Proper Contraction Research Articles

Assembly of the Skirt-Like Giant Molybdenum Blue Cluster {Mo158} from Dimerization of {Mo79} Featuring an Octameric Skeleton.

Cyclic compounds are appealing owing to their intrinsic porous structures and facile accessibility as building blocks (BBs) for fabricating high-order assemblies. Nevertheless, the modular synthesis of such molecular entities and their subsequent controlled assembly are still very challenging. Herein, we report the synthesis of a gigantic molybdenum blue (MB) wheel {Mo158} (1), featuring a skirt-shaped structure dimerized from {Mo79}. {Mo79} exhibits an unprecedented octameric architecture built from eight sets of {Mo8} BBs, and the controlled assembly of this smallest member in the MB library is achieved by proper wheel contraction induced by {Mo1} and edge-sharing {Mo2} BBs. Moreover, {Mo158} can function as a 4-connected giant synthon, connecting with adjacent four clusters in a controlled manner via four Mo-O-Mo bridges, resulting in a high-order architecture with a 2D layer structure. In addition to single-crystal X-ray diffraction, {Mo158} is fully characterized by a variety of spectroscopies, allowing for the unambiguous determination of its structure and formula. This work not only enriches the family of gigantic clusters but also demonstrates their potential for constructing more complex assemblies.

Strategic Procurement Practices and Performance of Export Processing Zone Firms in Machakos County, Kenya.

Export Processing Zones (EPZs) were established in Kenya to boost industrialization, attract foreign investment, and drive economic growth. However, despite significant government efforts, the performance of EPZ firms has been below expectations. This study investigates whether strategic procurement practices could improve the performance of EPZ firms in Machakos County, Kenya. Strategic procurement, which aligns procurement with organizational goals and emphasizes long-term value creation, was the focus. The study specifically explored the impact of strategic sourcing, strategic partnerships, strategic inventory management, and strategic contract management on the performance of EPZ firms in Machakos County. Using a descriptive research design, all 99 EPZ firms in Machakos County were surveyed through a census approach. Data was collected via structured questionnaires, with a pilot study conducted to ensure content validity and clarity. Both qualitative and quantitative data were analyzed, with results presented in tables and charts. The findings showed that the four strategic procurement practices adopted improved the performance of export processing zone (EPZ) firms in Machakos County. Strategic sourcing for instance significantly improved the operational efficiency and cost-effectiveness of EPZ firms. Firms that developed strategic partnerships with suppliers experienced enhanced product quality and supply chain reliability. Effective inventory management practices led to reduced waste and better resource allocation, positively impacting overall performance. Proper contract management was associated with improved compliance and reduced legal disputes, contributing to better performance metrics. The study concluded that adopting strategic procurement practices substantially enhances the performance of EPZ firms in Machakos County. By aligning procurement strategies with organizational goals and focusing on long-term value, firms can achieve greater efficiency, reliability, and cost savings. Policymakers should promote the adoption of strategic procurement practices within EPZs to boost economic performance.

Allocating Inventory Risk in Retail Supply Chains: Risk Aversion, Information Asymmetry, and Outside Opportunity

Problem definition: Recent global crises have caused unprecedented economic uncertainty and intensified retailers’ concerns over inventory risks. Mitigating inventory risks and incentivizing retailer orders is critical to managing retail supply chains and restoring their norms after severe impacts. We study the allocation of inventory risk using contracts in a retail supply chain with a risk-neutral manufacturer and a risk-averse retailer. We consider two factors that affect the effectiveness of contracting: (1) asymmetric risk aversion information—retailers’ attitudes are typically diverse and unknown to the manufacturer, and (2) uncertain outside opportunity—retailers typically face a volatile external business environment. Methodology/results: With a game-theoretic model that captures the interaction among risk aversion, information asymmetry, and outside opportunity, we derive the contracting equilibrium under two widely adopted risk allocation schemes—push (i.e., the retailer bears the inventory risk) and pull (i.e., the manufacturer bears the inventory risk) contracts. Contrary to the conventional wisdom that pull contracts are more effective in risk mitigation, we show that push contracts may induce larger expected order quantities and achieve the highest supply chain efficiency due to the interaction of asymmetric risk aversion information and risky outside opportunities. We also find that the manufacturer may obtain higher profits with push contracts when both the heterogeneity in the retailer’s risk attitude and the risk of the outside opportunity are sufficiently high. In addition, when the risk of the outside opportunity is in a medium range, the push contract allows the manufacturer to fully eliminate the information rent and achieve the supply chain’s first-best outcomes. We further evaluate the effects of product profitability and demand uncertainty and generalize the retailer’s risk measure to any coherent risk measure. Managerial implications: Our analysis highlights the importance of modeling asymmetric risk aversion information and risky outside opportunities in analyzing supply chain contracting. When considering these practical factors, allocating more inventory risks to a risk-averse retailer may be better than a risk-neutral manufacturer. Our results provide novel insights into the selection of proper contract types for managing inventory risks in retail supply chains. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.0624 .

The relationship between leg muscle strength and dynamic balance in skateboard players

Background: Skateboarding is a sport that utilizes a wheeled board as its equipment. As time progresses, skateboarding has evolved into one of the branches of professional sports, even having official competitions. It is popular among a wide range of young people and adults. Skateboarders must have good balance to stabilize their bodies and minimize the risk of falling and injury. It is maintaining balance while skateboarding requires strength in leg muscles, including flexors, extensors, dorsiflexors, plantar flexors, invertors, and evertors, with proper contraction ratios to stay balanced. The researchers aimed to investigate the relationship between leg muscle strength and dynamic balance in skateboard players. Skateboard players with greater leg muscle strength tend to maintain their balance better when performing tricks and maneuvers on the skateboard. Methods: The research was observational analytics with a cross-sectional approach. Purposive sampling was employed to select participants, resulting in a sample size of 51 skateboarders. Data collection involved measuring leg muscle strength and dynamic balance. Leg muscle strength was measured using a leg dynamometer, while dynamic balance was assessed using the y balance test. Results: The results showed a relationship between leg muscle strength and dynamic balance in skateboarders. Most samples exhibit muscular leg muscle strength, leading to a favorable dynamic balance. Conclusion: From the research findings, it can be concluded that there is a strong, significant, and inverse relationship between leg muscle strength and dynamic balance in skateboarders.

Identification, and Assessment of Reasons for delay in Metro projects in India

Transport solutions such as metro rail projects in cities are needed to cope with India's rapidly growing urbanisation. However, a number of issues that affect the performance in terms of deadlines, project costs and construction quality are faced by several metro projects currently under way in Indian cities. Based on the likely severity of these delays, this research prioritised time overrun parameters via expert questionnaire. Relative importance index (RII) of collected responses were computed and analysed. The result show that for time overrun the top three critical factors are Existing Utility Shifting, Land Acquisition for the Project and Poor Management / Incompetency of Contractor. It would facilitate the timely completion of metro projects with reasonable value for money to government, by mitigating this time overrun through proper life cycle contract management and risk allocation. Keywords: Urban Metro Rail Projects, Time Overrun, Relative Importance Index (RII)

A modified orthotopic left lung transplantation model in rats

To enhance the operability of the rat orthotopic left lung transplantation model, we implemented several improvements and meticulously detailed the procedure. One hundred and thirty-one healthy male Sprague Dawley rats, weighing between 250 and 300 g, were utilized, with 64 serving as donors, 64 as recipients, and 3 as sham controls. We employed a modified three-cuff technique for the orthotopic left lung transplantation. Notably, our modified perfusion method could prevent donor lung edema, while waist-shaped cuffs minimized suture slippage during anastomosis. Additionally, positioning the recipient rat in a slightly left-elevated supine position during anastomosis reduced tension on the lung hilum, thus mitigating the risk of vascular laceration. The introduction of a unique two-person anastomosis technique significantly reduced operation time and substantially improved success rates. Furthermore, maximizing inflation of donor lungs both during preservation and surgery minimized the occurrence of postoperative atelectasis. Various other procedural refinements contributed to the enhanced operability of our model. Sixty-four rat orthotopic left lung transplantations were performed with only one surgical failure observed. The acquisition time for donor lungs averaged (19 ± 4) minutes, while (11 ± 1) minutes were allocated for donor lung hilum anatomy and cuff installation. Recipient thoracotomy and left lung hilar anatomy before anastomosis required (24 ± 8) minutes, with anastomosis itself taking (31 ± 6) minutes. Remarkably, the survival rate at the 4-h postoperative mark stood at 96.7 %. Even six months post-operation, transplanted left rat lungs continued to exhibit proper inflation and contraction rhythms, displaying signs of chronic pathological changes. In summary, our modified rat model of orthotopic left lung transplantation demonstrates robust operability, significantly reducing surgical duration, improving operation success rates, and enhancing postoperative survival rates. Furthermore, its long-term survival capacity enables the simulation of acute and chronic disease processes following lung transplantation.

Toxic to the touch: The makings of lethal mantles in pitohui birds and poison dart frogs.

How do chemically defended animals resist their own toxins? This intriguing question on the concept of autotoxicity is at the heart of how species interactions evolve. In this issue of Molecular Ecology (Molecular Ecology, 2024, 33), Bodawatta and colleagues report on how Papua New Guinean birds coopted deadly neurotoxins to create lethal mantles that protect against predators and parasites. Combining chemical screening of the plumage of a diverse collection of passerine birds with genome sequencing, the researchers unlocked a deeper understanding of how some birds sequester deadly batrachotoxin (BTX) from their food without poisoning themselves. They identified that birds impervious to BTX bear amino acid substitutions in the toxin-binding site of the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.4, whose function is essential for proper contraction and relaxation of vertebrate muscles. Comparative genetic and molecular docking analyses show that several of the substitutions associated with insensitivity to BTX may have become prevalent among toxic birds through positive selection. Intriguingly, poison dart frogs that also co-opted BTX in their lethal mantles were found to harbour similar toxin insensitivity substitutions in their Nav1.4 channels. Taken together, this sets up a powerful model system for studying the mechanisms behind convergent molecular evolution and how it may drive biological diversity.

Smart contract generation for inter‐organizational process collaboration

SummaryCurrently, inter‐organizational process collaboration (IOPC) has been widely used in the design and development of distributed systems that support business process execution. Blockchain‐based IOPC can establish trusted data sharing among participants, attracting more and more attention. The core of such study is to translate the graphical model (e.g., BPMN) into program code called smart contract that can be executed in the blockchain environment. In this context, a proper smart contract plays a vital role in the correct implementation of block‐chain‐based IOPC. In fact, the quality of graphical model affects the smart contract generation. Problematic models (e.g., deadlock) will result in incorrect contracts (causing unexpected behaviors). To avoid this undesired implementation, this article explores to generate smart contracts by using the verified formal model as input instead of graphical model. Specifically, we introduce a prototype framework that supports the automatic generation of smart contracts, providing an end‐to‐end solution from modeling, verification, translation to implementation. One of the cores of this framework is to provide a CSP#‐based formalization for the BPMN collaboration model from the perspective of message interaction. This formalization provides precise execution semantics and model verification for graphical models, and a verified formal model for smart contract generation. Another novelty is that it introduces a syntax tree‐based translation algorithm to directly map the formal model into a smart contract. The required formalism, verification, and translation techniques are transparent to users without imposing additional burdens. Finally, a set of experiments shows the effectiveness of the framework.

Power structure preferences in a dual-channel supply chain: Demand information symmetry vs. asymmetry

This study establishes a dual-channel supply chain (DCSC) wherein the e-retailer is endowed with superior demand information, and investigates power structure preferences of the supplier and e-retailer. Game models are investigated based on two information structures (information symmetry and asymmetry) and three power structures, i.e., vertical Nash, e-retailer-led Stackelberg, and supplier-led Stackelberg. We derive the optimal solutions under each model and then conduct a deep comparison analysis. The results reveal that the impacts of information asymmetry on the DCSC vary with the power structure, and the DCSC members’ power structure preferences vary with the information structure. Under information symmetry, it is best for DCSC members to move late and is worst for them to move simultaneously. Under information asymmetry, the supplier has the first-move advantage given specific conditions, in which he has the initiative to screen the e-retailer’s private information. Furthermore, by introducing proper contracts, information asymmetry would not always be harmful for the DCSC; in contrast, DCSC members may obtain more ex-ante profits compared with information symmetry.

Carboxymethyl chitosan-gelatin-mesoporous silica nanoparticles containing Myrtus communis L. extract as a novel transparent film wound dressing

Wound healing and health care requirements have attracted more attention, and the need to develop new drug-containing dressings to accelerate wound healing is required. Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS)/gelatin-based films with mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) containing the Myrtus communis L. (Myrtle) aqueous extract were designed to answer this demand. Myrtle aqueous extract included total phenolic content and good free radical scavenging ability in vitro assay. The infrared spectroscopy characterized the functional groups of myrtle extract and biocomposite films. It was found that mesoporous silica nanoparticles increased the tensile strength of the flexible dressings, which is essential in therapeutic uses. MSNs influenced swelling ratio, oxygen, and water vapor permeability that indicates the CMCS/Gelatin/Myrtle/5 % MSNs wound dressing can absorb wound exudates and preserve skin moisture. Also, these biocompatible nanoparticles reduced the cytotoxicity of fibroblast cells due to the decelerated drug release. Correspondingly, silica nanoparticles affected the extract release rate and could accumulate and release the extract prolonged in CMCS/Gelatin/Myrtle/5 % MSNs models. Finally, histological analysis showed collagen growth and fibroblast migration in wounds treated with CMCS/Gelatin/Myrtle/5 % MSNs, causing proper wound contraction and accelerating wound healing in mice models. The results suggest that CMCS/Gelatin/Myrtle/5 % MSNs films have a beneficial application as wound dressings.

The Correlation between Transperineal Shear-Wave Elastography and Transabdominal Ultrasound When Assessing Pelvic Floor Function in Nulliparous Women.

Pelvic floor muscles (PFMs) play a crucial role in maintaining pelvic organ support and continence. However, pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD), often resulting from insufficient PFM control, poses a substantial global health challenge for women. This study aims to explore the relationship between levator ani muscle elasticity when assessed through transperineal shear-wave elastography (SWE) and bladder base displacement, quantified using transabdominal ultrasonography (TAUS), as a means to comprehensively evaluate PFM function. A total of 42 nulliparous women participated in this study. Participants received instructions on proper PFM contractions using Kegel exercises. Levator ani muscle elasticity was assessed both at rest and during contractions using transperineal SWE, while bladder base displacement was simultaneously measured through TAUS. Repeated measures demonstrated strong intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.906 at rest and 0.687 during contractions for levator ani muscle elasticity. The mean elasticity values were 24.7 ± 4.5 kPa at rest and 62.1 ± 10.4 kPa during contractions. Additionally, the mean bladder base displacement was 7.2 ± 2.5 mm, and the normalized bladder base displacement via body mass index was 0.3 ± 0.1 mm. Significantly, a moderate correlation was identified between the PFM function, represented by the difference in levator ani elasticity during contractions and resting, and bladder base displacement (r = 0.486, p = 0.001). These findings underscore the potential utility of transperineal SWE as a reliable and noninvasive method to assess levator ani muscle elasticity and, consequently, PFM function. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the interplay between PFM elasticity and bladder base displacement, offering insights into PFM function assessments. The observed correlation suggests the clinical relevance of SWE in providing valuable information for treatment planning in PFD. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of PFM dynamics, ultimately aiding in the effective management of PFD among women.

Supplier goal commitment in performance-based contracts: the lens of goal-setting theory

PurposeThis study aims to empirically test the effects of key characteristics of performance-based contracting (PBC) (i.e. reward/payment scheme, increased supplier autonomy and transfer of responsibilities) on supplier goal commitment.Design/methodology/approachThis study developed a conceptual model applying goal-setting theory (GST), expectancy theory (ET) and job characteristics theory (JCT). Survey data were collected and analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) to establish a validated measurement instrument for testing the hypotheses.FindingsThe findings revealed that PBC positively affects supplier goal commitment due to its unique characteristics, which translates into improved supplier performance. Furthermore, this study validated the mediating role of goal alignment and felt accountability operating between PBC characteristics and supplier goal commitment.Research limitations/implicationsThis study explored the buyer–supplier relationship from the supplier's standpoint. Using a more inclusive data set, future research may involve a dyadic analysis and focus on the effects of the following factors on the supplier goal commitment: relational aspects (e.g. trust and collaboration), the risk transfer from the buyer to the supplier, different incentive schemes and successful PBC implementation factors.Practical implicationsThis study presents new, validated insights for contract selection, design and management. It underlines the importance of choosing the proper contract, having the appropriate contract design based on the desired outcomes and effective contract management by exhibiting the psychological/behavioral effect of fundamental PBC characteristics.Originality/valuePBC represents an active research stream, but its psychological/behavioral implications are understudied. Therefore, this research puts forth a conceptual framework with multiple testable hypotheses illustrating the relationship between PBC and supplier goal commitment.

Insurance Penetration and Institutional Spillover on Economic Growth: A Dynamic Spatial Econometric Approach on the Asian and Europe Region

The contemporary environment is interrelated, and interactions between markets, countries, and international actors at different levels exist in every corner of the globe. Amid this, the failures of the free-market system have paved the way for institutionalism, which proposes minimising transaction costs, substantial property rights, and enabling proper contract enforcement. Studies on institutions and insurance development spillover concerning growth relationships are rare and a critical area needing exploration. This study explores the behaviour of economic development in terms of potential spatial dependencies and spatial institutional and insurance development spillover on economic growth. To measure insurance development by the life insurance and non-life insurance penetration, economic growth by per capita gross domestic product (GDP), and indicators of good governance for institutions in the nations. The study explored the spatial impact between countries using panel data of 56 countries between 2002 and 2020 representing the Asian and European regions. We did this by using dynamic spatial econometric modelling (DSEM) on institutional and insurance development and seeing the spatial implications and the spatial institutional impact moderated by insurance development on growth. Results indicate that developing the life insurance and non-life insurance of surrounding countries creates a spillover impact on the local countries’ economies. In contrast, institutions have created a reverse spatial spillover impact on local countries. However, life insurance development, moderated through accountability and government effectiveness, has created a spatial spillover between countries. Both life and non-life penetration moderated by the control of corruption and overall institutions have shown a reverse spillover on countries’ economies. This suggests that global governance is a positive-sum game, and monitoring and governance structures have failed at the international level concerning separate countries. Therefore, it is seen that to prevent institutional failure at the state level, good governance and links with the global governance structure could disrupt or energise local institutions.

The structure of the mathcal{N}=4 supersymmetric linear W_{infty }[lambda ] algebra

For the vanishing deformation parameter lambda , the full structure of the (anti)commutator relations in the mathcal{N}=4 supersymmetric linear W_{infty }[lambda =0] algebra is obtained for arbitrary weights h_1 and h_2 of the currents appearing on the left hand sides in these (anti)commutators. The w_{1+infty } algebra can be seen from this by taking the vanishing limit of other deformation parameter q with the proper contractions of the currents. For the nonzero lambda , the complete structure of the mathcal{N}=4 supersymmetric linear W_{infty }[lambda ] algebra is determined for the arbitrary weight h_1 together with the constraint h_1-3 le h_2 le h_1+1. The additional structures on the right hand sides in the (anti)commutators, compared to the above lambda =0 case, arise for the arbitrary weights h_1 and h_2 where the weight h_2 is outside of above region.

C*-algebras generated by multiplication operators and composition operators by functions with self-similar branches

Let [Formula: see text] be a compact metric space and let [Formula: see text] be continuous. We study a [Formula: see text]-algebra [Formula: see text] generated by all multiplication operators by continuous functions on [Formula: see text] and a composition operator [Formula: see text] induced by [Formula: see text] on a certain [Formula: see text] space. Let [Formula: see text] be a system of proper contractions on [Formula: see text]. Suppose that [Formula: see text] are inverse branches of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is self-similar. We consider the Hutchinson measure [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] and the [Formula: see text] space [Formula: see text]. Then we show that the [Formula: see text]-algebra [Formula: see text] is isomorphic to the [Formula: see text]-algebra [Formula: see text] associated with [Formula: see text] under some conditions.

Effect of muscle activation scheme in human head-neck model on estimating cervical spine ligament strain from military volunteer frontal impact data

Cervical spine (c-spine) injuries are a common injury during automobile crashes. The objective of this study is to verify an existing head-neck (HN) finite element model with military volunteer frontal impact kinematics by varying the muscle activation scheme from previous literature. Proper muscle activation will allow for accurate percent elongation (strain) of the c-spine ligaments and will serve to establish ligamentous response during non-injury frontal impacts. Previous human research volunteer (HRV) frontal impact sled tests reported kinematic data that served as the input for HN model simulation. Peak sled acceleration (PSA) was varied between 10G and 30G for HRVs. Muscle activation was shifted to begin at 0 ms at start of impact to allow for proper muscle contraction in the HN model. Then, extensor muscle activation magnitude was varied between 20 and 100% to determine the proper activation necessary to match kinematic outputs from the model with experimental results. The model was validated against 10G test recorded response. Ligament strain was measured from multiple ligaments along the c-spine once the model was verified. The 40% activated extensor muscle scheme was deemed the most biofidelic, with CORA scores of 0.743 and 0.686 for head X linear acceleration and angular Y acceleration for 10G pulse. All PSA groups scored well with this muscle activation. Most ligaments were buffered well by the active simulation, with only the interspinous ligament nearing physiologic injury. With the HN model verified against additional kinematic data, simulations with higher accelerations to predict areas of injury in real life crash scenarios are possible.

Boilerplate and contractual language: Pseudo-contract or blanket assent?

Abstract In this article I analyze Kar and Radin’s critique of boilerplate text in contract. The problems identified in boilerplate are significant. I then describe the test that they offer to distinguish between proper contract and “pseudo-contract” in boilerplate. The test is constructed upon the use of Gricean Maxims slightly modified for the context of contract law. Next, Karl Llewellyn’s test for boilerplate is described. Ultimately, through the use of a couple of examples it is argued that Llewellyn’s test is a better option. Even with this result, much of the Kar and Radin critique of boilerplate is significant and valuable.

Neurotrophin signaling is a central mechanism of salivary dysfunction after irradiation that disrupts myoepithelial cells

The mechanisms that prevent regeneration of irradiated (IR) salivary glands remain elusive. Bulk RNAseq of IR versus non-IR human salivary glands showed that neurotrophin signaling is highly disrupted post-radiation. Neurotrophin receptors (NTRs) were significantly upregulated in myoepithelial cells (MECs) post-IR, and single cell RNAseq revealed that MECs pericytes, and duct cells are the main sources of neurotrophin ligands. Using two ex vivo models, we show that nerve growth factor (NGF) induces expression of MEC genes during development, and upregulation of NTRs in adult MECs is associated with stress-induced plasticity and morphological abnormalities in IR human glands. As MECs are epithelial progenitors after gland damage and are required for proper acinar cell contraction and secretion, we propose that MEC-specific upregulation of NTRs post-IR disrupts MEC differentiation and potentially impedes the ability of the gland to regenerate.

Remuneration level of security guards from Samburu community working in Nairobi

This study investigated the remuneration level of security guards from Samburu Community working in Nairobi. The study adopted, as its theoretical framework, the Interests Theory of human rights as described by Raz. In examining these issues, the study looked at the following indicators, which provided evidence for granting or non-granting of employee rights: shelter, diet and investments made by the employees; existence of job contracts, insurance cover, retirement benefit plan and health cover; membership to a trade union; promotion at work and salary increment; and the nature of equipment and training for the job. The study involved all security guards from the Samburu community working in Nairobi as the population of study and individual security guards as the unit of analysis. Five areas of the city, that is, Westlands/Kabete, Lavington/Kangemi/Waithaka/Muthaiga/Thika Road, Karen/Lang’ata, South C/South B and Embakasi, were marked out as the places from which the study sample was taken. The study adopted a survey design, and data was collected through questionnaires, which were applied to 200 security guards who had been randomly selected from 5 administrative clusters in Nairobi. The findings indicated that security guards were poorly remunerated. It recommended that the government of Kenya enforce a minimum salary of at least at the level of maximum un-taxable income and proper job contraction for security guards.

Remuneration level of security guards from Samburu community working in Nairobi

This study investigated the remuneration level of security guards from Samburu Community working in Nairobi. The study adopted, as its theoretical framework, the Interests Theory of human rights as described by Raz. In examining these issues, the study looked at the following indicators, which provided evidence for granting or non-granting of employee rights: shelter, diet and investments made by the employees; existence of job contracts, insurance cover, retirement benefit plan and health cover; membership to a trade union; promotion at work and salary increment; and the nature of equipment and training for the job. The study involved all security guards from the Samburu community working in Nairobi as the population of study and individual security guards as the unit of analysis. Five areas of the city, that is, Westlands/Kabete, Lavington/Kangemi/Waithaka/Muthaiga/Thika Road, Karen/Lang’ata, South C/South B and Embakasi, were marked out as the places from which the study sample was taken. The study adopted a survey design, and data was collected through questionnaires, which were applied to 200 security guards who had been randomly selected from 5 administrative clusters in Nairobi. The findings indicated that security guards were poorly remunerated. It recommended that the government of Kenya enforce a minimum salary of at least at the level of maximum un-taxable income and proper job contraction for security guards.