Scale increased, so did their scores of the COVID-19 Hygiene Scale. Conclusions: Individuals' awareness related to COVID-19 had a positive effect on their hygiene behaviors during the pandemic. Accordingly, the acquisition of proper hygiene behaviors by individuals should be one of the most important strategic measures that societies should take against infectious diseases.

Hygiene and sanitation practices in school children: an evaluation of WASH conditions in Visakhapatnam

Abstract The three autonomous factors of public health concern are WASH, constituting water, sanitation, and hygiene. The availability of WASH facilities at schools is a little-researched aspect that might be a crucial enabler of academic success. The present study was carried out to evaluate the hygiene and sanitation practices like right-hand washing with soap (RHWWS), right tooth brushing twice a day (RTBTD), and open defecation (OD) free among the school children of Visakhapatnam of 6–11 years of age. About 110 schools were identified, which includes 56 urban, 21 semi-urban, and 33 rural schools in the Visakhapatnam district, from which 500 students were selected randomly. Only 31 (28%) schools were exposed to WASH-related involvements. In the studied schools, only 58% of them have adopted the WASH policy. The results relating to the hygiene practices among the selected schools were found to be significant but, overall, a bit low on criteria defined by the UN joint monitoring program in 2018. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use a cross-sectional trail to test the impact of school WASH facilities and practices among primary school children in Visakhapatnam. The results concluded that the proper sanitation and hygiene practices are required for school children.

Fibreglass dermatitis: diagnostic challenges and occupational interventions.

Fibreglass dermatitis is a common occupationally acquired irritant contact dermatitis, where small spicules of fibreglass lodging in the stratum corneum result in mechanical irritation. We present two patients, an air-conditioning ducting worker and an injection moulding machine operator, who both presented with generalized pruritus. In the first case, polarized microscopy of a skin biopsy specimen demonstrated rare small spicules, with a diameter of 1 µm, lodged in the stratum corneum. In the second case, skin tape stripping demonstrated fibreglass particles, not found on skin biopsy. Proper work practices, personal hygiene and use of impervious barrier materials were recommended. The first patient did not return for follow-up, and the second patient's dermatitis resolved after handling of fibreglass-containing material was eliminated from his job scope. In conclusion, we present two cases of fibreglass dermatitis to illustrate the challenges in diagnosis and highlight strategies for prevention.

White Spots: Prevention in Orthodontics-Systematic Review of the Literature.

Early-stage dental demineralization, called white spots (WS), get their name from the characteristic colour that enamel takes on due to the acid attack of salivary cariogenic bacteria. They are often associated with fixed orthodontic therapy (FOT) and, if left untreated, evolve into caries with repercussions on oral health and dental aesthetics. This review aims to identify the most effective prophylaxis strategies to prevent WS during FOT. The search for the reviewed studies was conducted on the Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, selecting English-only articles published in the 5 years from January 2018 to January 2023. The keywords used were "WS" and "fixed orthodontic*", using "AND" as the Boolean operator. A total of 16 studies were included for qualitative analysis. Prevention begins with maintaining proper oral hygiene; fluoride in toothpaste, mouthwashes, gels, varnishes, and sealants can be added to prophylaxis and used regularly. Using a laser in combination with fluoride helps prevent the occurrence of WS and assists in the repair processes of initial lesions. Further studies are needed to establish international guidelines for preventing WS in orthodontically treated patients.

Proper Oral Hygiene and Dental Care for Cancer Patients

Proper Oral Hygiene and Dental Care for Cancer Patients

Determinants of Implementation of Kangaroo Mother Care Services among Healthcare Workers in Makueni County, Kenya

Purpose: Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) entails infants and mothers having constant skin-to-skin contact. KMC is done in the hospital after delivery to preterm infants or after early discharge. Mothers or caregivers are sensitized on proper positioning, breastfeeding, hygiene, and preventive measures to protect infants from infections. Proper follow-up is critical to ensure effective results are achieved. The use of KMC was endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as routine care for preterm infants with a birth weight of ≤2000 grams, especially the clinically stable infants. This recommendation was based on the available moderate-quality evidence that it works by providing warmth (thermal care) and increasing breastfeeding opportunities irrespective of setting, birth weight, or gestational age. Also, KMC has been strongly acclaimed and used as a natural thermoregulator, infection prevention, and nutrition for preterm infants, which are critical for physiological functions that are strongly affected by physical immaturity. Although this technique offers quality care to these babies, its implementation is low. There is a need to determine the suitable methods to improve its implementation in Kenya's healthcare facilities. This study aimed to determine factors influencing the implementation of KMC in Makueni County health facilities.
 Methodology: The study was conducted in maternity units of six sub-county hospitals (Makueni county referral hospital, Makindu sub-county hospital, Kibwezi sub-county hospital, Mbooni sub-county hospital, Kilungu sub-county hospital, and Sultan-Hamud sub-county hospital) in Makueni County. Cross-sectional study design with mixed methods was used. Semi-structured questionnaires and KMC checklist were filled by the researcher and research assistants. The convenience sampling technique was carried out, and 90 healthcare providers and 6 Key Informants were interviewed. Data was analyzed using version 23 of a statistical package for social sciences using descriptive and inferential statistics.
 Findings: The study results reveal that young health care providers portrayed better KMC implementation compared to the old (r=-.210, p=0.047). In relation to gender, female health care providers had better KMC implementation compared to the male (r= -.290, p=0.006).Knowledge (r=.282, p=0.007) and health workers' perception of KMC (r=.245, p=0.02) had a positive and significant relationship with implementing KMC. Perception (β=1.149, p=0.05) and funds (β=0.958, p=0.05) had a positive and significant effect on implementing KMC. R squared indicated that jointly, age, gender, perception, and budget accounted for 29.4% of the overall variation in the KMC implementation. Results demonstrated a high level of KMC (33.3%) implementation among the health facilities. The study concluded that funds and collaboration had a positive and significant effect on implementing KMC.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommends that the hospital management should ensure there is provision of adequate resources to support KMC implementation. In particular, the hospital management should focus on strengthening physical and human resources. There is also a need to link all relevant programs, such as essential newborn care and Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illnesses (IMNCI), to support KMC implementation.

PEOPLE'S VIEW IN SELECTING A TOOTHPASTE – A QUESTIONNAIRE STUDY

Introduction Common oral diseases like dental caries and periodontal diseases can be prevented by maintaining proper oral hygiene. Selecting the right toothbrush and toothpaste as well as brushing techniques by an individual is essential for oral hygiene maintenance. This study is conducted to analyse people's view on toothpaste selection. Materials and Methods A cross sectional study was conducted among 100 Out-Patients attending a dental college in Melmaruvathur during the month of February 2023. The questionnaire had 11 closed- end questions regarding demographic details and preferences in selecting toothpaste. Descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis was performed. Results The present study included 55% males and 45% females.Around 60% of them were graduates and 37% were less than 20 years.Around 60% of them select toothpaste based on the suggestion of their family and dentist. Colgate was the commonly used toothpaste brand (42%).Three-fourths of the study population (75%) did not change their toothpaste brand frequently. Many study participants reported that their toothpaste contains fluoride (45%), prevents dental caries (49%), whitens teeth (36%), prevent tartar built-up (50%) and freshens breath (66%). No significant association was found between age, gender, socio-economic status and toothpaste selection. Conclusion The present study conclude that majority of the participants selected their toothpaste based on family members' suggestion. The preference is not based on the fluoride content / specific categories. General population should be educated about the use of fluoridated toothpastes

Treatment of iatrogenically induced gingival recession in orthodontic patient with combination technique of vestibuloplasty and free gingival graft – Case report

It is well-known that oral hygiene plays a role in the initiation and progression periodontal disease, for maintaining proper oral hygiene sufficient width of attached gingiva along with adequate depth of vestibule is necessary. This case report describes Clark’s technique for increasing the vestibular depth. In addition, Free gingival autograft (FGG) is done for treating Miller’s class II recession. A 17-year-old female patient referred from the Department of orthodontics, with the chief complaint of receding gums in the lower front region. On clinical examination there is shallow vestibule, Millers class II gingival recession and is also seen. So planed for the combined technique of vestibuloplasty along with free gingival graft to achieve dual benefits of increasing the vestibular depth and root coverage.

Potential Spatial Diversity of Pathogenic Intestinal Parasites in Dog’s Faecal Matter in Port Harcourt, Niger Delta: A Huge Source of Environmental Contamination Risk Outcome

Dogs have become a huge part of some homes where they serve as pets or for security. Humans who have them as pets are drawn to them and when these dogs die, their owners are emotionally down. However, in some cases, little or no attention is paid to the health of these dogs as when infected, thus, they could serve as potent reservoirs and vectors of human parasites as they continue to litter their faeces on our environment unabated. This study investigated the presence of intestinal parasites in the faecal matter of domestic dogs and will also highlight the public health implications of poor faecal matter waste handling in our environment. A total of 80 pet dogs that had their owners' consent were randomly recruited, through a cross-sectional research design. Their stool samples were collected aseptically and assayed for gastrointestinal parasites using standard parasitological techniques. The result revealed that the prevalence of parasites using the diethyl ether sedimentation method was 25.1% and the presence of Ancylostoma caninium (21.3%) and Toxocara canis (3.75%) was recorded after microscopy. Female dogs were most infected making up 15% of the total prevalence while male dogs made up 10%. Dogs aged 2-4 years recorded the highest prevalence with 37.5% while 13.8% of those greater than 4 years were infected. Also, the English Bulldog recorded a higher prevalence of 8.75% in comparison to other species sampled. The presence of these parasites in pets poses a public health risk to their owners and the community at large. Proper hygiene and management of these pets and their faecal matter will reduce the risks of parasitic infections, even as our environment would be safe from the heavy burden of environmental contamination of biological waste of Dogs faecal matter

Evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolated from contaminated areas of Majengo slum in Meru County, Kenya

Background: Antimicrobial drug resistance is of great concern today. Infections by the antimicrobial resistant strains of Escherichia coli, including enteropathogenic as well as enterotoxigenic strains have been reported as a major cause of deaths, especially among young children in low- and middle-income countries. This has been augmented by antimicrobial misuse, over the counter availability and poor sanitation especially in low income areas. This study aimed at characterizing antimicrobial resistant strains of Escherichia coli isolated from sanitation environments of the Majengo slum in Meru County, Kenya Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 61 samples from soil, water and drains swabs. These were tested against five antimicrobial drugs by the Kirby disk diffusion method. Results: A total of 42 (69%) of the samples had Escherichia coli. These recorded antimicrobial drug susceptibility as follows: Out of the five antimicrobial agents used, ceftazidime 28 (66.67%) showed the highest sensitivity followed by ciprofloxacin 26 (61.90%) and imepenem 25 (59.52%) respectively. cefotaxime and cefoxitin showed least sensitivity at 14 (33.33%) and 13 (30.95%) respectively. In intermediate imepenem and ciprofloxacin were the highest with 12 (28.57%) followed by cefotaxime 10 (23.81%). The least intermediate was observed in ceftazidime and cefoxitin both at 7 (16.67%). The highest resistance was observed in cefoxitin 22 (52.38%), followed by cefotaxime at 18 (42.86%). Ciprofloxacin, imepenem and ceftazidime had the lowest resistance 4 (9.52%), 5 (11.91%) and 7 (16.67%) respectively. The p-value <0.05 was considered significant to the study. Conclusions: This study showed that Escherichia coli isolated from Majengo is pathogenic and resistant to antibiotics. Detection of Escherichia coli poses a great risk in the spread of resistant strains in human. Proper sanitation and hygiene awareness practices should be provided through education to the residents of this area.

Assessment of Hand Hygiene Knowledge and Practices among Private Dental Clinics in Munshiganj, Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: The study was performed to assess knowledge about infection control through hand-washing practices among dentists and paramedical professionals working at private dental clinics and provide help to identify and overcome obstruction towards proper hand hygiene pattern. Method: A questionnaire-based study was supervised at 15 different private dental clinics situated in the Munshiganj district of Bangladesh. Data on handwashing practices and other factors were collected from 60 samples during the months of November and December 2020. Site inspections of and washing facilities were also supervised. The data was analyzed on SPSS. Result: Majority (78.3%, 50.0% & 35.0%) of the respondents strongly agreed that hand washing helps to prevent spread of infection to the patients. Less than half (48.3%) of the respondents washed their hands before wearing gloves. 31 doctors claimed that hand washing is done after termination of duty while 10 claims that they wash hands after each examination (p< 0.001). And most of the doctors use antibacterial soap (p=0.004). Conclusion: The study wraps up that most of the health care providers had the education about the advantage of handwashing, but proper technique was not followed. The reasons given for not adopting handwashing practices were shortage of time, being busy with a greater number of patients, a skin reaction, and an unsuitable atmosphere. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2023; 13(1): 23-26