Propensity Score-matched Cohort Analysis Research Articles

Mortality risk among individuals who smoke opioids compared with those who inject: A propensity score-matched cohort analysis of United States national treatment data.

Opioid smoking is becoming more common in the United States. The aim of this analysis was to estimate relative mortality risk among those who primarily smoke opioids compared with those who inject. Retrospective propensity score-matched cohort analysis. 2006-2021 US treatment episode data from SAMHSA TEDS-D. We matched 287 481 individuals in a substance use treatment program reporting smoking opioids as their primary substance use to an equal weighted number of individuals in a substance use treatment program reporting injecting opioids as their primary substance use. The majority of individuals reporting smoking were male (62.6%), 21-29 years old (47.9%), white (65.7%), independently housed (54.3%) and in the West Census Region (70.3%). Cohort characteristics were closely balanced after matching. The outcome of interest was death during a treatment episode. Variables used for matching were year, opioid category, gender, race/ethnicity, age category, census region, housing status, employment status, number of prior treatment admissions, variables associated with opioid use severity (opioid use frequency, treatment setting intensity, age at first opioid use, use of medication-assisted treatment) and other reported substance use (methamphetamine, alcohol, benzodiazepines, cocaine). The mortality rate was 6.5 [95% confidence interval (CI) =5.9-7.1] per 1000 person-years in the smoking cohort and 9.7 (95% CI = 8.8-10.8) per 1000 person-years in the injection cohort, with a mortality rate ratio of 0.67 (95% CI = 0.58-0.77). Among individuals in substance use treatment in the United States, those who usually smoke opioids appear to have a lower all-cause mortality risk than those who usually inject.

Robot-assisted kidney transplantation: a propensity score-matched cohort analysis of early experience.

Kidney transplantation is the preferred treatment for patients with end-stage kidney disease. Since the introduction of robot-assisted kidney transplantation (RAKT), several centers have applied this technique as an alternative to open kidney transplantation (OKT). The objective of this study is to analyze our early experience, focusing on surgical technique and learning curve, and postoperative outcomes of RAKT. We retrospectively reviewed 782 living donor kidney transplantation recipients between January 2018 and January 2024. A propensity score-matched cohort of 50 RAKT and 150 OKT patients was evaluated for intraoperative and postoperative variables. Shewhart control charts and CUSUM analysis were used to evaluate technical outcomes and learning curves of RAKT. Postoperative eGFR values, complications, and biopsy results were compared for overall graft function and safety. RAKT patients were associated with significantly longer overall operative, rewarming, and anastomosis times. Although overall postoperative eGFR trends showed comparable graft function between RAKT and OKT recipients (51.35±2.64 vs. 54.01±1.45; P=0.315), RAKT patients with extremely long rewarming times exhibited aggravated chronic scores at 1 year protocol biopsies (Δ Chronicity Index = 4.45±1.92, P<0.001). CUSUM analysis of rewarming time revealed that proficiency in RAKT is achieved after approximately 15 cases. Despite longer anastomosis and ischemic times, even during the early stages of RAKT adoption, the RAKT group did not differ significantly in graft function or postoperative complications from the OKT group.

The Association of Pregnancy With Outcomes Among Critically Ill Reproductive-Aged Women: A Propensity Score-Matched Retrospective Cohort Analysis

The maternal mortality rate in the United States is unacceptably high. However, the relative contribution of pregnancy to these outcomes is unknown. Studies comparing outcomes among pregnant vsnonpregnant critically ill patients show mixed results and are limited by small sample sizes. What is the association of pregnancy with critical illness outcomes? We performed a retrospective cohort study of women 18 to 55 years of age who received invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) on hospital day 0 or 1 or who demonstrated sepsis on admission (infection with organ failure) discharged from Premier Healthcare Database hospitals from 2008 through 2021. The exposure was pregnancy. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. We created propensity scores for pregnancy (using patient and hospital characteristics) and performed 1:1 propensity score matching without replacement within age strata (to ensure exact age matching). We performed multilevel multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression for propensity-matched pairs with pair as a random effect. Three thousand ninety-three pairs were included in the matched MV cohort, and 13,002 pairs were included in the sepsis cohort. The characteristics of both cohorts were well balanced (all standard mean differences,< 0.1). Among matched pairs, unadjusted mortality was 8.0%vs13.8%for MV and 1.4%vs2.3%for sepsis among pregnant and nonpregnant patients, respectively. In adjusted regression, pregnancy was associated with lower odds of in-hospital mortality (MV: OR, 0.50; 95%CI, 0.41-0.60; P< .001; sepsis: OR, 0.52; 95%CI, 0.40-0.67; P< .001). In this large US cohort, critically ill pregnant women receiving MV or with sepsis showed better survival than propensity score-matched nonpregnant women. These findings must be interpreted in the context of likely residual confounding.

Risk of Placenta Accreta Spectrum Following Myomectomy: A Nationwide Cohort Study

ABSTRACT Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) is described as a partial or total lack of decidua with adherence or invasion of the placenta to the myometrium and is a major cause of postpartum hemorrhage and peripartum hysterectomy. The risk of PAS is approximately 1 in 272 in the United States. Prior uterine surgeries including myomectomy disrupt the integrity of the endometrium and myometrium and may increase the risk of PAS. However, the association between myomectomy and PAS remains controversial. This retrospective nationwide cohort study aimed to investigate the effect of myomectomy, stratified by method of myomectomy, on the risk of PAS. Data were obtained from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, which includes prenatal, perinatal, demographic, and treatment data on nearly all pregnant patients in Taiwan. All pregnant people who gave birth after 20 weeks of gestation between January 2008 and December 2017 were included. Patients with incomplete data, previous history of PAS before myomectomy, robotic-assisted myomectomy, or a diagnosis of adenomyosis were excluded. Patients were classified into 3 groups according to method of myomectomy: laparotomic, laparoscopic, and hysteroscopic. A 1:1 propensity-score estimation matching with logistic regression was used for patients with and without history of myomectomy to minimize selection bias. The primary outcome was placenta accreta, whereas secondary outcomes included placenta previa, postpartum hemorrhage, placenta abruption, uterine rupture, and preterm delivery. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between myomectomy and adverse pregnancy outcomes and the risk of placenta accreta for the entire population. Analysis of variance and post hoc tests were used to analyze differences in clinical characteristics and adverse pregnancy outcomes according to different methods of myomectomy. A total of 1,393,628 patients were included in this study. Among them, 11,255 patients had a history of myomectomy. Placenta accreta spectrum occurred in 0.96% of those with a history of myomectomy and 0.20% of those without. The risk of PAS was significantly higher in patients with a history of myomectomy, compared with those without (adjusted odds ratio, 2.28; confidence interval [CI], 1.85–2.81; P &lt; 0.01). There was an elevated risk of other adverse pregnancy outcomes including placenta previa, postpartum hemorrhage, cesarean hysterectomy, uterine rupture, preterm delivery, and placenta abruption among those with a history of myomectomy compared with those without. The presence of placenta previa significantly increased risk of PAS, as did the number of prior myomectomies. The propensity score–matched cohort analysis found a similar increase in PAS risk associated with myomectomy. Compared with subjects without a history of myomectomy, the risk of PAS was greater after hysteroscopic (adjusted odds ratio, 3.88; 95% CI, 2.68–5.63), laparoscopic (2.02; 95% CI, 2.79–5.62), and laparotomic myomectomy (1.86; 95% CI, 1.33–2.60). The results of this study find that a history of myomectomy is significantly associated with increased risk of PAS in subsequent pregnancies. Hysteroscopic myomectomy was associated with the highest risk of PAS, and the presence of placenta previa or history of multiple myomectomies further increased the risk.

Robotics and Navigation Do Not Affect the Risk of Periprosthetic Joint Infection Following Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Analysis.

The use of computer navigation or robotic assistance during primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) has yielded numerous benefits due to more accurate component positioning. The utilization of these tools is generally associated with longer operative times and also necessitates additional surgical equipment and personnel in the operating room. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of technology assistance on periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) after primary THA. We retrospectively reviewed the records for 12,726 patients who had undergone primary THA at a single high-volume institution between 2018 and 2021. Patients were stratified by surgical technique (conventional THA, computer-navigated THA [CN-THA], or robotic-assisted THA [RA-THA]) and were matched 1:1 with use of propensity score matching. Univariate and logistic regression analyses were performed to compare the rates of PJI within 90 days postoperatively between the cohorts. After propensity score matching, there were 4,006 patients in the THA versus RA-THA analysis (2,003 in each group) and 5,288 patients in the THA versus CN-THA analysis (2,644 in each group). CN-THA (p < 0.001) and RA-THA (p < 0.001) were associated with longer operative times compared with conventional THA by 3 and 11 minutes, respectively. The rates of PJI after conventional THA (0.2% to 0.4%) were similar to those after CN-THA (0.4%) and RA-THA (0.4%). On the basis of logistic regression, the development of PJI was not associated with the use of computer navigation (odds ratio [OR], 1.8 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.7 to 5.3]; p = 0.232) or robotic assistance (OR, 0.9 [95% CI, 0.3 to 2.3]; p = 0.808). Despite longer operative times associated with the use of computer navigation and robotic assistance, the use of these tools was not associated with an increased risk of PJI within 90 days after surgery. Therapeutic Level III . See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Pretreatment pulmonary tumor necrosis is a promising prognostic imaging biomarker for first-line anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy in advanced lung squamous cell carcinoma: a multi-institutional, propensity score-matching cohort analysis.

Tumor necrosis (TN) is a common feature in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), which could provide useful predictive and prognostic information. This study aimed to investigate the effect of pretreatment pulmonary TN (PTN) on the prognosis of first-line anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/PD ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor in advanced LSCC. We conducted a retrospective study to analyze the association between the presence of PTN and clinical outcomes in advanced LSCC patients treated with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Data from 240 eligible patients were collected from 27 hospitals across China between 2016 and 2020. The presence of PTN was assessed using contrast-enhanced chest computed tomography (CT) imaging at baseline. We utilized the Cox proportional-hazards regression model to analyze the association between PTN and clinical outcomes. In addition, to account for potential confounding factors and ensure comparability between groups, we employed propensity score-matching (PSM) analysis. In the overall patient cohort, the presence of PTN was 39.6%. The median follow-up duration was 20.3 months. The positive PTN group exhibited a notably inferior median progression-free survival (PFS; 6.5 months vs 8.6 months, p = 0.012) compared to the negative PTN group. Within the Cox proportional-hazards regression model, PTN emerged as an independent predictor of unfavorable PFS (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.354, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.002-1.830, p = 0.049). After PSM, the median PFS for the positive PTN group (6.5 months vs 8.0 months, p = 0.027) remained worse than that of the negative PTN group. Multivariate analyses also further underscored that the presence of PTN independently posed a risk for shorter PFS (HR = 1.494, 95% CI: 1.056-2.112, p = 0.023). However, no statistically significant difference in overall survival was observed between the two groups. Our study suggests that the presence of PTN on baseline contrast-enhanced chest CT is a potential negative prognostic imaging biomarker for the outcome of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor therapy in advanced LSCC. Further studies are warranted to validate these findings and explore the underlying mechanisms.

Health Care Utilization After Nonfatal Firearm Injuries.

Despite the high incidence of firearm injuries, little is known about health care utilization after nonfatal childhood firearm injuries. This study aimed to describe health care utilization and costs after a nonfatal firearm injury among Medicaid and commercially insured youth using a propensity score matched analysis. We conducted a propensity score matched cohort analysis using 2015 to 2018 Medicaid and Commercial Marketscan data comparing utilization in the 12-months post firearm injury for youth aged 0 to 17. We matched youth with a nonfatal firearm injury 1:1 to comparison noninjured youth on demographic and preindex variables. Outcomes included inpatient hospitalizations, emergency department (ED) visits, and outpatient visits as well as health care costs. Following propensity score matching, regression models estimated relative risks of the health care utilization outcomes, adjusting for demographic and clinical covariates. We identified 2110 youth with nonfatal firearm injury. Compared with matched noninjured youth, firearm injured youth had a 5.31-fold increased risk of inpatient hospitalization (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.93-7.20), 1.49-fold increased risk of ED visit (95% CI 1.37-1.62), and 1.06-fold increased risk of outpatient visit (95% CI 1.03-1.10) 12-months postinjury. Adjusted 12-month postindex costs were $7581 (95% CI $7581-$8092) for injured youth compared with $1990 (95% CI $1862-2127) for comparison noninjured youth. Youth who suffer nonfatal firearm injury have a significantly increased risk of hospitalizations, ED visits, outpatient visits, and costs in the 12 months after injury when compared with matched youth. Applied to the 11 258 US youth with nonfatal firearm injuries in 2020, estimates represent potential population health care savings of $62.9 million.

Survival benefits of palliative gastrectomy for gastric cancer patients with liver metastasis: a population-based propensity score-matched cohort analysis.

Palliative primary tumor resection (pPTR) can benefit colorectal cancer patients with liver metastasis. Whether pPTR benefiting gastric cancer (GC) patients with liver metastasis is still controversial. Data on patients with metastatic GC diagnosed between 2010 to 2019 was extracted from SEER database. Propensity score analysis with 1:1 matching was performed. The univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to explore prognostic factors. Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze survival outcomes. Of 5691 GC patients with liver metastasis, 468 were included in the matched cohorts. The results showed that the median survival time was 6 months in the non-surgery groups and 14.5 months in the surgery groups (p < 0.001). Multivariable analysis showed that surgery was a protective prognostic factor for overall survival [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.416] as well as cancer-specific survival (HR = 0.417). Also, pPTR was only recommended for GC patients with isolated liver metastasis. Moreover, pPTR combined with chemotherapy brought the greatest therapeutic effect. pPTR benefits GC patients with isolated liver metastasis, and GC patients with liver metastasis receiving pPTR combined with chemotherapy had the best survival outcomes than any other therapeutic model.

Comparison of unilateral and bilateral intraductal plastic stent placement for unresectable malignant hilar biliary obstruction: A propensity score-matched cohort analysis.

Although intraductal plastic stent (IS) placement is an effective treatment for unresectable malignant hilar biliary obstruction (UMHBO), the effectiveness of unilateral and bilateral IS drainage remains controversial. This retrospective study investigated the effectiveness of bilateral IS placement for UMHBO using the propensity score matching method. Patients who underwent transpapillary endoscopic stenting for UMHBO were analyzed for technical and clinical success, adverse events, and time to recurrent biliary obstruction (TRBO). A total of 321 patients were enrolled in the study with 27 patients in each unilateral and bilateral IS group in the propensity score-based cohort. Technical success was 100%, while clinical success was 93% and 96% in the unilateral and bilateral IS groups, respectively (p = 1.0). Cholecystitis occurred in 4% and 7%, respectively (p = 1.0). The median TRBO was shorter in the unilateral group (129 [5-383] days) than that in the bilateral group (226 [16-563] days) (p = .0281). Bilateral IS placement was an independent long TRBO factor (hazard ratio [HR] 0.46; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.21-0.97; p = .041). Unilateral and bilateral IS placement had high technical and clinical success rates in primary stent placement. However, bilateral IS placement showed a longer TRBO. Bilateral IS placement may be a good option for initial UMHBO drainage.

Low dose aspirin and clinical outcomes in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: a propensity score-matched cohort analysis from the National SIMI‑COVID‑19 Registry.

SARS- CoV-2 virus has had dramatic consequences worldwide being able to cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), massive thrombosis and pulmonary embolism and, finally, patients' death. In COVID-19 infection, platelets have a procoagulant phenotype that can cause thrombosis in the pulmonary and systemic vascular network. Aspirin is a well-known anti-platelet drug widely used for the prevention of cardiovascular events and systematic reviews suggest a possible benefit of low-dose aspirin (LDA) use in the prevention and treatment of ARDS in patients with COVID-19 infection. However, several studies are available in the literature which do not support any benefits and no association with the patients' outcome. Therefore, currently available data are inconclusive. Data from the nationwide cohort multicenter study of the Italian Society of Internal Medicine (SIMI) were analyzed. We conducted a propensity score-matched cohort analysis to investigate the impact of chronic assumption of LDA on mortality of adult COVID-19 patients admitted in Internal Medicine Units (IMU). Data from 3044 COVID-19 patients who referred to 41 Italian hospitals between February 3rd to May 8th 2020 were analyzed. A propensity score-matched analysis was conducted using the following variables: age, sex, hypertension, hyperlipidemia diabetes, atrial fibrillation, cerebrovascular disease, COPD, CKD and stratified upon LDA usage, excluding anticoagulant treatment. After matching, 380 patients were included in the final analysis (190 in LDA group and 190 in no-LDA group). 66.2% were male, median age was 77 [70-83]. 34.8% of the population died during the hospitalization. Cardiovascular diseases were not significantly different between the groups. After comparison of LDA and no-LDA subgroups, we didn't record a significant difference in mortality rate (35.7% vs 33.7%) duration of hospital stay and ICU admission. In a logistic regression model, age (OR 1.05; 95% CI 1.01-1.09), FiO2 (OR 1.024; 95% CI 1.03-1.04) and days between symptoms onset and hospitalization (OR 0.93; 95% CI 0.87-0.99) were the only variables independently associated with death.

Endoscopic Surgical Skill Qualification System: propensity-score matched cohort analysis of accredited supervisors in laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery.

The Endoscopic Surgical Skill Qualification System (ESSQS) in Japan evaluates the surgical skills required for laparoscopic surgery as an operator as well as a supervisor. This study aimed to demonstrate the benefits of an ESSQS-certified surgeon's participation in laparoscopic rectal resections as a supervisor (assistant or advisor). We retrospectively reviewed laparoscopic resection results for cStage II and III rectal cancer performed at 56 Japanese hospitals between 2014 and 2016. We used propensity score matching to generate paired cohorts with or without an ESSQS-certified supervisor at a one-to-one ratio. The impact of ESSQS-certified supervisors' participation on short-term outcomes was assessed. In the matched cohort, multivariable logistic regression analysis and multivariable regression analysis of postoperative complication rate and intraoperative blood loss were performed to further mitigate the impact of pathological factors. Two groups (n = 399 each) with or without an ESSQS-certified supervisor were well matched by clinical factors. The group with an ESSQS-certified supervisor had lower blood loss (68 mL vs. 98 mL, P = 0.036) and a lower incidence of severe morbidities of Clavien-Dindo grade ≥IIIa (8.0% vs. 13.3%, P = 0.016). Multivariable logistic regression analysis and multivariable regression analysis confirmed that the attendance of ESSQS-certified supervisors reduced postoperative complication occurrence (adjusted odds ratio: 2.28, 95% confidence interval: 1.38 - 3.80, P = 0.001) and intraoperative blood loss (estimated difference: -15.7 mL, P = 0.016). This study demonstrated the educational benefits of ESSQS-certified supervisors, including assistants and advisors, evidenced by their superior short-term outcomes.

Elevated CK-MB levels are associated with adverse clinical outcomes in acute pancreatitis: a propensity score-matched study.

Cardiac injury, reflected by the measured concentrations of chemicals released from injured cardiac muscle, is common in acute pancreatitis (AP). However, there is no adequate evidence assessing the impact of cardiac injury on AP-related outcomes. Creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB) mainly exists in the myocardium. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the relationship between the increase in CK-MB and the adverse clinical outcomes of AP. This propensity score-matched study analyzed AP patients admitted to the Department of Gastroenterology in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University from June 2017 to July 2022. Propensity score matching and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to explore the relationship between CK-MB elevation and AP outcome variables. A total of 5,944 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 4,802 were ultimately enrolled. Overall, 896 (18.66%) of AP patients had elevated (>24 U/ml) CK-MB levels, and 895 (99.89%) were paired with controls using propensity score matching. The propensity score-matched cohort analysis demonstrated that mortality (OR, 5.87; 95% CI, 3.89-8.84; P < 0.001), severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) (OR, 2.74; 95% CI, 2.23-3.35; P < 0.001), and infected necrotizing pancreatitis (INP) (OR, 3.40; 95% CI, 2.34-4.94; P < 0.001) were more frequent in the elevated CK-MB (>24 U/ml) group than in the normal CK-MB (≤ 24 U/ml) group. Using the multivariate logistic regression analysis, elevated CK-MB levels were independently associated with increased mortality (OR, 2.753, 95% CI, 2.095-3.617, P < 0.001), SAP incidence (OR, 2.223, CI, 1.870-2.643, P < 0.001), and INP incidence (OR, 1.913, 95% CI, 1.467-2.494, P < 0.001). CK-MB elevation was an independent risk factor for adverse clinical outcomes in AP patients. CK-MB elevation was significantly related to adverse outcomes in AP patients, which makes it a potentially useful laboratory parameter for predicting adverse clinical outcomes of AP.

Does Computer Navigation or Robotic Assistance Affect the Risk of Periprosthetic Joint Infection in Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty? A Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Analysis

BackgroundThe use of technology during total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has been associated with more accurate component position and less blood loss. Yet to date, the risk of developing prosthetic joint infection (PJI) associated with computer navigation (CN) or robotic assistance (RA) has not been thoroughly evaluated. This study used propensity score-matching (PSM) in a large cohort of primary TKA patients to compare the rate of PJI following conventional TKA (TKA) versus CN-TKA and RA-TKA. MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 13,015 knees in 11,727 patients who underwent primary TKA at a single institution from 2018 to 2021. The cohort was stratified into TKA, CN-TKA, and RA-TKA groups. 1:1 PSM was applied to 11,834 patients. Propensity score-matching was performed using logistic regression accounting for age, sex, body mass index, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score, CCI components, and smoking status. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to evaluate differences in surgical time and PJI rate. ResultsSignificantly longer median operating times were noted in the RA-TKA group (14 minutes) compared to TKA (P < .001). The PJI rates among matched cohorts were similar among RA-TKA (0.3%), CN-TKA (0.3%), and conventional TKA (0.5%). Multivariable logistic regressions demonstrated that the use of robotic assistance (odds ratio (OR) = 0.5, P = .423) or computer navigation (OR = 0.61, P = .128) was not associated with increased risk of PJI when compared to conventional TKA. ConclusionsUse of computer navigation and robotic assistance during primary TKA are associated with longer surgical times, but no difference in PJI frequency within 90 days of surgery.

The association between dementia and the risk of hypoglycaemia events among patients with diabetes mellitus: a propensity-score matched cohort analysis.

Hypoglycaemia commonly occurs in patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM) and dementia. The impact of dementia on hypoglycaemic events is controversial. Thus, we evaluated whether dementia increases the risk of hypoglycaemic events in older patients diagnosed with DM. A retrospective cohort study. We used the IQVIA Medical Research Data (IMRD-UK) database (formerly known as the THIN database). All patients aged ≥55 years and diagnosed with DM who were prescribed at least two prescriptions of antidiabetic medication between 2000 and 2017. Two groups of patients, dementia and non-dementia group, were propensity-score (PS) matched at 1:2. The risk of hypoglycaemia was assessed through a Cox regression analysis. Hypoglycaemic events were determined during the follow-up period by Read codes. From the database, 133,664 diabetic patients were identified, with a mean follow-up of 6.11 years. During the study period, 7,762 diabetic patients diagnosed with dementia were matched with 12,944 diabetic patients who had not been diagnosed with dementia. The PS-matched Cox regression analysis showed that patients diagnosed with dementia were at a 2-fold increased risk for hypoglycaemic events compared with those not diagnosed with dementia (hazard ratio [HR], 2.00; 95% CI, 1.63-2.66). A similar result was shown for a multivariable analysis using all patient data (adjusted HR, 2.25; 95% CI, 2.22-2.32). Our findings suggest that diabetic patients with a diagnosis of dementia have a statistically significant higher risk of experiencing hypoglycaemia.

Utility of bilateral intraductal plastic stent for malignant hilar biliary obstruction compared with bilateral self-expandable metal stent: a propensity score–matched cohort analysis

Intraductal plastic stent (IS) placement for unresectable malignant hilar biliary obstruction (UMHBO) is an effective option for biliary drainage. However, the effectiveness of bilateral IS placement compared with bilateral self-expandable metal stent (SEMS) placement remains unclear. Overall, 301 patients with UMHBO were enrolled; 38 patients underwent bilateral IS placement (IS group) and 38 patients underwent SEMS placement (SEMS group) in the propensity score-based cohort. Both groups were compared for technical and clinical success, adverse events (AEs), recurrent biliary obstruction (RBO), time to RBO (TRBO), overall survival (OS), and endoscopic reintervention (ERI). No significant differences were observed between the groups regarding technical and clinical success, AEs and RBO occurrence rates, TRBO, or OS. The median initial endoscopic procedure time was significantly shorter in the IS group (23 vs 49 minutes, P< .01). ERI was performed on 20 and 19 patients in the IS and SEMS groups, respectively. The median ERI procedure time was significantly shorter in the IS group (22 vs 35 minutes, P= .04). Median TRBO after ERI with plastic stent placement tended to be longer in the IS group (306 vs 56 days, P= .068). A Cox multivariate analysis showed that the IS group was the significant related factor for TRBO after ERI (hazard ratio, .31; 95% confidence interval, .25-.82; P= .035). Bilateral IS placement can reduce the duration of the endoscopic procedure and provide sufficient stent patency both initially and after ERI stent placement, and the stents are removable. Bilateral IS placement is considered a good option for initial UMHBO drainage. (Clinical trial registration number: UMIN000050546.).

The Association of Standardized Documentation of Serious Illness Conversations With Healthcare Utilization in Hospitalized Patients: A Propensity Score Matched Cohort Analysis.

Background: Serious Illness Conversations (SICs) conducted during hospitalization can lead to meaningful patient participation in the decision-making process affecting medical management. The aim of this study is to determine if standardized documentation of a SIC within an institutionally approved EHR module during hospitalization is associated with palliative care consultation, change in code status, hospice enrollment prior to discharge, and 90-day readmissions. Methods: We conducted retrospective analyses of hospital encounters of general medicine patients at a community teaching hospital affiliated with an academic medical center from October 2018 to August 2019. Encounters with standardized documentation of a SIC were identified and matched by propensity score to control encounters without a SIC in a ratio of 1:3. We used multivariable, paired logistic regression and Cox proportional-hazards modeling to assess key outcomes. Results: Of 6853 encounters (5143 patients), 59 (.86%) encounters (59 patients) had standardized documentation of a SIC, and 58 (.85%) were matched to 167 control encounters (167 patients). Encounters with standardized documentation of a SIC had greater odds of palliative care consultation (odds ratio [OR] 60.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] 12.45-290.08, P < .01), a documented code status change (OR 8.04, 95% CI 1.54-42.05, P = .01), and discharge with hospice services (OR 35.07, 95% CI 5.80-212.08, P < .01) compared to matched controls. There was no significant association with 90-day readmissions (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] .88, standard error [SE] .37, P = .73). Conclusions: Standardized documentation of a SIC during hospitalization is associated with palliative care consultation, change in code status, and hospice enrollment.

Local resection versus radical resection after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer: a propensity-score matched cohort analysis

BackgroundWe aimed to address the shortage of evidence regarding the safety of the local resection approach by comparing long-term oncological outcomes between patients managed by local resection and those who underwent radical resection.MethodsThis was a propensity-score matched cohort analysis study that included patients of all ages diagnosed with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) who had received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) at the Fujian Medical University Union Hospital and Fujian Medical University Affiliated Zhangzhou Hospital, China, between Jan 10, 2011, to Dec 28, 2021. Partial patients with a significant downstage of the tumor were offered management with the local resection approach, and most of the rest were offered radical resection if eligible.FindingsOne thousand six hundred ninety-three patients underwent radical resection after nCRT, and another 60 patients performed local resection. The median follow-up times were 44.0 months (interquartile range = 4–107 months). After propensity-core matching (PSM), in the Kaplan–Meier curves, local resection (n = 56) or radical resection (n = 211) was not significantly associated with 1-, 3-, and 5-year cumulative incidence of overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.103, 95% CI: 0.372 ~ 3.266), disease-free survival (DFS) ((HR = 0.972, 95% CI: 0.401 ~ 2.359), local recurrence (HR = 1.044, 95% CI: 0.225 ~ 4.847), and distant metastasis (HR = 0.818, 95% CI: 0.280 ~ 2.387) (all log-rank P > 0.05). Similarly, multivariate Cox regression analysis indicates that local excision still was not an independent risk factor for OS (HR = 0.863, 95% CI: 0.267 ~ 2.785, P = 0.805) and DFS (HR = 0.885, 95% CI: 0.353 ~ 2.215, p = 0.794).ConclusionLocal resection can be a management option in selected patients with middle-low rectal cancer after nCRT for LARC and without loss of oncological safety at five years.

Impact of steroid withdrawal on subclinical graft injury after liver transplantation: A propensity score-matched cohort analysis.

Subclinical graft injuries in orthotopic liver transplantation may threaten long-term graft survival and could be the result of chronic under-immunosuppression. It is not known whether steroid withdrawal increases the risk of subclinical immune responses against the graft. This retrospective single-center study aimed to assess the risk of subclinical graft damage after steroid withdrawal within the first nine months after orthotopic liver transplantation in the first three years after transplantation in a prospective cohort of surveillance biopsies using a propensity score matching analysis. Of 355 patients, 109 patients underwent surveillance biopsies between eleven and 36 months after liver transplantation. Thirty-seven patients discontinue steroids within the first nine months and 72 later than nine months after transplantation. The matching led to 28 patients per group. Patients with autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and hepatocarcinoma were excluded by the propensity score matching unintentionally. Patients who discontinued steroids had a trend toward lower levels of immunosuppression at the time of surveillance biopsy. Steroid withdrawal in the first nine months was not associated with an increased risk of subclinical T cell-mediated rejection, graft inflammation, or liver graft fibrosis in the matched cohort with patients with a low frequency of autoimmune liver diseases. There were also no differences in the development of metabolic diseases. In conclusion, steroid withdrawal within the first nine months after transplantation, as assessed by surveillance biopsies, does not increase the risk of subclinical graft injuries or fibrosis at least in liver transplant recipient without or a low prevalence of autoimmune liver diseases.

Superior survival outcome of blinatumomab compared with conventional chemotherapy for adult patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a propensity score-matched cohort analysis.

Blinatumomab showed a higher complete remission (CR) rate and a safe bridging to allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) in adults with relapsed or refractory B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (R/R BCP-ALL). We tried to analyze the outcome of blinatumomab compared with the real-world historical data. We expected superior outcome of blinatumomab compared with historical conventional chemotherapy. We conducted a retrospective study using real-world data in the Catholic Hematology Hospital. Total 197 consecutive cases of R/R BCP-ALL were treated with conventional chemotherapy (n = 113) or blinatumomab, which was available since late 2016 (n = 84). Patients who achieved CR underwent allo-HCT if donor was available. We conducted a propensity score-matched cohort analysis using 5 criteria of age, CR duration, cytogenetics, previous allo-HCT, and salvage lines between historical group and blinatumomab. Each cohort consisted of 52 patients. In blinatumomab group, CR rate was higher (80.8% versus 53.8%, p = 0.006) and more patients proceeded to allo-HCT (80.8% versus 46.2%, p < 0.001). Among the CR patients with available minimal residual disease (MRD) results, 68.6% in blinatumomab group and 40.0% in conventional chemotherapy group were MRD-negative. Regimen-related mortality during the chemotherapy cycles was significantly higher in the conventional chemotherapy group (40.4% versus 1.9%, p < 0.001). Estimated 3-year overall survival (OS) was 33.2% (median, 26.3 months) after blinatumomab, and 15.4% (median, 8.2 months) after conventional chemotherapy (p < 0.001). Estimated 3-year non-relapse mortality were 30.3% and 51.9% (p = 0.004), respectively. In multivariate analysis, CR duration < 12 months showed more relapses and poor OS, and conventional chemotherapy showed higher non-relapse mortality and poor OS. Matched cohort analysis showed superior outcomes of blinatumomab compared with conventional chemotherapy. However, large numbers of relapses and non-relapse mortalities continue to occur even after blinatumomab followed by allo-HCT. Novel therapeutic strategies are still needed for R/R BCP-ALL.

The Same Day Discharges following Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Single Surgeon, Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Analysis.

This is a retrospective study. As new surgical techniques and improved perioperative care approaches have become available, the same-day discharge in selected total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients was introduced to decrease health care costs without compromising outcomes. This study aimed to compare clinical and functional outcomes between same-day discharge TKA patients and inpatient-discharge TKA patients. A retrospective review of 100 consecutive patients with same-day discharge matched to a cohort of 300 patients with inpatient discharge that underwent TKA by a single surgeon at a tertiary referral center was conducted. Propensity-score matching was performed to adjust for baseline differences in preoperative patient demographics, medical comorbidities, and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) between both cohorts. All patients had a minimum of 1-year follow-up (range: 1.2-2.8 years). In terms of clinical outcomes for the propensity score-matched cohorts, there was no significant difference in terms of revision rates (1.0 vs. 1.3%, p = 0.76), 90-day emergency department visits (3.0 vs. 3.3%, p = 0.35), 30-day readmission rates (1.0 vs. 1.3%, p = 0.45), and 90-day readmission rates (3.0 vs. 3.6%, p = 0.69). Patients with same-day discharge demonstrated significantly higher postoperative PROM scores, at both 3-month and 1-year follow-up, for PROMIS-10 Physical Score (50 vs. 46, p = 0.028), PROMIS-10 Mental Score (56 vs. 53, p = 0.039), and Physical SF10A (57 vs. 52, p = 0.013). This study showed that patients with same-day discharge had similar clinical outcomes and superior functional outcomes, when compared with patients that had a standard inpatient protocol. This suggests that same-day discharge following TKA may be a safe, viable option in selected total knee joint arthroplasty patients.