Proper Examples Research Articles

A Proper Generalization of Banach Principle for Nadler Type Mappings in Cone b-Metric Spaces Over Banach Algebras

In this paper, we first consider Nadler type contractions with the generalized Lipschitz constant k holding r(k)<1 instead of r(sk)<1 where r(k) is the spectral radius of k and s≥1 is the coefficient of the underlying cone b-metric spaces over Banach algebras. Then, we prove the corresponding fixed point theorem for such mappings. Finally, we compare our result with one obtained by the case r(sk)<1 by introducing some proper examples.

Parallels between Two Identity Searching Nations in the 20th Century through the Museum and Exhibition Buildings

During the 19th and 20th centuries, museums and exhibition buildings have been immensely important in the nation-building of newly born countries all over the world. By means of art and architectural representation, it was possible to bring people together in the pursuit of enduring their nationhood, to make them proud of their identity and to create a new concept of the country with a powerful historical background. Within this context, Hungary from the Compromise with Austria in 1867 up to the second decade of 20th century, and Turkey starting from the Second Constitution in 1908 until the mid-century possess proper examples of architectural production firmly connected to the identity search of both countries. This study aims to investigate the manifestations of this approach through case studies mainly from two capitals, Budapest and Ankara. While comparatively examining the chosen buildings regarding their structural features, spatial organisations, contents and function, the general architectural environment and leading actors of the era are aimed to be revealed. Additionally, the quality of the buildings themselves as display objects will be investigated.

Modified signomial geometric programming (MSGP) and its applications

A "signomial" is a mathematical function, contains one or more independent variables. Richard J. Duffin and Elmor L. Peterson introduced the term "signomial". Signomial geometric programming (SGP) optimization technique often provides a much better mathematical result of real-world nonlinear optimization problems. In this research paper, we have proposed unconstrained and constrained signomial geometric programming (SGP) problem with positive or negative integral degree of difficulty. Here a modified form of signomial geometric programming (MSGP) has been developed and some theorems have been derived. Finally, these are illustrated by proper examples and applications.

Stabilities and non-stabilities of reciprocal-nonic and reciprocal-decic functional equations

This paper focuses at the various stability results of reciprocal-nonic and reciprocal-decic functional equations in non-Archimedean fields and illustrations of proper examples for their non-stabilities.

Arduino-based light source used to demonstrate mixing of colors and as a simple system for luminescence observations

Additive light mixing can be hard to describe without a proper example. We describe a simple, portable device for demonstration purposes. Its advantage is the use of a RGB diode, which can generate light of variable wavelengths. It may be used to demonstrate principles of color mixing and light penetrating through a tissue, also different kinds of luminescence. Our custom-designed box is 3D printable, allowing for easy reproduction or modification and can be powered by portable power source.

Frequency frame approach on loop shaping of first order plus time delay systems using fractional order PI controller

This study proposes an analytical design method of fractional order proportional integral (FOPI) controllers for first order plus time delay (FOPTD) systems. Suggested technique obtains the general computation equations of controllers for such systems. These equations are used to tune controller parameters to meet specified frequency and phase properties to satisfy the stability of whole system. It is found that the designed controllers not only make the system stable, but also have positive effect on the performance and robustness of the system. Main contribution of the paper lays on this thought. There proposed a concept, “frequency frame” which encloses the curves between phase and gain crossover frequencies in Bode plot. Robustness of the control system can be improved by expanding or constricting the edges of this frame and flattening the curves inside the frame. Thus, any case that leads the system to instability can be avoided. Analytically derived equations are tested with proper examples and the results are shown illustratively. Advantages and disadvantages of the method are comparatively given.

Conformal Riemannian maps from almost Hermitian manifolds

Conformal Riemannian maps from almost Hermitian manifolds to Riemannian manifolds, namely conformal invariant Riemannian maps, holomorphic conformal Riemannian maps, and conformal antiinvariant Riemannian maps, are introduced. We mainly focus on conformal antiinvariant Riemannian maps from Kaehlerian manifolds. We give proper examples of conformal antiinvariant Riemannian maps, obtain the integrability of certain distributions, and investigate the geometry of leaves of these distributions. We also obtain various conditions for such maps to be horizontally homothetic maps.

Matrix projective synchronization for time-varying disturbed networks with uncertain nonlinear structures and different dimensional nodes

Abstract This paper investigates the matrix projective synchronization (MPS) problem for time-varying disturbed complex dynamical networks (CDNs) with uncertain nonlinear structures and different dimensional nodes. In order to well describe the practical networks, the unavoidable unknown nonlinear structure and the inevitable uncertain disturbance of each node are considered into our network model, which is different from the previous works. Besides, it is worth pointing out that the outer coupling configuration matrix, which represents the coupling strength and the topological structure, is not restricted by the dissipatively coupled condition in this paper. The definition of MPS is also introduced for the networks with different dimensional nodes. Moreover, several MPS schemes are respectively put forward for our network model according to the norm bound of the uncertain nonlinear structures and disturbances being unknown or not. Finally, two proper examples associated with numerical simulations are given to verify the effectiveness of our theoretical results.

The Purpose of the Foreign Language Education and its contents in Joseon Dynasty: especially for Chinese Language Education

본고에서는 조선시대의 중국어 교육에 대해 살펴보았다. 외국어 중 가장 중시된 언어가 중국어였기에, 중국어 교육에 대한 고찰을 통해 당시 외국어 교육의 면모를 구체적으로 살필 수 있다. 조선은 ‘사대교린’의 외교 정책을 폈기에 외국어를 통역할 통역관이 필요하였고, 이 때문에 사역원을 설치하여 외국어 교육 및 통역을 관장하게 하였다. 조선의 사역원에서 이루어진 외국어 교육은 특수 목적, 즉 통역을 전문으로 하는 역관(譯官) 양성이라는 목적으로 이루어진 것이기에, 당시 외국어 교육의 모든 면모를 살필 수 있는 것은 아니다. 하지만 조선에서 공교육으로 실시된 대표적인 외국어 교육이었기에 사역원의 외국어 교육을 살피는 것은 조선의 외국어 교육을 이해하는 데 기초가 된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 조선시대 사역원에서 이루어진 중국어 교육을 통해 당시 중국어 교육의 목표와 내용에 대해 구체적으로 살펴보았다. 먼저 역과 시험을 통해 당시 교육의 목표를 분석해 보았다. 역과의 평가 영역은 강서(講書), 사자(寫字), 역어(譯語)였는데, 이를 통해 사역원의 교육 목표를 세 가지로 도출해 낼 수 있다. 첫째는 고문(古文) 읽기능력과 유학의 기초 소양을 기르는 것, 둘째는 중국어 구어의 표현능력과 이해능력을 향상시키는 것, 셋째는 번역 능력을 기르는 것이다. 또한 당시 과시에 채택된 책, 그리고 실록에 가장 많이 언급된 역학 교재 중회화 교재를 중심으로 교육의 내용에 대해 구체적으로 살폈다. 『노걸대』, 『박통사』, 『직해소학』, 『오륜전비』가 대표적 회화 교재인데, 이 교재들을 통해 무역 업무 수행하기나 일상생활에서 의사소통하기, 유교의 내용이나 표현을 구어체로 이해하고 표현하기와 같은 기능을 학습했음을 알 수 있다. 무역 업무나 일상생활에서 의사소통하기, 유교의 내용이나 표현을 구어체로 이해하고 표현하기와 같은 기능을 수행하는 데 어려움이 없도록 고안된 것이다. 즉 역관의 업무를 수행하는 데 어려움이 없도록 내용을 고려하여 교재를 채택한 것이다. (상지대학교)This thesis aims to research the Chinese language education in Joseon dynasty. Chinese is the most important foreign language in Joseon dynasty. Researching the Chinese language education could be the proper example for researching foreign language education system in Joseon dynasty. The principle of foreign policy is the submission to the stronger and good-neighbor relations(事大交隣) in Joseon dynasty. For this foreign policy, there was the institution named Sayeokwon(司譯院) for training and selecting official interpreters(譯官). The foreign language education system contents in Sayoekwon did not give whole informations concerning the foreign language education during the Joseon dynasty. But it could be the proper case study for researching the foreign language education in Joseon dynasty. The examination for official interpreters was consisted of the reading and explanation(講書), writing(寫字), and translation(譯語). These kinds of test explained why the examination constructed. As follows; the ability to read the archaic texts and well-grounded in Confucianism. The ability of Chinese colloquial expression and understanding, and the ability to translate Chinese into Korean or Korean into Chinese. And texts for education were the Four Books like Nogeoldae(老乞大), Baktongsa(朴通事), Oryunjeonbi(五倫全備), and Jikhaesohak(直解小學). These books were useful for developing conversational abilities for daily and social conversation and dialogues about trading and Confucian values. (Sangji University)

On Unstability of Certain Group of ODEs with Quasiderivatives

Abstract The article is focused on the unstability of some group of 4-th ODEs with quasi-derivatives. A sufficient condition of the unstability is followed by proper example.

The Necessity of Coastal Management in Busan considering Human and Natural Conditions: The Case of the Barrier Islands in the Nakdong River Estuary.

ABSTRACT Shim, W.J. and Kim, C.W., 2018. The necessity of coastal management in Busan Considering human and natural conditions: The case of barrier islands in Nakdong-estuary. In: Shim, J.-S.; Chun, I., and Lim, H.S. (eds.), Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2018 (Busan, Republic of Korea). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 85, pp.1501–1505. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The Busan coasts have complex natural and human conditions including dynamic coastal, river processes and human activities. These complex natural and human factors have had direct and indirect impacts on the coastal areas of Busan, so a spatially integrated approach for management is required. Especially, the barrier islands located in the Nakdong River estuary are proper examples that show the effect of the sediment budget as natural and human conditions. This research aims to identify the effects of natural and human conditions on the barrier islands. The area of the barrier islands, sedi...

Dislocated cone metric space over Banach algebra and \u03b1-quasi contraction mappings of Perov type

A dislocated cone metric space over Banach algebra is introduced as a generalisation of a cone metric space over Banach algebra as well as a dislocated metric space. Fixed point theorems for Perov-type α-quasi contraction mapping, Kannan-type contraction as well as Chatterjee-type contraction mappings are proved in a dislocated cone metric space over Banach algebra. Proper examples are provided to establish the validity of our claims.

Rectangular cone b-metric spaces over Banach algebra and contraction principle

Rectangular cone b-metric spaces over a Banach algebra are introduced as a generalization of metric space and many of its generalizations. Some fixed point theorems are proved in this space and proper examples are provided to establish the validity and superiority of our results. An application to solution of linear equations is given which illustrates the proper application of the results in spaces over Banach algebra.

Identifying a doping type of semiconductor nanowires by photoassisted kelvin probe force microscopy as exemplified for GaN nanowires

It remains a challenge to characterize the doping type in nanowires (NWs). We report in this paper a novel way to probe the doping type in GaN NWs by photoassisted kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), as a proper example showing that this approach is straight forward, effective and practical. Through illumination with super-bandgap light, photo-generated electrons in the n-region are swept away from the surface due to the electric field in the space-charge region, thus the holes move to the surface; while in contrast, electrons in the p-region will move to the surface. The fact that the quasi-Fermi level moves upwards in n-type while downwards in p-type identifies the doping type of GaN NWs, and is clearly revealed by the contact potential difference detected by photoassisted KPFM.

Ulam Type Stability for a Coupled System of Boundary Value Problems of Nonlinear Fractional Differential Equations

We discuss existence, uniqueness, and Hyers-Ulam stability of solutions for coupled nonlinear fractional order differential equations (FODEs) with boundary conditions. Using generalized metric space, we obtain some relaxed conditions for uniqueness of positive solutions for the mentioned problem by using Perov’s fixed point theorem. Moreover, necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained for existence of at least one solution by Leray-Schauder-type fixed point theorem. Further, we also develop some conditions for Hyers-Ulam stability. To demonstrate our main result, we provide a proper example.

Units in Near-Rings

We investigate near-ring properties that generalize near-field properties about units. We study zero symmetric near-rings N with identity with two interrelated properties: the units with zero form an additive subgroup of (N, +); the units act without fixedpoints on (N, +). There are many similarities between these cases, but also many differences. Rings with these properties are fields, near-rings allow more possibilities, which are investigated. Descriptions of constructions are obtained and used to create examples showing the two properties are independent but related. Properties of the additive group as a p-group are determined and it is shown that proper examples are neither simple nor J2-semisimple.

Einstein-like Pseudo-Riemannian Homogeneous Manifolds of Dimension Four

A full classification of invariant Einstein-like metrics on four-dimensional pseudo-Riemannian homogeneous spaces with non-trivial isotropy is given. Specially, proper examples of Codazzi manifolds which are not conformally flat have been presented.

Measures for Success in Dam Bottom Outlet Design

AbstractThe present paper investigates measures for successful design of dam bottom outlets. First, some of definitions and functions of bottom outlets are provided. Associated challenges and solutions will be discussed. Different parts of bottom outlets like intake structures, conduit, control structure and outlet structures are discussed and measures for successful design for each of them are presented with related design cases. Also risk management measures for ensuring successful performance of bottom outlets are discussed with proper examples.

ChemInform Abstract: Modelling of Physical, Chemical, and Material Properties of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

AbstractReview: 45 refs.

Enriching the drinking water of rats with extracts of Salvia officinalis and Thymus vulgaris increases their resistance to oxidative stress.

Nature is an attractive source of therapeutic compounds. In comparison to the artificial drugs, natural compounds cause less adverse side effects and are suitable for current molecularly oriented approaches to drug development and their mutual combining. Medicinal plants represent one of the most available remedy against various diseases. Proper examples are Salvia officinalis L. and Thymus vulgaris L. which are known aromatic medicinal plants. They are very popular and frequently used in many countries. The molecular mechanism of their biological activity has not yet been fully understood. The aim of this study was to ascertain if liver cells of experimental animals drinking extracts of sage or thyme will manifest increased resistance against oxidative stress. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into seven groups. They drank sage or thyme extracts for 2 weeks. At the end of the drinking period, blood samples were collected for determination of liver biochemical parameters and hepatocytes were isolated to analyze (i) oxidatively generated DNA damage (conventional and modified comet assay), (ii) activities of antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] and (iii) content of glutathione. Intake of sage and thyme had no effect either on the basal level of DNA damage or on the activity of SOD in rat hepatocytes and did not change the biochemical parameters of blood plasma. Simultaneously, the activity of GPx was significantly increased and the level of DNA damage induced by oxidants was decreased. Moreover, sage extract was able to start up the antioxidant protection expressed by increased content of glutathione. Our results indicate that the consumption of S.officinalis and T.vulgaris extracts positively affects resistency of rat liver cells against oxidative stress and may have hepatoprotective potential.