Proper Eating Habits Research Articles

Inadequação nutricional na dieta de atletas adolescentes

Introdução: Os atletas adolescentes têm uma demanda energética aumentada devido à prática competitiva de exercício físico, apresentando maiores riscos de inadequações nutricionais. Objetivo: Avaliar a ingestão alimentar de atletas escolares envolvidos em diferentes modalidades esportivas. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 129 adolescentes, de ambos os gêneros, praticantes de tênis, natação, ginástica (artística e rítmica) e judô de equipes do município de Aracaju (SE), Brasil. Aplicou-se um questionário de frequência alimentar semiquantitativo, com auxílio de registro fotográfico, para estimar a ingestão de macro e micronutrientes e porções dos grupos alimentares. Resultados: Entre os analisados, 41,2% eram do gênero feminino, com média de idade de 13,54±2,45 anos. Independente do gênero, os adolescentes mais velhos apresentaram maior ingestão energética e de macronutrientes (p<0,05), porém com semelhança na prevalência de inadequação em relação aos mais novos. Com relação aos micronutrientes, a comparação entre os gêneros mostrou maior prevalência de inadequações entre meninas mais novas para vitamina E, cálcio e ferro. Entre os meninos, apenas a inadequação do cálcio foi significativamente maior para os mais novos. Independente do gênero e da idade, observou-se baixa ingestão de lácteos e hortaliças, além do elevado consumo de doces, carnes e ovos. Conclusão: A dieta dos atletas adolescentes estudados mostrou inadequação de macro e de micronutrientes, especialmente entre as atletas mais novas. Faz-se essencial o desenvolvimento de ações de aconselhamento nutricional individual ou em grupo com vistas a adquirir hábitos alimentares adequados.

Change in Knowledge of Kindergarten Employees Participating in the Course “Diet full of life” in the Field of Children’s Nutrition, as Assessed by Generalized Estimating Equations

Abstract Nutrition is one of the most important environmental factors affecting the physical development and health of children. Education in this area and the development of proper eating habits are priorities. A prerequisite for the proper nutrition of preschool children is knowledge of proper nutrition of people working there. The aim of this study was an evaluation of the knowledge of kindergarten employees participating in the course “Diet full of life – courses in the field of children’s nutrition”. The study included 90 employees of nurseries and kindergartens, participants of the course in the field of children’s nutrition. The research tool was an original questionnaire. Study I (pre-test) was performed before the beginning of the course, while study II (post-test) was performed after its completion. Generalized Linear Models with a Generalized Estimating Equations extension was used to estimate the impact of the number of covariates on knowledge of course participants, taking into consideration the correlation between before- and after-course results. An increase in the knowledge of the participants of the investigated course on children’s nutritional standards was significant and reached 2.053 points on average. No relationship between age, job position, and knowledge level was determined. In the area of principles of proper nutrition for children, older participants had a lower level of knowledge compared to younger ones, and participants with higher education showed a significantly higher knowledge increase as compared to those with vocational education. A significant knowledge increase in the field of dietary behaviors of children was obtained during the course by all examined women, 1.6 points on average (p < 0.001). Younger participants obtained significantly more knowledge from the course than older ones (p < 0.001). Thus, it can be concluded that realization of the course entitled “Diet full of life” specifically relating to young children’s nutrition affected a significant increase in participant knowledge, particularly among the younger age groups and people with higher education. Kindergarten employees need constant supplemental education in the form of training courses, during which they acquire actual knowledge given in an accessible manner for use in practice. The proper assessment of the supplemental education course presented herein, as well as of the course participants, was performed using General Estimating Equations.

Health behaviors of patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and their influence on the patients' satisfaction with life.

BackgroundThe diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) carries with it a number of changes to the patient’s lifestyle. A healthy lifestyle, health and preventive behaviors, as well as healthy nutrition habits play a key role in treating T2DM as well as limiting its complications.Materials and methodsThe aim of this study was the analysis of the correlation of T2DM patients’ health behaviors and their influence on the patients’ quality of life. The study was performed on a group of 50 patients from the Kuyavian–Pomeranian Voivodeship. In this study, the Health Behavior Inventory and the Satisfaction with Life Scale were used. The results were statistically analyzed. The study was approved by the ethics committee.ResultsThe intensity of severity of health behavior and satisfaction with life of T2DM patients depends on the gender of the patient (P<0.05). The analysis of the patients’ behaviors in four categories, proper eating habits (consuming vegetables, fruit, whole meal bread), health practices (daily physical activity, recreation, sleeping habits), preventive behaviors (including keeping to health recommendations), and positive mental attitude, showed substantial correlation of the Health Behavior Inventory and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (P<0.05).ConclusionThe categorization of the prohealth behaviors shown by diabetics allowed us to measure the connection between the individual categories of satisfaction with life. Males with T2DM showed a higher satisfaction with life score than females with the same diagnosis. The analysis showed that patients with a higher intensity of health behaviors also had superior health behaviors. The resulting correlations prove a notable relationship.

일부 중학생의 학교 급식 만족도 및 기호도 조사 연구

A survey of the satisfaction of school meals and food preferences was conducted with an objective to enhance the quality of food service. The study conducted a survey for 292 middle school students (152 boys and 140 girls), who were either in or year. According to the general information, the number of and year students was 134 and 158, respectively. Usually, the mother (92.8%) prepared meal the most, followed in order by the grandmother (5.8%) and father (1.4%). The top priorities of choosing food were taste (82.9%), good for health (6.5%), nutritional value (4.5%), and flavor (3.1%). The satisfaction was investigated using a 5 point scale. The satisfaction of taste was rice (), side dishes (), soup (), kimchi (). The satisfaction of quantity was rice (), soup (), kimchi (), and side dishes (). The satisfaction of diversity was side dishes (), rice (), soup (), kimchi (). For food preferences, the noodle was ranked highest while vegetables showed the lowest. Overall, support will be needed to develop diverse menus for students. This study suggests the need for active nutrition education for establishing proper eating habits.

Sugar and Salt in a Young Child’s Diet: Effect on Health

Salt and sugar are traditional components of a daily diet for both adults and children. These flavor additives have been used by human for centuries. Sugar and salt not only enhance the taste of food, but also play an important role in metabolic processes. We have already accumulated some data on long-term adverse effects related to excessive consumption of salt and sugar. However, the need for sodium and sucrose has not been finally established yet. We anticipate the reduction in sugar consumption rates. Daily intake of salt and sugar can be optimized by forming proper eating habits in early childhood, with a particular focus on complementary foods free of nutritional supplements, which is necessary for an adequate development of taste.

Effect of working patterns on eating habits in manufacturing workers of Gwangju area

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate and analyze the association between stress from shift and non-shift work as well as the effects living habits have on eating habits in order to identify why and how workers can improve their health and form proper eating habits for higher working efficiency. Methods: The subjects of this study were 361 workers from K manufacturing company from April 7 to 11, 2014 and they were surveyed using a questionnaire. The subjects were divided into two groups according to working pattern: shift workers (n = 216) and non-shift workers (n = 110). Results: In the general characteristics, there were significant differences in age, work career, work time, marriage, monthly income, and education levels between the two groups. For healthy behaviors, significant differences in subjective health status, moderate physical activity, drinking, smoking, and sleep time were observed between shift workers and non-shift workers. For eating habits, scores of non-shift workers having a regular mealtime, balanced meal composition, and vegetable and seaweed intakes were significantly higher than those of shift workers. The sum score of dietary habits in non-shift workers was also significantly lower than that in shift workers (p < 0.05). Total job stress score did not significantly differ between the two groups. Conclusion: The sum of eating habit scores according to work types was 16.1 ± 0.6 in non-shift workers and 14.0 ± 0.3 in shift workers. These results suggest that it is necessary to provide food suitable to characteristics of different workers according to work type which should be provided along with daily nutrition counseling to help subjects recognize their status.

Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women under Monitoring in Pre Distinct Prenatal Services: The Metropolitan Area and the Rural Environment

To determine differences in some nutritional aspects of pregnant women assisted at prenatal care services in a country town and in a metropolitan area. Pregnant women received prenatal care in the city of Belo Horizonte (BH), metropolitan area, and Paula Cândido (PC), a country town. A Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) containing socioeconomic information and information about eating habits was applied. In addition,weight and height were measured on the occasion of the visits and the women were ask to give their prepregnancy weight for subsequent BMI calculation. Data were analyzed according to region and trimester of pregnancy using the SPSS software version 15.0, the t-test to compare averages and the chi-square test of independence, with the level of significance set at 5%. 240 pregnant women were included, 90 from the country town and 150 from the metropolitan area. Of these, most were married (BH = 56.6%; PC = 46.6%) and did not work outside the home (BH = 54.0%; PC = 84.4%). They predominantly had 3-4 meals/ day during the 1st and 2nd quarters (BH = 54.0 and 46%; PC = 66.7 and 63.3%, respectively) and had 5-6 meals/day during Q3 in BH (44%). There was significant weight gain only in the 1st quarter (BH: 58,0%; PC: 53.3%). Weight gain versus eating habits was significant for the variables "lunch or dinner away from home" for the 1st quarter in BH (p = 0.006), "How many times they consume milk" in the 1 st quarter in PC (p = 0.03), and "How many times they consume junk food" in the 3rd quarter in BH (p = 0.009). Pregnant woman showed proper eating habits in both regions despite the prevalence of pregestational overweight in BH and a low level of education and income, especially in the country town, an indicator that may be unfavorable for the nutrition of pregnant women during this period. Studies of association between eating habits and newborn health will provide more information about nutrition during pregnancy.

Quality of Life and Health Behaviours of Patients with Tuberculosis—Sex Differences

Despite the introduction of effective antituberculosis drugs, tuberculosis (TB) is still a serious health problem and one of the most significant causes of death among infectious diseases. Current publications indicate an increase of tuberculosis cases among smokers, diabetics, malnurished subjects and those abusing alcohol and drugs. In the literature, there are only few studies raising the topic of the quality of life (QoL), stress management and health behaviour among patients with tuberculosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate QoL of patients with tuberculosis taking into account gender differences. In the study, the analysis of knowledge, health behaviour and stress management among TB patients depending on sex was carried out. The study included 80 subjects diagnosed with TB (including 38 females) who were hospitalised at the Regional Hospital Centre of Kotlina Jeleniogórska, Medical Unit Wysoka Łąka, Pulmonology and Phthisiology Department in Kowary between August 2012 and January 2013. The following questionnaires were used in the study: Mini-COPE - evaluating stress management, WHOQoL - assessing the quality of life of patients, IZZ - assessing health behaviour. A difference with regards to sociodemographic profile between females and males was observed. Half of the women surveyed were working (50% vs 19% of men), whereas half of men were entitled to unemployment benefit (50% vs 18.4% of women). More than half of women lived with their family (55.3%), whereas 47.6% of men lived alone. The majority of the subjects consumed alcohol occasionally (60.2% of women vs 45.2% of men), but as many as 31% of male patients vs 7.9% of females admitted that they consumed alcohol frequently. Among the respondents, people who consumed alcohol occasionally dominated (60.2% women vs. 45.2% of men), but as many as 31% of male patients vs. 7.9% of women admitted to consume alcohol frequently. Quality of life (QoL) assessment has shown no statistically significant differences between the sexes in this field. The respondents rated lowest their QoL in the physical domain, 12.4 ± 3.1 (12.9 ± 3.0 women vs. 11.8 ± 3.1 men) and 12.6 ± 2.4 in the environmental domain (13.1 ± 2.3 women vs 12.1± 2.4 men). Women received a higher rating of health behaviour on all subscales of the IZZ questionnaire, with the highest score in the prevention behaviour subscale (3.6 ± 0.7) and the lowest in the subscale of proper eating habits (3.1 ± 0.8). In men the highest score of health behaviour was observed in the subscale of positive mental attitude (3.1 ± 1.0) and the lowest in the subscale of proper eating habits (2.5 ± 0.8). 1. There are differences between sociodemographic profile of TB patients: women are younger, better educated, economically active and more likely to remain in relationships; 2. There is no difference in QoL of TB patients between the sexes, whereas there are differences in the strategies of stress management and in applied health behavior; 3. Differences between genders indicate the need for matching treatment and preventive action for different patients profiles based on the cooperation of doctors, social workers, therapists, and psychologists.

Inappropriate pattern of nutrient consumption and coexistent cardiometabolic disorders in elderly people from Poland.

Nutritional recommendations are aimed at, among others, reducing morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders, which are common in the aging population. Adherence to these recommendations allows not only to stop the progression of a disease but also to improve the overall health of elderly patients. The aim of this study was to analyze differences in nutrition of elderly patients, with emphasis on the implementation of nutritional recommendations both for healthy people and for patients with cardiometabolic disorders. Based on a 24-hour recall questionnaire of 239 volunteers (mean age, 72 ±9.34 years) and using the Diet 5.0 software, we analyzed in detail the pattern of consumption of various nutrients. Compared with the recommendations of the World Health Organization and cardiology associations, more than 90% of the population did not cover the demand for calcium, potassium, vitamin D, folic acid, and α-linolenic acid. The intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids, sodium, magnesium, fiber, water, and vitamin C was slightly higher. The appropriate intake was observed only in a diet of 15% to 40% of the subjects. The most significant differences were demonstrated for the coexisting diseases and the intake level of sodium, polyunsaturated fatty acids (particularly docosahexaenoic acid) vitamin C, iron, fiber, lauric acid, and sucrose. The diet of patients with hypercholesterolemia was the least deficient, while deficiencies were the most common in patients with a history of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and heart failure. Nutrition of geriatric patients is inadequate. Their diet is profoundly deficient in nutrients, and these deficiencies further deteriorate in the presence of cardiovascular or metabolic diseases. Our results indicate the need for education among elderly patients in terms of proper eating habits and, possibly, individual supplementation.

Escolhas e hábitos alimentares em adolescentes: associação com padrões alimentares do agregado familiar

IntroductionThere are several factors that can influence food choices. In children and youngsters, parents play an important role in the construction of food preferences. This influence is especially relevant in childhood but it seems to extend throughout adolescence. Objectiveto characterize the association between the household habits and the food choices of adolescents. MethodThis is a quantitative and qualitative study. In a first moment, data collection (quantitative) was made by the Eating Habits Scale (EHA). Students from two schools of Coimbra (10th to 12th grade) were asked to complete the EHA. Thus, it was possible to characterize adolescents according to adequacy of eating habits. Then, for the qualitative study, we selected the students according to the best (more appropriate habits) and the worst (bad habits) score EHA obtained. These adolescents were interviewed about their food preferences, including on food choice in different contexts (at home, in school and outside the home), household habits and reasons of the choices. Were also asked about perceptions of risk associated with eating habits, decision before the urge to eat and, finally, about the intentions of changing habits. A content analysis was made, using line‐by‐line coding method according to Charmaz and axial codification (using MaxQDA software). ResultsThe census of students was invited to participate in the survey, reaching a sample size of 358 students, aged 14 to 18 (mean=15.78, standard deviation=1.05; 46.9% boys). The average score on itens of EHA (likert 1‐5) was 3,434 (standard deviation 0.346) with mean between 2.15 and 4.3. Among the adolescents, the total score obtained in the EHA ranged between 86 and 172 (possible values between 0 and 200), with an average of 137.4 (standard deviation=13.85). There were no significant different eating habits according to each age group or socioeconomic stratum, with the girls to take more appropriate food choices (higher scores EHA). The group of adolescents with proper habits (EHA average 3.75–4.3; EHA scores between 150 and 172), includes eleven students. The group of inadequate habits (EHA average 2.65–3.125; EHA scores between 106 and 125), includes 17 students. Adolescents with proper eating habits describe the parenting style as more interventionist than those reported by adolescents with bad habits. This parents’ influence is operationalized in several ways: through authoritative style, through behavioral examples (by parents), and/or through negotiation or control of food availability at home. From content analysis we also infer that parents/families of adolescents with low scores in EHA tend to have unhealthy eating habits. Registration of feelings of well ‐being associated with dietary patterns is common among adolescents with proper habits; among adolescents with inadequate habits, we found conformity, without developing an active remediation attitude as, for example, initiative to change habits, even occasionally. The results point to the need for education interventions among youngsters with particular focus in developing appropriate household eating behaviors, in addition to educational interventions directed only to youngsters.

Evaluation of salt content in school meals

OBJECTIVE: High blood pressure is a major rick factor for cardiovascular disease, and it is closely associated with salt intake. Schools are considered ideal environments to promote health and proper eating habits. Therefore the objective of this study was to evaluate the amount of salt in meals served in school canteens and consumers' perceptions about salt. METHODS: Meals, including all the components (bread, soup, and main dish) were retrieved from school canteens. Salt was quantified by a portable salt meter. For food perception we constructed a questionnaire that was administered to high school students. RESULTS: A total of 798 food samples were analysed. Bread had the highest salt content with a mean of 1.35 g/100 g (SD=0.12). Salt in soups ranged from 0.72 g/100 g to 0.80 g/100 g (p=0.05) and, in main courses, from 0.71 g/100 to 0.97 g/100g (p=0.05). The salt content of school meals is high with a mean value of 2.83 to 3.82 g of salt per meal. Moreover, a high percentage of students consider meals neither salty nor bland, which shows they are used to the intensity/amount of salt consumed. CONCLUSION: The salt content of school meals is high, ranging from 2 to 5 times more than the Recommended Dietary Allowances for children, clearly exceeding the needs for this population, which may pose a health risk. Healthy choices are only possible in environments where such choices are possible. Therefore, salt reduction strategies aimed at the food industry and catering services should be implemented, with children and young people targeted as a major priority.

Dieting and self-evaluation of figure in school-aged youth in the area of Central Slovakia

The goal of this article is to present the occurrences of dieting and self-evaluation of one's personal body figure through the eyes of school-aged youth in central Slovakia. The data was collected in 25 elementary schools and two 8-year high schools in the Žilina and Banská Bystrica regions from May to June 2010. The group of respondents consisted of 1187 pupils in three age categories: 11-year-olds (313 respondents), 13-year-olds (442 respondents) and 15-year-olds (432 respondents). The standardized questionnaire created for the needs of this HBSC study was used for data collection. The data collection also contained demographic data including: gender, grade, age. The significant interaction of two variables was evaluated using the chi-quadrat test. The statistical analysis was made using STATISTICA software. Approximately half of the respondents (53%) stated that they were not dieting because their weight was “all right” according to the respondent. More than half of the respondents (56.6%) thought that their figure was “just right”. Boys more frequently perceived that their personal figure was “just right”. There were statistically significant differences discovered between gender and dieting (p=0.000) and also between gender and self-evaluation of one's personal figure (p=0.000). Statistically significant differences between age and dieting (p=0.043) were also expected. But on the contrary, no statistically significant differences in self-evaluation of personal figure and age (p=0.198) were found. Dieting in school-aged youth can result in changes in their cognitive, emotional and social developments. Therefore, it is necessary to consider physical and psychological consequences, including eating disorders, and to also support a healthy lifestyle which includes proper eating habits, regular physical activity and an efficient use of free time.

Health Habits, Behavioural Self-control and Academic Performance

Poor health habits in adolescents seem to affect their optimal academic performance; the possible effect associated behaviour patterns may be added to this. A group of secondary students was assessed, by means of the GSHS, CACIA and the CARAS-R, comparing data obtained with results from the subjects of Mathematics and Language. From the different correlations gathered, those linking age with alcohol and drug consumption and higher body mass index are to be emphatised; academic performance with better nutrition, hygiene and effectiveness of attention along with a lower alcohol and drug consumption rates; proper eating habits with best results define self-control behaviour. On the other hand, the negative effect of alcohol on several dimensions analised is to be mentioned as well as the relation of the construct “reward delay” with more appropriate habits that favour health.

Obesity and diet awareness among Polish children and adolescents in small towns and villages.

In addition to genetic predispositions and environmental factors, healthy lifestyle education is very important for children and adolescents. The purpose of this research was to estimate the number of overweight and obese children and adolescents from small towns and villages and to find out an association between health awareness in children and the risk of becoming overweight or obese. The research was conducted in 1,515 healthy children aged 6-18 years from small towns and villages in Poland. Overweight was diagnosed when BMI for age and sex was over the 90th percentile; obesity--when it was over the 95th percentile. The study consisted of a lifestyle interview and anthropometrical measurements. The lifestyle interview was conducted with the use of an anonymous questionnaire form and included questions about food frequency, diet habits and physical activity. The research was analysed using the SAS System for Windows, release 8.02. Overweight status was diagnosed in 9.0% and obesity in 5.1% of respondents. Excess body mass was statistically more frequently diagnosed in girls than in boys aged 14-18 years. Girls of this age group significantly more frequently chose wholemeal bread, smoked sausages, meat and poultry as products that are believed to keep them fit. Older children substantially more often indicated that stress, smoking cigarettes, consuming fatty meat, sweets, being obese, and a lack of physical activity are factors that damage health. Boys spent more time in front of a computer or TV than girls; in the older group of children, the phenomenon even intensified. Awareness of healthy lifestyle behaviour is not sufficient to maintain optimal body mass. Knowledge about proper eating habits is better among girls than among boys, especially in the older age groups. However, in older groups, there was less physical activity due to spending more time in front of TV or the computer. High percentage of obese/overweight children and insufficient knowledge of nutrition may consequently result in increased risk of cardio-vascular diseases in adult population.

A survey of foodservice satisfaction and menu preference of high school boarding students in Jeju

Purpose: This study analyzed the foodservice satisfaction and menu preference of 506 high school boarding students in Jeju surveyed from July 2-30, 2012 with the aim of providing basic data for improving the quality of boarding food-service management. Methods: The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, t-test, and Pearson’s correlation coefficients, using the SPSS Win program (version 12.0). Results: Regarding satisfaction with dormitory foodservice, the satisfaction scores for service and hygiene were 3.46 (out of 5 scales), whereas the score for menu quality was 3.26 points. In terms of satisfaction by meal, dinner showed the highest score, at 3.70 (out of 5 scales). The satisfaction scores for breakfast were significantly higher in girls (3.36) than boys (2.93). Regarding intake of meals provided, dinner showed the highest score, at 3.96 (out of 5 scales), whereas breakfast showed the lowest score, at 3.63 points. Intake of lunch and dinner was significantly higher in boys (4.12, 4.17, respectively) than girls (3.72, 3.76, respectively). Regarding the requirements of subjects for dormitory foodservice, 43.4% of subjects selected improvement of food taste and 36.6% of girls chose menu diversity. In terms of menu preferences for main dishes, the students preferred noodles (4.06) and one-dish cooked rice (3.92) to cooked rice (3.66). The subjects preferred beef rib soup (4.10) and Kimchi stew (3.99) in soups and stews. With regard to the menu preferences for side dishes, steamed foods showed the highest score, at 3.95 (out of 5 scales), whereas seasoned foods showed the lowest score, at 2.89 points. The students preferred beef, pork, and chicken to fish and vegetables. The students preferred dessert the most with fruit juices (4.52). Bread and rice cake were more favored by girls, showing significant differences between boys and girls (p ＜ 0.05, p ＜ 0.01, respectively). Conclusion: Development of a systematic nutrition education program that can encourage practice of proper eating habits is needed. In addition improvement of the quality of boarding school meals through the service of various menus is needed.

Research on nutritional knowledge, preference and intake of Korean traditional foods and fast foods by middle school students in Incheon, Korea

This study was performed to gain knowledge on the recognition over the korean foods and fast foods, nutrient knowledge, preference and eating habits among middle school students. This study was conducted over 287 middle school students (155 boys, 132 girls) in Incheon, Korea. The research on the recognition of Korean foods and fast foods, 63.8% of the students recognize the Korean foods as the food with original historic background and cultural characteristics. However 49.5% of the students have recognized the fast food as the promptly served foods with less cooking. Regarding the nutritional knowledge on korean foods and fast foods, Korean food was 7.03 and fast food was 7.00 out of 10 in scale and the male students showed higher rate of recognition but not significantly different. The frequency and preference for the Korean foods were higher with static relevance among middle school students (p&lt;.001). Concerning the level of the nutritional knowledge, students had less knowledge and more frequencies of eating fast foods with statistical significance (p&lt;.05). This study can be used to build the base information for the nutrient education to establish proper eating habits and to make students choose nutritious and balanced foods.

Eating Behavior, Nutrition knowledge, and Educational Needs of the Food and Nutrition of Elementary School Students in the Gyeungnam Province

This study was conducted to provide basic data for development of a dietary education textbook and guidebook by investigating and analyzing eating behavior, nutrition knowledge and educational needs in elementary school students. Most of the subjects were eating three meals a day (71.5%) and breakfast (75.3%). The percentage of students who consumed proper amount of meals (49.2%) was low. The percentage of students consuming salty food and fatty foods was 28.6% and 42.1%, respectively. The consumption of meat, fish, egg, bean and tofu was high, while the consumption of vegetables, fruits and seaweed was low. The percentage of students consuming processed food was high, but the percentage reading nutrition labels (34.9%) and hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) mark (26.9%) when buying processed foods was very low. Total scores of eating behavior and nutrition knowledge were significantly higher in female students than in male students (p < 0.05-p < 0.001). The desirable frequency of the education was once a week (60.5%). The most preferred educational method was ‘experiment and cooking practice’ (40.1%). The students wanted dietary information as ‘cooking’ (39.0%). As a result of this study, many problems were found in the eating behavior of students and nutritional knowledge was observed to be low as well. On the other hand, the demand for dietary education was very high. The findings of this study suggested the need for developing dietary education programs in order to encourage proper eating habits of students. (Korean J Community Nutr 18(1) : 11~24, 2013)

Prevalence of overweight and obesity among the urban adolescent English Medium School girls of Kolkata, India

Background: the prevalence of child obesity is increasing rapidly worldwide. In developing countries such as India, especially in urban populations, childhood obesity is emerging as a major health problem. In view of these contexts, the present study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in an urban population of girl adolescent students attending the English Medium School in Kolkata, India. Methods: a total of 571 girl students, aged 12-18 years, were evaluated. Cole et al. (2000) recommended cut-off points were utilized to assess overweight and obesity. Results: the overall prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were 28.5% and 4.2% respectively. The rate of overweight was the highest when compared with that of different parts of India, including Kolkata, and also when compared to rates from the USA and Great Britain. Conclusions: in the context of the present study, it can be presumed that, the higher prevalence of overweight in these school children may be due to their eating habits, as well as to their lack of awareness on proper eating habits. In addition, low involvement in physical activities may also have influenced the rate of overweight and obesity. Thus, it can be concluded that the study definitely highlighted the existence of an obesity threat, which is likely to persist among Bengalee school children of wealthier families.

경북 지역아동센터 아동들에 대한 위생교육 필요성

본 연구는 지역아동센터 이용 아동들의 올바른 식습관 형성 및 위생 교육을 위한 기초 자료를 제공하기 위해 지역 소재 지역아동센터 4, 5, 6학년을 대상으로 조사하였다. 그 결과, 남아는 여아에 비해 빠른 속도로 많은 양의 식사를 TV나 책을 보며 하는 것으로 나타났고, 식사량에 있어 부자가족아동이 모자가족아동에 비해 섭취량이 많은 것으로 나타났다. 아침 결식은 여아에게서 많이 나타났고, 보호자 없이 아동끼리 하는 식사는 조손가족아동에게서 높게 나타났다. 대부분의 아동이 편식을 하고 있었고, 남아는 특정야채 및 과일류를, 여아는 콩 및 잡곡류를 편식하는 것으로 나타났다. 대부분의 아동은 자신의 식습관에 문제가 있음을 인식하고, 특히 편식, 불규칙한 식사 등을 문제로 인식하고 있었으며, 이런 식습관은 부모님, 형제 자매 등 주로 가족의 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 영양 및 위생지식 점수는 여아가 남아에 비해 점수가 높았고, 모자 일반가족아동, 취업주부아동에게 높게 나타났다. 지역아동센터에서 영양교육 경험은 40%, 위생교육 경험은 50.3%로 나타났고, 대부분의 학생들은 지역아동센터 내 영양 및 위생교육이 필요하다고 인식하고 있었으며, 희망하는 교육내용으로 올바른 식습관 및 식사예절로 나타났다. 이상의 연구 결과 지역아동센터 이용 아동은 편식, 아침 결식, 불규칙한 식사의 문제를 가지며, 자신의 식습관 문제점을 인식하고 있었고, 지역아동센터 내에서 영양 및 위생교육을 필요로 하고 있었다. 따라서 지역아동센터 이용 아동의 식습관 개선과 식품안전 위생에 관련된 올바른 습관 형성을 위해 아동의 특수한 가정환경을 고려하여, 지역아동센터 내 급식시간을 이용한 정기적인 교육활동이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. The purpose of this research was to provide basic educational data on the proper eating habits of children who use the community children center. The results of the research conducted by polling the fourth, fifth, and sixth-grade children of the community children centers are summarized as follows. Male children had more meals and ate them faster than those of female children, and they also tended to watch more TV and read books. Moreover, children of families headed by fathers ate until they were full, whereas children of households headed by mothers ate less. More female than male children skipped breakfast, and the percentage of children who had their meals alone was high among children reared by their grandfathers. Most of the children ate only what they liked. Moreover, male children ate only particular fruits and vegetables, whereas female children ate only beans and miscellaneous cereals. Most of the children recognized that they had eating problems, such as eating only what they liked and eating meals on irregular schedules. Such eating habits were affected mainly by family members such as parents, brothers, and sisters. Female children scored higher than male children in terms of nutrition and hygiene knowledge. Approximately 40~50.3% of all subjects became interested in nutrition and hygiene education at the community children center. Most of the children recognized that nutrition and hygiene education is necessary at the community children center. They also recognized their own eating problems and wanted nutrition and hygiene education to be taught at the community children center. Accordingly, regular educational activities and meals for children in the community children center considered a children's particular home background to improve eating habits in the children.

Long term functional outcome following reverse shoulder arthroplasty in the elderly

The aim of this study is to analyze the long-term results and possible complications of the Grammont reverse shoulder prosthesis in the management of recent trauma in the elderly patient. Two male and 33 female patients of mean age 75 years (range, 58 to 92), operated on for 24 fractures and eleven facture-dislocations, involving the right side in 11 cases and the left side in 24 cases, were included in a retrospective study and were clinically and radiographically evaluated at a mean follow-up ranging from 1 to 17 years. Eight complications occurred in eight patients (23%): two complex regional pain syndromes, four dislocations, one deep infection and one aseptic loosening of the metaglene. Six patients (17%) had to be reoperated on, without prosthetic replacement in four cases and with revision of their shoulder implant in two. The mean Constant score decreased from 55 to 53 between one postoperative year and last follow-up since patients complained of increased pain and strength loss. This score was 69% of that of the contralateral shoulder. The adjusted Constant score was 68%. Only 58% of the patients were "satisfied" or "very satisfied" with the treatment due to limited shoulder rotations thus preventing proper eating, dressing and body hygiene habits when injury involved the dominant side. Two cases of complete lucent lines surrounding the glenoid component were observed at four and eight postoperative years respectively, a stable inferior bony spur was noted in 14 cases at a mean follow-up of 2.5 years with no functional effects, 20 cases of scapular notching having occurred within two-year follow-up were identified, 10 of which associated with bone resorption and medial proximal humeral lucent lines at the bone-cement interface. The extent of scapular notching progressed with the length of follow-up. Forty-nine percent of the radiographic images were considered abnormal and appeared within seven-year follow-up in 60% of the cases. Clinical and radiographic data comparison revealed a decrease in the Constant score regarding pain, activity, strength and active elevation when scapular notching was associated with abnormal humeral radiographic images. Despite one single case of aseptic loosening of the metaglene at 12-year follow-up, the results of our series are clinically disappointing and radiographically worrying associated with a substantial rate of complications and reopperations. The long-term functional outcome is far from being identical to the pre-trauma clinical status with a potential evolution toward loss of autonomy when the dominant side is affected. New prosthetic design characteristics and surgical technique improvements should be implemented to improve shoulder adduction but also rotations while preventing the occurrence of scapular notching. In the light of these results, we cannot validate the concept of primary reverse shoulder arthroplasty in the management of recent trauma of the proximal humerus.