Proper Head Research Articles

BIG DATA MANAGEMENT – DNA DATA WAREHOUSE

Big data storage and retrieval is cause of concern for future. This paper proposes to store data by organizing nucleotides (adenine (A) and thymine (T)) to represent binary 0’s and 1’s. Small fragments of high molecular DNA can be achieved by chain termination method and by shotgun sequencing method, we can select the fragments containing A’s and T’s in order we want. This paper demonstrates a python script, which can produce A and T sequence from the sequence of data as input which can be used while using shotgun sequencing for selecting/discarding of strands, script can also be used to query the DNA database by integration with DNA sequencing method. The data will not be written on the nucleotide but nucleotide sequence will be modified to represent the data. This paper further illustrates how sequence of nucleotides can be arranged as logical table with a proper header and how the python script can be used to save and retrieve the data from this table. The storage and retrieval of 24 bits of data can easily be completed in 15-20 minutes under controlled lab conditions which includes manual and mechanical effort. This paper proves how by automation and robotic arms, this delay can be reduced further and how to overcome challenges that can come for preserving the DNA strands. This approach, can lead to development of DNA data warehouse where there will be infinite storage space as the DNA can be obtained virtually free of cost from any living thing.

The chromatin remodeler chd5 is necessary for proper head development during embryogenesis of Danio rerio

The chromatin remodeler CHD5 plays a critical role in tumor suppression and neurogenesis in mammals. CHD5 contributes to gene expression during neurogenesis, but there is still much to learn regarding how this class of remodelers contributes to differentiation and development. CHD5 remodelers are vertebrate-specific, raising the prospect that CHD5 plays one or more conserved roles in this phylum. Expression of chd5 in adult fish closely mirrors expression of CHD5 in adult mammals. Knockdown of Chd5 during embryogenesis suggests new roles for CHD5 remodelers based on resulting defects in craniofacial development including reduced head and eye size as well as reduced cartilage formation in the head. In addition, knockdown of Chd5 results in altered expression of neural markers in the developing brain and eye as well as a profound defect in differentiation of dopaminergic amacrine cells. Recombinant zebrafish Chd5 protein exhibits nucleosome remodeling activity in vitro, suggesting that it is the loss of this activity that contributes to the observed phenotypes. Our studies indicate that zebrafish is an appropriate model for functional characterization of CHD5 remodelers in vertebrates and highlight the potential of this model for generating novel insights into the role of this vital class of remodelers.

Vehicle Occupant Head Position Quantification Using an Array of Capacitive Proximity Sensors

Currently, proper vehicle head restraint (HR) positioning requires manual adjustment and knowledge on the part of the occupant. By removing the requirement for manual adjustment, an HR positioning system that autonomously moves and adapts the HR position properly to any seated occupant could serve to reduce the social and personal costs of whiplash injuries, as compared with existing manual systems. To achieve this, quantification of the occupant's head position relative to the HR is required. In a previous paper, a rectangular capacitive proximity-sensing array for the purpose of occupant head position quantification was studied. Here, a range-maximized sensor was first designed to reduce electrostatic and environmental disturbances. To achieve this, numerical modeling and laboratory experiments were conducted, and then, a design process for an interdigitated comb-shaped sensor geometry was proposed to maximize the sensing range of the sensor. The effects of temperature and humidity on the sensor were also evaluated and compensated. A novel capacitive proximity-sensing array was then designed, which had the minimum number of the aforementioned comb-shaped sensors necessary for accurately estimating the 3-D position of an occupant's head in near real time. This estimation was carried out using a nonparametric neural network. The above capacitive array was then integrated and fully contained in a customized HR as part of a vehicle seat safety system. The system was tested and demonstrated that such a head position sensing methodology would be capable of autonomously positioning an HR to meet the guidelines of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS).

Why are voluntary head movements in cervical dystonia slow?

Rapid head movements associated with a change in fixation (head saccades) have been reported to be slow in cervical dystonia (CD). Such slowing is typically measured as an increase in time to complete a movement. The mechanisms responsible for this slowing are poorly understood. We measured head saccades in 11 CD patients and 11 healthy subjects using a magnetic search coil technique. Head saccades in CD took longer to reach a desired target location. This longer duration was due to multiple pauses in the trajectory of the head movement. The head velocity of each segment of the (interrupted) head movement was appropriate for the desired total movement amplitude. The head velocity was, however, higher for the amplitude of the individual interrupted movements. These results suggest that brain programs the proper head movement amplitude, but the movement is interrupted by pathological pauses. Voluntary head saccades have a longer duration in CD due to frequent pauses. The frequent pauses reflect pathological interruptions of normally programmed intended head movement.

Spermatid Head Elongation with Normal Nuclear Shaping Requires ADP-Ribosyltransferase PARP11 (ARTD11) in Mice1

Sperm are highly differentiated cells characterized by their species-specific nuclear shapes and extremely condensed chromatin. Abnormal head shapes represent a form of teratozoospermia that can impair fertilization capacity. This study shows that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-11 (ARTD11/PARP11), a member of the ADP-ribosyltransferase (ARTD) family, is expressed preferentially in spermatids undergoing nuclear condensation and differentiation. Deletion of the Parp11 gene results in teratozoospermia and male infertility in mice due to the formation of abnormally shaped fertilization-incompetent sperm, despite normal testis weights and sperm counts. At the subcellular level, PARP11-deficient elongating spermatids reveal structural defects in the nuclear envelope and chromatin detachment associated with abnormal nuclear shaping, suggesting functional relevance of PARP11 for nuclear envelope stability and nuclear reorganization during spermiogenesis. In vitro, PARP11 exhibits mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation activity with the ability to ADP-ribosylate itself. In transfected somatic cells, PARP11 colocalizes with nuclear pore components, such as NUP153. Amino acids Y77, Q86, and R95 in the N-terminal WWE domain, as well as presence of the catalytic domain, are essential for colocalization of PARP11 with the nuclear envelope, but catalytic activity of the protein is not required for colocalization with NUP153. This study demonstrates that PARP11 is a novel enzyme important for proper sperm head shaping and identifies it as a potential factor involved in idiopathic mammalian teratozoospermia.

A Preliminary Examination of Neurocognitive Performance and Symptoms Following a Bout of Soccer Heading in Athletes Wearing Protective Soccer Headbands

This study compared changes in neurocognitive performance and symptom reports following an acute bout of soccer heading among athletes with and without protective soccer headgear. A total of 25 participants headed a soccer ball 15 times over a 15-minute period, using a proper linear heading technique. Participants in the experimental group completed the heading exercise while wearing a protective soccer headband and controls performed the heading exercise without wearing the soccer headband. Neurocognitive performance and symptom reports were assessed before and after the acute bout of heading. Participants wearing the headband showed significant decreases on verbal memory (p = 0.02) compared with the no headband group, while the no headband group demonstrated significantly faster reaction time (p = 0.03) than the headband group following the heading exercise. These findings suggest that protective soccer headgear likely does not mitigate the subtle neurocognitive effects of acute soccer heading.

Seismic and random vibration analysis of internal cryogenic lines of cold valve box

To ensure proper forced flow cooling of superconducting magnetsin nuclear fusion reactor, sufficient mass flow rate with proper pressure head of cryogen is one of the critical parameters with respect to the operation scenarios involved. Under this condition, the role of cold circulating pump (CCP) is vital as it operates across the operation spectrum often without any redundancy. Consequently, a test is proposed in cryogenic test facility at Japan to simulate the thermo-hydraulic conditions with CCP, before actual operational deployment. Essential components for test are housed in a Cold Valve Box (CVB). Internal piping system of CVB is prone to experience random vibration during transport and installation in addition to ground acceleration during seismic event. The paper presents conceptual design as well as the associated seismic and random vibration analysis of CVB to ensure design safety within the relevant response spectrum likely to occur during its operational life.

A mutation study of sperm head shape and motility in the mouse: lessons for the clinic.

Mouse mutants that show effects on sperm head shape, the sperm tail (flagellum), and motility were analysed in a systematic way. This was achieved by grouping mutations in the following classes: manchette, acrosome, Sertoli cell contact, chromatin remodelling, and mutations involved in complex regulations such as protein (de)phosphorylation and RNA stability, and flagellum/motility mutations. For all mutant phenotypes, flagellum function (motility) was affected. Head shape, including the nucleus, was also affected in spermatozoa of most mouse models, though with considerable variation. For the mutants that were categorized in the flagellum/motility group, generally normal head shapes were found, even when the flagellum did not develop or only poorly so. Most mutants are sterile, an occasional one semi-sterile. For completeness, the influence of the sex chromosomes on sperm phenotype is included. Functionally, the genes involved can be categorized as regulators of spermiogenesis. When extrapolating these data to human sperm samples, in vivo selection for motility would be the tool for weeding out the products of suboptimal spermiogenesis and epididymal sperm maturation. The striking dependency of motility on proper sperm head development is not easy to understand, but likely is of evolutionary benefit. Also, sperm competition after mating can never act against the long-term multi-generation interest of genetic integrity. Hence, it is plausible to suggest that short-term haplophase fitness i.e., motility, is developmentally integrated with proper nucleus maturation, including genetic integrity to protect multi-generation fitness. We hypothesize that, when the prime defect is in flagellum formation, apparently a feedback loop was not necessary as head morphogenesis in these mutants is mostly normal. Extrapolating to human-assisted reproductive techniques practice, this analysis would supply the arguments for the development of tools to select for motility as a continuous (non-discrete) parameter.

Sox2 acts as a rheostat of epithelial to mesenchymal transition during neural crest development.

Precise control of self-renewal and differentiation of progenitor cells into the cranial neural crest (CNC) pool ensures proper head development, guided by signaling pathways such as BMPs, FGFs, Shh and Notch. Here, we show that murine Sox2 plays an essential role in controlling progenitor cell behavior during craniofacial development. A “Conditional by Inversion” Sox2 allele (Sox2COIN) has been employed to generate an epiblast ablation of Sox2 function (Sox2EpINV). Sox2EpINV/+(H) haploinsufficient and conditional (Sox2EpINV/mosaic) mutant embryos proceed beyond gastrulation and die around E11. These mutant embryos exhibit severe anterior malformations, with hydrocephaly and frontonasal truncations, which could be attributed to the deregulation of CNC progenitor cells during their epithelial to mesenchymal transition. This irregularity results in an exacerbated and aberrant migration of Sox10+ NCC in the branchial arches and frontonasal process of the Sox2 mutant embryos. These results suggest a novel role for Sox2 as a regulator of the epithelial to mesenchymal transitions (EMT) that are important for the cell flow in the developing head.

Head and state hierarchies for unary multi-head finite automata

Unary deterministic one-way multi-head finite automata characterize the unary regular languages. Here they are studied with respect to the existence of head and state hierarchies. It turns out that for any fixed number of states, there is an infinite proper head hierarchy. In particular, the head hierarchy for stateless deterministic one-way multi-head finite automata is obtained using unary languages. On the other hand, it is shown that for a fixed number of heads, $$m+1$$m+1 states are more powerful than $$m$$m states. Finally, the open question of whether emptiness is undecidable for stateless one-way two-head finite automata is addressed and, as a partial answer, undecidability can be shown if at least four states are provided.

Validation of CT doses of SPECT/CT and PET/CT hybrid devices

The aim of the study was to check the validity of computed tomographic (CT) doses exhibited by SPECT/CT and PET/CT hybrid devices. Dose measurements were taken from four SPECT/CT and four PET/CT cameras commercially available from different manufacturers. A calibrated ionization chamber was placed in whole-body or head phantoms for the acquisition of CT images with clinically used parameters. Computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol) values were calculated according to the IEC 60601-2-44:1999 formula. The measured CTDIvol doses were compared with those preprogrammed by the manufacturer. In the case of the whole-body phantom, the differences between the measured and displayed values varied between -31 and +24% [European document RP162 (2012) sets up the limit for acceptance criterion as ±20%]. The head phantom data showed either an agreement between -10 and +24%, or an underestimation by two-fold. The latter seemed to be because, while preprogramming the doses, the manufacturer had used the whole-body phantom instead of a proper head phantom. The results of the work demonstrate the need for individual dosimetric calibration of every single X-ray tube. Dosimetric checks should be included in the regular quality control programmes of the SPECT/CT and PET/CT devices. Special attention should be paid to head-and-neck and paediatric protocols, in which the use of a head phantom is recommended for dose calibration.

파노라마방사선사진에서 환자의 머리 위치가 하악 수직, 수평 확대율에 미치는 영향: 상하 및 좌우회전

목적: 이 연구는 파노라마방사선사진 촬영 시 환자의 머리 위치가 상방, 하방, 좌측 및 우측으로 회전됨에 따른 수평 및 수직 확대율의 변화를 비교 평가하는 것이었다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 직경 4 mm인 금속구 5개를 건조 두개골의 하악 전치부(2개)와 우측 대구치부(3개)의 치조골 상방에 위치시켰다. 상하 및 좌우 회전량을 조절할 수 있는 두개골 고정장치에 건조 두개골을 고정시킨 후, 기준 위치와 회전된 위치에서 파노라마방사선사진을 쵤영하였다. 결과: 기준 위치에서 평균 수평 확대율은 <TEX>$1.22{\pm}0.01-1.44{\pm}0.01$</TEX>이었고, 평균 수직 확대율은 <TEX>$1.29{\pm}0.00-1.35{\pm}0.02$</TEX>였다. 전치부와 구치부 비교시 수평 확대율은 전치부에서 <TEX>$1.24{\pm}0.02-1.31{\pm}0.03$</TEX>, 구치부에서 <TEX>$1.40{\pm}0.03-1.33{\pm}0.02$</TEX>로 유의한 차이가 있었고(P < 0.05), 수직 확대율은 차이가 없었다. 위치 변화에 따른 수평 확대율은 <TEX>$0.88{\pm}0.03-3.73{\pm}0.16$</TEX>으로 기준 위치와 비교 시 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보인 반면 (P < 0.05), 수직 확대율은 <TEX>$1.24{\pm}0.01-1.37{\pm}0.02$</TEX>로 차이가 없었다. 결론: 회전된 머리위치에서 파노라마방사선사진 촬영 시 수평 확대율의 변화가 크다. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of head position changes on vertical and horizontal magnification in dental panoramic radiographs. Materials and Methods: Five 4 mm metal balls were placed above alveolar crest of dry skull considering extraction socket and dental arch. Panoramic radiographs were taken by OP-100D (Instrumentarium Imaging Co., Tuusula, Finland) at proper and rotated head position along the sagittal and transverse axis at 3 - <TEX>$20^{\circ}$</TEX> upwardly, downwardly, to the left and to the right rotation. Images were stored in DICOM files and were measured by ruler equipped within INFINITT PACS software. Results: The mean horizontal magnification was <TEX>$1.22{\pm}0.01-1.44{\pm}0.01$</TEX> and mean vertical magnification was <TEX>$1.29{\pm}0.00-1.35{\pm}0.02$</TEX> at standard head position. There was statistical significance of horizontal magnification between the anterior (<TEX>$1.24{\pm}0.02-1.31{\pm}0.03$</TEX>) and the posterior area (<TEX>$1.40{\pm}0.03-1.33{\pm}0.02$</TEX>) (P < 0.05). Vertical magnification resulted in less variation (<TEX>$1.24{\pm}0.01-1.37{\pm}0.02$</TEX>) than horizontal magnification (<TEX>$0.88{\pm}0.03-3.73{\pm}0.16$</TEX>) according to the rotation. There was statistical significant difference on horizontal magnification (P < 0.05). Conclusion: In rotated head position, the horizontal magnification should be considered because these can cause distortion on panoramic radiographs.

AssignFAST: An Autosuggest based tool for FAST Subject Assignment

Subject assignment is really a three-phase task. The first phase is intellectual—reviewing the material and determining its topic. The second phase is more mechanical, identifying the correct subject heading(s). The final phase is retyping or cutting and pasting the heading(s) into the cataloging interface along with any diacritics, and potentially correcting formatting and subfield coding. If authority control is available in the interface, some of these tasks may be automated or partially automated.&#x0D; A cataloger with a reasonable knowledge of FAST[i],[ii] or even LCSH[iii] can quickly get to the proper heading, but usually needs to confirm the final details—was it plural? Am I thinking of an alternate form? Is it inverted? Etc. This often requires consulting the full authority file interface. assignFAST is a Web service that consolidates the entire second phase of the manual process of subject assignment for FAST subjects into a single step based on autosuggest technology.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; [i] Chan, Lois Mai and Edward T. O'Neill. FAST: Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, Prnciples and Applications Libraries Unlimited, Santa Barbara, 2010.http://lu.com/showbook.cfm?isbn=9781591587224.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; [ii] OCLC Research Activities associated with FAST are summarized at http://www.oclc.org/research/activities/fast/&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; [iii] Chan, Lois M. Library of Congress Subject Headings : Principles and Application: Principles and Application. Westport, Conn: Libraries Unlimited, 2005.&#x0D; &#x0D;

A Density-based Energy-efficient Clustering Heterogeneous Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

Clustering is an efficient method adopted in various routing algorithms for wireless sensor networks. However, most clustering algorithms are not suitable for heterogeneous networks. In this paper, we propose a Density-based Energy-efficient Clustering Heterogeneous Algorithm (DECHA). In DECHA, we define the density of a node and together with its energy condition to adjust the probability for the candidate cluster head selection dynamically. Candidate cluster heads further evaluate the energy level of its neighbors and adjust to find more proper cluster heads. Moreover, we design an intra-cluster algorithm as well as a multi-hop inter-cluster routing algorithm. Simulation results show that cluster heads are properly deployed in a heterogeneous wireless sensor network. Compared with some popular algorithms, in our DECHA, the stability period and network lifetime and prolonged and total energy consumption is prominently reduced.

Novel high-performance purification protocol of recombinant CNBP suitable for biochemical and biophysical characterization

Cellular nucleic acid binding protein (CNBP) is a highly conserved multi-zinc knuckle protein that enhances c-MYC expression, is related to certain human muscular diseases and is required for proper rostral head development. CNBP binds to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and RNA and acts as nucleic acid chaperone. Despite the advances made concerning CNBP biological roles, a full knowledge about the structure–function relationship has not yet been achieved, likely due to difficulty in obtaining pure and tag-free CNBP. Here, we report a fast, simple, reproducible, and high-performance expression and purification protocol that provides recombinant tag-free CNBP from Escherichia coli cultures. We determined that tag-free CNBP binds its molecular targets with higher affinity than tagged-CNBP. Furthermore, fluorescence spectroscopy revealed the presence of a unique and conserved tryptophan, which is exposed to the solvent and involved, directly or indirectly, in nucleic acid binding. Size-exclusion HPLC revealed that CNBP forms homodimers independently of nucleic acid binding and coexist with monomers as non-interconvertible forms or in slow equilibrium. Circular dichroism spectroscopy showed that CNBP has a secondary structure dominated by random-coil and β-sheet coincident with the sequence-predicted repetitive zinc knuckles motifs, which folding is required for CNBP structural stability and biochemical activity. CNBP structural stability increased in the presence of single-stranded nucleic acid targets similar to other unstructured nucleic acid chaperones. Altogether, data suggest that CNBP is a flexible protein with interspersed structured zinc knuckles, and acquires a more rigid structure upon nucleic acid binding.

Setup and data analysis for functional magnetic resonance imaging of awake cat visual cortex

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is one of the most commonly used methods in cognitive neuroscience on humans. In recent decades, fMRI has also been used in the awake monkey experiments to localize functional brain areas and to compare the functional differences between human and monkey brains. Several procedures and paradigms have been developed to maintain proper head fixation and to perform motion control training. In this study, we extended the application of fMRI to awake cats without training, receiving a flickering checkerboard visual stimulus projected to a screen in front of them in a block-design paradigm. We found that body movement-induced non-rigid motion introduced artifacts into the functional scans, especially those around the eye and neck. To correct for these artifacts, we developed two methods: one for general experimental design, and the other for studies of whether a checkerboard task could be used as a localizer to optimize the motion-correction parameters. The results demonstrated that, with proper animal fixation and motion correction procedures, it is possible to perform fMRI experiments with untrained awake cats.

Effect of the Neck Retraction Taping (NRT) on Forward Head Posture and the Upper Trapezius Muscle during Computer Work

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of neck retraction taping on forward head posture and the upper trapezius muscle of computer workers during computer work. [Subjects] Twelve males aged 20–30 years were recruited. [Methods] We measured forward head angle and upper trapezius muscle activity during computer work before and after NRT. [Results] The FHP angle significantly decreased during computer work performed with NRT compared to without NRT. The UT muscle activity was also significantly decreased during computer work performed with NRT compared to without NRT. [Conclusion] We think that the taping tension provided by NRT may have provided a mechanical effect that prevented FHP. NRT may also encourage a proper head posture in patients unfamiliar with the neck retraction posture.

A Femoral Head Start

We have been taught that Legg-Calve-Perthes disease usually results in femoral head deformity because collapse within the area of bone necrosis occurs before new bone formation gives adequate support. During our training, we were exposed to a number of strategies to avoid loss of femoral head sphericity. Mechanical treatments included non-weight-bearing, bed rest, a variety of braces, and traction. Most surgical approaches were reserved for older children. We were taught that with proper femoral head coverage and force protection, creeping substitution would be more likely to gradually replace dead bone with new living bone before severe deformity occurred1. The article by Kim et al. describes a piglet model for investigating weight-bearing (WB) compared with non-weight-bearing (NWB) management. A hind-limb amputation above the knee was necessary to make the animal non-weight-bearing. With the animal forced into non-weight-bearing, compliance was not an issue. The piglets were the age equivalent of a four to five-year-old child. Humans usually develop Legg-Calve-Perthes disease after that age, and younger children do better than those who are …

Energy Aware Algorithm for Clustering in Wireless Network

In numerous applications, self-organizing property of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is an important characteristic. It calls for decompositions of the network into clusters of desirable bound. Cluster based WSN can enhance the whole networks lifetime. In every cluster, the cluster head (CH) plays an important role in aggregating and forwarding data sensed by other non-leader nodes. A major issue in the cluster based approach in WSN is the selection of proper cluster head and attainment of desirable cluster size by maximum number of clusters formed, keeping into consideration the inherent constraints such as limited battery energy, failure of nodes, selfish behavior of nodes, limited bandwidth etc, which inhibits superior message efficiency. This research paper presents a clustering approach termed as Sequential Multi-Clustering Protocol (SMCP) incorporating node deployment, which enhances the lifetime of the network. This Protocol is applied on some popular clustering algorithms like 'Expanding Ring', 'Rapid' and 'Persistent' along with our own clustering algorithm 'Message Based Memory Efficient Clustering Algorithm' (MMEC) to cluster an entire topology of the network. Simulation results mainly in MATLAB interpreter shows the effectiveness of clustering using SMCP protocol.

Julia C. Ott . When Wall Street Met Main Street: The Quest for an Investors' Democracy . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 2011. Pp. 313. $35.00.

It pains me to be fully truthful about the character of this volume, because I have long been an advocate of more involvement by historians in describing the evolution of the nation's financial services sector. Nonetheless, I feel an obligation to report that the title of this book is rather deceptive. It does not focus directly on the changing relationship between Wall Street and the small investor living on Main Street after all. Instead it overwhelmingly concentrates on the federal government's effort to sell war bonds to the general public from 1917 through 1920. That is a genuinely worthwhile project, and Julia C. Ott does a superb job in demonstrating the scale and scope of the massive effort. But why not indicate to readers the real subject of the text from the outset with a proper heading? I blame the editors as much as the author. A somewhat similar promotional...