Proper Accounting Research Articles

Impact of Federal Government Regulations on Fraud prevention in Nigeria's Federal Ministries

The study examined the impact of financial regulations on fraud Prevention in Nigeria’s Federal Ministries. It investigates how financial regulations affect fraud prevention in Nigerian federal ministries. Investigating the efficacy of current financial legislation in preventing fraud and protecting public monies is essential given the trend in fraudulent activity reported within government agencies. The study uses a survey research design and relies on documentary analysis to obtain secondary data. The findings revealed that Nigeria’s Federal Ministries tried to adhered to financial regulation which has minimized the incident of fraud. The finding also revealed that maintaining Accounting records has minimized fraud in Nigeria’ Federal Ministries, meaning that, majority of the Ministries in Nigeria have been maintaining proper record of their financial transaction. They adheres with financial regulation which stated that, Accounting Officer on all financial matters shall maintain proper accounting records of books of accounts . The study recommends that Federal Government should strengthen financial regulations. They should enhance existing financial regulations to address emerging fraud risks. There should be regular review and update of these regulations to ensure they remain effective in combating evolving fraudulent activities. Federal Government should enforce robust internal control systems within federal ministries. This includes segregation of duties, proper authorization, approval processes, regular internal audits, and effective risk management practices. Federal Government should provide comprehensive training programs on fraud prevention and financial regulations to employees within federal ministries. Raise awareness about the consequences of fraudulent activities and the importance of adhering to established financial regulations.

PROBLEMS ARISING IN THE ACCOUNTING OF CRYPTOCURRENCIES

The study provides detailed information about the cryptocurrency market as an IFRS object and indicates the methods of their accounting and their features. Data on the change in the total market capitalization of cryptocurrencies are shown, and the reasons for which they went into decline are revealed. Companies that may be interested in accounting for cryptocurrencies under IFRS are considered, as well as the official guidance of the IASB on the issue of accounting and reporting of cryptocurrencies, issued several years ago, is analyzed. Two standards IAS 38 "Intangible Assets" and IAS 2 "Inventories" are analyzed and the reasons why for which the company's cryptocurrency is mainly accounted for either as part of intangible assets or as part of inventories. The foreign experience of some companies that reflect the cryptocurrency according to IFRS is studied, as well as Azerbaijan's practice in this area is considered. Accounting standards have not yet been fully developed, as cryptocurrency has different characteristics from traditional financial assets. Therefore, businesses may experience uncertainty regarding the accounting of cryptocurrency. It is important for businesses to maintain proper accounting records regarding cryptocurrency. These records help businesses meet their tax obligations related to the purchase, sale and exchange of cryptocurrency. However, it can be difficult to find staff with adequate knowledge of accounting and recording cryptocurrency.

Discrepancies in Website Accounting: Non-compliance with ISAK 14

This scientific article presents a qualitative research study aimed at examining the recognition and accounting treatment of websites as intangible assets. Focusing on the case of the Ricosta website, the research demonstrates that the current practice of categorizing the website as other expenses in financial statements contradicts the guidelines outlined in ISAK 14. By utilizing narrative data and descriptive analysis, the study unveils the misalignment between the recognized accounting treatment and the stipulated requirements. The results highlight the need for adherence to proper recognition and accounting practices for websites as intangible assets, offering implications for companies and standard-setting bodies in promoting accurate financial reporting.
 Highlights:
 
 Non-compliance with ISAK 14: The research uncovers the misalignment between the recognition and accounting treatment of websites as intangible assets and the guidelines stated in ISAK 14.
 Financial statement impact: The study reveals that the current practice categorizes website expenses as other expenses, contrasting with the potential recognition of websites as intangible assets, which can significantly affect the financial statements of companies.
 Implications for accurate financial reporting: The findings emphasize the importance of adhering to proper recognition and accounting practices for websites as intangible assets, suggesting implications for companies and standard-setting bodies to ensure accurate and transparent financial reporting.
 
 Keywords: website recognition, accounting treatment, intangible assets, ISAK 14, financial statements.

Assessing the Effective Use of State Property: Accounting and Analytical Support and Analysis Methodology

The effective use of state property is one of the topical issues of economic policy affecting the interests of all segments of society. The need to comply with the principle of the effective use of budgetary funds is enshrined in Article 34 of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation. However, while studying the existing system of financial management in Russian practice, it was revealed that the current methodological approaches do not fully solve the tasks enshrined in the budget legislation. This is primarily due to the lack of proper accounting and analytical and methodological support for the relevant management procedures. Thus, the Federal State Information and Analytical System of the Federal Property Management Agency “Unified System of State Property Management” was used as the information base. However, this information system has some significant shortcomings, such as (1) the lack of a single regulatory act on the register at all levels of government; (2) the duplicated information about the property; and (3) there are no indicators and criteria in the register that would reflect effective property use, etc. Secondly, the approaches used to assess effective state property use are based on industry standards (health, education, etc.) in relation to the property and specific equipment necessary for the provision of public services. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to improve the concept and methodology for analyzing effective state (municipal) property use. The main areas for improving the methodology are (1) to develop a unified register of state property as the main source of accounting and analytical information; (2) to assess the property which state bodies and state institutions need to perform their functions and powers in full and of appropriate quality; and (3) to develop unified approaches for assessing the effective state (municipal) property use. As a result, the authors developed proposals introducing a unified register of the state (municipal) property, which includes indicators characterizing the physical state, recognition in accounting, and forms of the property disposal and use, which can be the basis for information and analytical support for assessing the effective state (municipal) property use at all levels. The study represents a system of indicators for assessing the effective state (municipal) property use, which consists of (1) indicators of the property disposal and use that make up the state treasury and (2) indicators of the property disposal and use of economic entities in the public sector. The results of the study are confirmed by empirical studies using the example of public institutions in the field of higher education and executive authorities.

Accounting procedure for operations with cryptocurrency as a variety of virtual assets

The article examines the procedure for accounting transactions with cryptocurrency as a special type of asset. Circulation of cryptocurrency in Ukraine currently does not have proper legislative regulation, and the Law of Ukraine "On Virtual Assets" adopted in 2022 has not yet entered into force. There is no proper legal provision for accounting and taxation of transactions with cryptocurrency carried out by business entities taking into account the advantages of using a decentralized means of circulation. Solving the issue of proper accounting of cryptocurrency and operations with it will contribute to the unshadowing the economy and the receipt of taxes to the state budget.
 It has been established that cryptocurrency can exhibit characteristics of goods, cash and their equivalents, financial instruments, investment real estate, intangible assets, shares, etc. With this in mind, the article analyzes permissible options for classifying cryptocurrency and operations with it to specific classes of accounting accounts based on international and national accounting regulations (standards).
 The European practice of accounting for operations with cryptoassets is analyzed, which is based on two options for accounting for cryptocurrencies: as an intangible asset or as stocks. It was concluded that in the absence of a single methodical approach to the issues of proper accounting of cryptocurrency and operations with it, it is necessary to use international accounting standards and recommendations for accounting of cryptocurrency developed on their basis as an intangible assets (if it is held for sale in the everyday economic activity) or stocks (if held for the purpose of obtaining an investment profit from resale). The purpose of its use by the business entity should be the basis for selecting the recommended accounting options for cryptocurrency as a virtual asset.

УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ПОЛІТИКИ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ МІГРАЦІЙНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ В УМОВАХ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ НЕСТАБІЛЬНОСТІ: ІНСТИТУЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ ПІДХІД

The paper substantiates that the institutional provision of the state policy of migration processes management – one of the key system-forming factors and a prerequisite for ensuring proper efficiency of regulation of migration of the population and its consequences – consists in combining a full-fledged system of institutions and institutions, the functioning of which ensures the definition and observance of rules of conduct, directing the relevant trends in the desired direction. Particularly significant is the role of institutions in the system of state management of migration processes, which act as actors – generators of institutions and carriers of their capabilities. Institutional support is formed in three areas: (1) institutional and legal, (2) institutional-organizational and (3) institutional-psychological.
 The strategic tasks of improving the institutional support of the state policy of migration processes management in Ukraine are determined: formation of the regulatory background of the state policy, development of the system of strategizing and planning the course of migration processes, formation of the organizational structure of management, increasing the efficiency of the state regulation of migration abroad, establishing proper accounting and statistical support, realization of the potential of subjects civil society and big business, balance and efficiency of the system of elements of the migration services market, development of migration capital market infrastructure, formation of information and psychological environment of migration activity of the population. Achieving certain tasks requires the implementation of a system of coordinated measures.
 Applied instruments of state policy of modernization of the institutional environment for regulating migration processes are differentiated from existing developments (1) structuring in areas of support – institutional and legal, institutional and organizational (state, public and market), institutional and psychological; (2) the system of institutional support is formed according to certain strategic directions of development of the national economy; (3) measures to regulate external migration are defined in the projection of eliminating current shortcomings of the state policy of migration management and overcoming its consequences for the socio-economic development of the country;

Classification of values in accounting and reporting

For proper accounting and reporting, a clear understanding of the values that can be applied in these areas is necessary. Such an understanding certainly gives the classification of values in accounting and reporting. At the same time, as our studies have shown, today there is no single holistic classification of these values. This article is devoted to the creation of such a classification. As research methods, we used the following: analysis and synthesis, grouping method, comparison, analogy method, logical approach, systematic approach. As a result of the research, we have proposed a comprehensive classification that covers all the most important aspects of values in accounting and reporting (including forty-five classification features), meeting the requirements of modern times. The results presented in this paper will be useful to a wide range of readers interested in various problems of modern accounting and reporting, including the values of accounting objects and reporting elements. The results obtained in this article can also be used in the educational process of higher educational institutions and in the practical work of accounting departments. In addition, the results of this study can be used in the development and improvement of relevant regulatory documents on accounting and reporting.

Influence of Financial Accountability on Organizational Performance: A Case Study of Ndolo DCC Church

The study is aimed at assessing how financial accountability influences the organizational performance of Ndolo DCC. A mixed research method was used where a collection of both qualitative and quantitative data was done. Its target population was 42 participants, from which quantitative used 33 participants and qualitative 9 participants. The collection of data was undertaken using questionnaires for quantitative data and interview schedules for qualitative data. The analysis of the data was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPPS) version 23 on the quantitative data and the QDA Miner version 2.3. The data presentation was done using figures and tables. Regression of coefficients showed that financial transparency and organizational performance had a positive and significant relationship (β=0.228, p=0.026). Further results showed that financial management knowledge and organizational performance had a positive and significant relationship (β=0.304, p=0.035). Further results showed that financial attitude and organizational performance had a positive and significant relationship (β=0.450, p=0.005). A recommendation has been done to the leadership of Ndolo DCC church to make sure they are committed to the allocation of funds to the core functions and operations of the church. It was further recommended that to be good stewards of God’s resources, finances should be only spent on core matters of the church. The study recommended that the church leadership of Ndolo DCC should establish a proper accounting department and ensure that they are putting proper records on how the funds are spent and used. Further, the leadership of Ndolo DCC church should put in place clear mechanisms for reporting the financial position of the church. More so the leadership should deliberately put measures in place to increase financial knowledge by participating in training and workshops. They should also make a deliberate effort to minimize risks to the church funds by making well-thought investments and also ensures that church money is spent on needs that are adding value to the kingdom of God. This will enable the church to be financially viable.

Computational budget optimization for Bayesian parameter estimation in heavy-ion collisions

Bayesian parameter estimation provides a systematic approach to compare heavy-ion collision models with measurements, leading to constraints on the properties of nuclear matter with proper accounting of experimental and theoretical uncertainties. Aside from statistical and systematic model uncertainties, interpolation uncertainties can also play a role in Bayesian inference, if the model’s predictions can only be calculated at a limited set of model parameters. This uncertainty originates from using an emulator to interpolate the model’s prediction across a continuous space of parameters. In this work, we study the trade-offs between the emulator (interpolation) and statistical uncertainties. We perform the analysis using spatial eccentricities from the TRENTo model of initial conditions for nuclear collisions. Given a fixed computational budget, we study the optimal compromise between the number of parameter samples and the number of collisions simulated per parameter sample. For the observables and parameters used in the present study, we find that the best constraints are achieved when the number of parameter samples is slightly smaller than the number of collisions simulated per parameter sample.

Intra-brain vascular models within the ICRP mesh-type adult reference phantoms for applications to internal dosimetry

Objective. Phantoms of the International Commission on Radiological Protection provide a framework for standardized dosimetry. The modeling of internal blood vessels—essential to tracking circulating blood cells exposed during external beam radiotherapy and to account for radiopharmaceutical decays while still in blood circulation—is, however, limited to the major inter-organ arteries and veins. Intra-organ blood is accounted for only through the assignment of a homogeneous mixture of parenchyma and blood [single-region (SR) organs]. Our goal was to develop explicit dual-region (DR) models of intra-organ blood vasculature of the adult male brain (AMB) and adult female brain (AFB). Approach. A total of 4000 vessels were created amongst 26 vascular trees. The AMB and AFB models were then tetrahedralized for coupling to the PHITS radiation transport code. Absorbed fractions were computed for monoenergetic alpha particles, electrons, positrons, and photons for both decay sites within the blood vessels and for tissues outside these vessels. Radionuclide S-values were computed for 22 and 10 radionuclides commonly employed in radiopharmaceutical therapy and nuclear medicine diagnostic imaging, respectively. Main results. For radionuclide decays, values of S(brain tissue ← brain blood) assessed in the traditional manner (SR) were higher than those computed using our DR models by factors of 1.92, 1.49, and 1.57 for therapeutic alpha-emitters, beta-emitters, and Auger electron-emitters, respectively in the AFB and by factors of 1.65, 1.37, and 1.42 for these same radionuclide categories in the AMB. Corresponding ratios of SR and DR values of S(brain tissue ← brain blood) were 1.34 (AFB) and 1.26 (AMB) for four SPECT radionuclides, and were 1.32 (AFB) and 1.24 (AMB) for six common PET radionuclides. Significance. The methodology employed in this study can be explored in other organs of the body for proper accounting of blood self-dose for that fraction of the radiopharmaceutical still in general circulation.

Who Goes Where and How?

Nigerien migrants flow into Nigeria everyday for several reasons with the hope of a better life. The ease of access into the porous Nigerian border allows the migrants free flow into the country. This research aims at investigating the purposes and patterns of migration in some parts of northern Nigeria with migrants from southern Niger Republic. Data on the migrants’ demographies and migratory histories was collected through in-depth interviews, the Open Data Kit (ODK), Focus Group Discussions and field observations while the analysis was by the use of the Microsoft Excel. Findings indicate southward movement of the people for bida; and ci rani especially during dry seasons. Other forms of migration include environmentally induced, health and educational. Migrants from remote parts of Niger come into Nigeria due to availability of jobs at the destination, good road networking and most importantly the presence of a network of family and friends that assists in securing these jobs. They use cars, lorries and beasts of burden while some simply trek across the border. In Nigeria, migrants lead a solitary life and engage in various new livelihoods. Patterns have been ascertained to be seasonal and circular and take the form of short-term movements which later lengthens to permanence. The seasonal migration (ci rani) has been historically traced to be an adaptive measure popularly practiced by agrarian communities in the drylands. It is recommended that an improved digitalized database system for the migrants be employed to manage their demographies, migration histories and means of livelihood. This will allow for proper accounting and management of both immigrants and emigrants where at a glance, a migrants profile would show their status as circular, returned or lifetime migrants.

Statistically Valid Inferences from Privacy-Protected Data

Unprecedented quantities of data that could help social scientists understand and ameliorate the challenges of human society are presently locked away inside companies, governments, and other organizations, in part because of privacy concerns. We address this problem with a general-purpose data access and analysis system with mathematical guarantees of privacy for research subjects, and statistical validity guarantees for researchers seeking social science insights. We build on the standard of “differential privacy,” correct for biases induced by the privacy-preserving procedures, provide a proper accounting of uncertainty, and impose minimal constraints on the choice of statistical methods and quantities estimated. We illustrate by replicating key analyses from two recent published articles and show how we can obtain approximately the same substantive results while simultaneously protecting privacy. Our approach is simple to use and computationally efficient; we also offer open-source software that implements all our methods.

Accounting Approach to Corporate Social Responsibility

The worldwide recognized the idea of the need to inform the public about the measures taken by the company in environmental conservation and social activities. The business community is increasingly involved in the activity of presenting non-financial reporting. However, it rarely inspires confidence in a reasonable user because of the generalization’s opacity and the arbitrary principle of presentation. At the same time, one of them is the least researched — reporting on corporate social responsibility (CSR). The study’s goal is to consider the accounting possibility and evaluating CSR for non-financial types of reporting of organizations in the reliability’s context of the information disclosed, public needs, methods of formation and stakeholders. The work used general scientific methods of cognition: a systematic approach, logical generalization, linguistic analysis and hypotheses. The author showed it was CSR reporting that had exposed to a significant risk of manipulation, containing a variety of incomparable information that depended on the industry, nature of business, regulatory restrictions, market position and other circumstances. Many recognize the need for participation in preparing such reporting accounting technology. The accounting community is not optimistic about the attempt by the IASB to create standards for non-financial reporting using financial instruments that just investors are interested in. If stakeholders have a genuine interest in disclosing non-financial information in reporting, it is necessary to create really proper accounting systems. That would allow for generalizing the data about CSR. The main conclusion is directed to the existing need for the state policy development in this area and public administration systematically.

Exploring the Implications of Modeling Choices on Prediction of Irrigation Water Savings

AbstractWater use in irrigated agriculture is high, so reducing non‐beneficial consumption (non‐crop evaporation) of irrigation water is a potential option to free up water for other users. Yet, in practice, proper water accounting and accompanying policies (e.g., caps on irrigation expansion) are necessary to ensure that reduced non‐beneficial consumption results in extra water reallocated to other uses, rather than ending up as increased beneficial consumption (crop evaporation): paradoxically counteracting reductions. The extra water for reallocation is called water savings and several studies have questioned whether previous estimates of water savings sufficiently reflect the paradox described above. However, studies that focus on the uncertainty associated with quantified estimates of irrigation water savings are rare. This study addresses that gap and explores how the modeling choices that are necessary to represent the hydrological effects of reduced non‐beneficial consumption influence the prediction of water savings. Three such modeling choices include: (a) selecting a hydrologic model to partition irrigation water into consumed (e.g., evapotranspiration) and non‐consumed (e.g., runoff) components, (b) selecting a set of hydrologic model parameters, and (c) adopting a convention to represent non‐beneficial consumption. This study also attributes the uncertainty (i.e., variance) in predicted water savings to each of these choices. The results show that parameter selection and alternative conventions of representing non‐beneficial consumption are the largest sources of uncertainty in water savings, contributing ∼49% and ∼33%, respectively, to overall variance. These results provide a quantitative estimate for the minimum range of uncertainty one may expect when considering policy options that depend on quantified estimates of water savings.

Research the Impact of the IFRS 16 requirements on the company’s financial performance

This study investigates the influence of IFRS 16 on the financial performance of firms, using X5 Retail Group as a case study. The authors discovered that the previous lease accounting model under IAS 17 Leases has led to inaccurate and non-transparent financial reporting, causing dissatisfaction among investors, analysts, and other users. The authors also discuss the primary drivers for the modification in the previous lease accounting model and the subsequent development of IFRS 16 Leases. It is worth noting that lease accounting under IFRS significantly impacts the final financial outcome and the positioning of the firm in the eyes of all stakeholders. Therefore, the relevance of this study arises from the fact that proper lease accounting organization under IFRS is a critical aspect of the primary managerial and financial duties.

ОБЛІК ОСНОВНИХ ЗАСОБІВ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА В УМОВАХ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ

The war provoked significant challenges in asset accounting in general. The article examines the problems of accounting for fixed assets under the conditions of martial law in Ukraine. In April 2022, 55.9% of enterprises in Ukraine partially or completely stopped their work due to the war. Whereas, in November 2022, the situation changed for the better and the number of non-working enterprises decreased by 24.2%. The key issues of accounting for fixed assets are their recognition, determination of their book value, calculation of depreciation, as well as revaluation and liquidation (write-off). It has been established that traditional approaches to the recognition and calculation of depreciation of fixed assets in the conditions of war need to be revised and transformed. It is necessary to review the points of the accounting policy in terms of depreciation charges, in particular the useful life of fixed assets, liquidation value, amortized cost, depreciation methods used by the enterprise. The changes in the revaluation accounting of fixed assets were studied. It was considered and proposed to improve the method of writing off fixed assets, to ensure proper documentation and accounting. If there is access to the objects of fixed assets and the possibility of recording the facts of physical destruction, theft or fire, a commission must be formed, which forms the corresponding supporting documents. The company should reflect the depreciation of assets as expenses. If the enterprise does not have access to the assets and there are no relevant documents certifying their damage, then these objects of fixed assets continue to be reflected on the enterprise's balance sheet.an important condition for writing off fixed assets is the availability of primary documents, accounting registers, financial statements and other documents related to the calculation and payment of taxes and fees. The issue of reflecting in the financial statements fixed assets located in the occupied territories, relocated, physically destroyed in part or in full, stolen by the occupiers, etc. was studied. In the annual financial statements for 2022, enterprises must already reflect the consequences of the influence of military aggression on the financial condition of the enterprise. In particular, it is necessary to test assets that are not subject to their depreciation, to estimate the amount of the reserve for doubtful debts, to write off damaged assets that no longer meet the recognition criteria.

The Intricacies of Climate-Related Risks on European Banks’ Estimation of Expected Credit Losses: Linking Proper Accounting of Climate Risks to Shareholder Required Returns

Global banks face a predicament amidst the dictates of IFRS9 accounting policies. Commencing in 2018, incurred losses plus expected losses are to be reported. Loss allowances on loans and advances should be set aside earlier and should therefore be higher than they would be pursuant to the impairment provisions of IAS39. This paper focused on a sample of the top 40 European banks by assets and assessed the transition from IAS39 to IFRS9 through panel data distinguishing credit risk allowances over distinct IAS39 and IFRS9 periods. Economic climate damage data was obtained from the European environmental agency website, and incurred losses as well as expected credit losses data was fetched from annual financial reports. A null hypothesis indicating that banks had lesser or equal IAS39 incurred losses than IFRS9 expected credit losses was tested and rejected. The relationship between economic damages and estimates of credit losses was investigated using a two-sample t-test and Pearson productmoment correlation. Results revealed that banks have been conservative in estimating credit losses since adopting IFRS9. Consequently, the paper contributes in revealing to banks the need to proactively account for climate damages in the wake of IFRS9. It prompts shareholders to incorporate economic climate-induced damages in risk/return decisions.

ЕКОЛОГО-ЕКОНОМІЧНІ ЧИННИКИ ТА ЇХ ВПЛИВ НА ОБЛІКОВУ ПОЛІТИКУ І АУДИТ ЗЕМЕЛЬНИХ РЕСУРСІВ

The war has had a global impact on the state of land resources in Ukraine. Taking into account the ecological quality of soils in the assessment of agricultural land is a prerequisite for identifying priority measures to improve the efficiency of land use on an ecological basis. The organisation of accounting and audit of ecological and economic assessment of agricultural land in the context of war is currently an underdeveloped and unimproved area of activity that requires immediate resolution. One of the priority and most difficult tasks is to restore agricultural land after hostilities and to transition agricultural enterprises to the path of environmentally friendly development. Paying due attention to the formation of an enterprise's accounting policy, namely its methodological and technical components, in terms of land resources with the systematisation of their elements, ensures the availability of a complete and reliable information array of data for making timely management decisions under martial law. The organisation of a proper accounting system taking into account environmental components and the conduct of an audit with subsequent disclosure of environmental performance indicators in the financial statements will help to resolve a number of issues related to land resources. As a result of the environmental audit, the company receives reliable information on the use of land plots, their environmental and economic condition, environmental feasibility and efficiency of business entities, improvement of environmental characteristics of products, recommendations on the development of a system of preventive measures aimed at complying with applicable laws, reducing financial risks, and improving the environmental management system.

Accounting and Analytical Aspects of the Budgeting Organization at the Ukrainian Enterprises

The economic crisis in the management system causes the impossibility of economic growth and necessitates the study of opportunities to improve accounting and analytical support of budgeting to promote economic development of the Ukrainian enterprise. The aim of the study is to determine the areas of accounting and analytical support for the or­ganization of budgeting in enterprises in modern business conditions, which are focused on the provisions of IFRS.
 Taking into account the typical problems of the budgeting process at the present stage allowed to determine the need for further development of this management technology based on accounting. It is taken into account that in the practice of management of Ukrainian enterprises there is different experience in implementing the budgeting system and a set of practical problems that hinder its effectiveness. This allowed to determine the list of additional requirements for accounting and analytical support of budgeting, in particular through the introduction of clear regulations and adjustment of budgeting methods, because the readiness for unpredictable developments significantly affects the future of the enterprise. The need for proper accounting and analytical support of budgeting based on the formation of appropri­ate requirements for computerization of the accounting process, automatic generation of information on the results of budget reviews and changes in budgets, data on the feasibility of meeting short-term goals (profits) or long-term innovation objectives reporting with relevant analytical indicators for budgeting, formation of data on client and intellectual capital in the company’s reporting, organization of document flow and limited access to budget indicators and results of their implementation, choice of methods of analysis of budget execution and achieved indicators, proper distribution of responsibilities of accounting staff and analysts.
 The formulated scheme of accounting and analytical support of budgeting on the basis of the accounting policy of the enterprise takes into account all the necessary elements of budgeting for analytical data processing and determination of budget indicators.

Modeling CoCu Nanoparticles Using Neural Network-Accelerated Monte Carlo Simulations.

The correct description of catalytic reactions happening on bimetallic particles is not feasible without proper accounting of the segregation process. In this study, we tried to shed light on the structure of large CoCu particles, for which quite controversial results were published before. However, density functional theory (DFT) is challenging to be directly used for the systematic study of nanometer-sized particles. Therefore, we constructed a neural network-based potential and further applied it to the Monte Carlo simulations for the description of the segregation phenomenon. The resulting approach shows high efficiency and can be used in systems with thousands of atoms. The accuracy and transferability of the model to other sizes and compositions make this methodology useful for solving segregation problems.