Propagation Techniques Research Articles

Challenges and Strategies in the Industrial Application of Dendrobium officinale

Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo (D. officinale) is a well-recognized traditional Chinese medicinal herb that is both medicinal and edible. Contemporary pharmacological studies have revealed that D. officinale contains abundant bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, flavonoids, alkaloids, and dendrobine, exhibiting diverse pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. However, the industrial application of D. officinale faces many problems, such as the scarcity of wild resources, low natural reproduction rate, and slow growth rate as well as the lack of relevant industrial standards. Nevertheless, substantial advancements, including the exploitation of artificial propagation techniques and breeding of new varieties, have been achieved in recent years. These developments have effectively addressed the challenges associated with its low natural reproduction rate and the scarcity of wild resources. This review summarizes the progress in the industrial development, seedling cultivation, and pharmacological exploration of D. officinale in recent years. Furthermore, it analyzes current research inadequacies and offers strategic solutions to enhance its application in healthcare and medicine.

Bulbs to blooms: advancements in sustainable lilium farming

The commercial cultivation and marketing of cut flowers presents significant opportunities. The market for exotic cut flowers is expanding day to day. Lilium holds a significant position in cut flower industry and is recognized as one of the top ten major varieties in the global floriculture sector. Its cultivation in non-traditional areas needs to be explored to meet the increasing demand. Hence, different research work has been undertaken in different places in order to standardize the cultivation of Lilium in open conditions. However, its cultivation is now being done under protected structures for better quality and yield. Furthermore, the practice of protected cultivation makes it possible to grow Lilium in non-traditional areas. An effort has been made to compile the production techniques developed for the commercial production of Lilium, such as higher yielding cultivars, suitable propagation techniques, intercultural operations, insect-pest disease management and post-harvest technology. These techniques will be replicated in non-traditional areas after proper validation.

Growth Promotion and In vitro Seed Germination of Lycium barbarum L. (Red Goji) Using Different Types of Cytokinins.

Lycium barbarum L., commonly known as red goji berry, is a widely recognized plant-based medicinal herb with nutritional and therapeutic properties. In this study, the effects of various cytokinins on the germination of L. barbarum seeds and the growth of seedlings were investigated under in vitro conditions. The berries were first surface sterilized and dissected, and the seeds were then cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/L) of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), thidiazuron (TDZ), and kinetin (KIN) for 10 weeks at 25±2ºC with a photoperiod of 16 hours and a light intensity of 1000 lux. Upon observation after 10 weeks of culture, all cytokinin-treated cultures produced 100% seed germination as early as 7 days. KIN at 0.5 mg/L produced plantlets with the greatest height (8.40 ± 0.97 cm) with extensive rooting and the greatest total chlorophyll production. Besides, KIN at 1.5 mg/L resulted in the highest number of leaves per plantlet (6.90 ± 0.72), while 1.0 mg/L of TDZ led to the greatest biomass, i.e., fresh weight (FW) of 0.328 ± 0.05 gram and dry weight (DW) of 0.023 ± 0.003 gram. All cytokinins used in this experiment (BAP, TDZ, and KIN) promoted different in vitro growth promotion responses in L. barbarum. The effects of different types and concentrations of cytokinin on the height of plantlets, number of leaves per plantlet, fresh and dry weight, the extent of rooting, and the chlorophyll content were demonstrated to be statistically significant. This study provides valuable insights into optimizing in vitro cultivation techniques for goji berry propagation, which could contribute to developing superior cultivars and increased production of this superfruit in the future. For future perspectives, extended research in elucidating the underlying mechanism associated with cytokinin supplementation is imperative to understanding the roles of cytokinins and optimizing their effects on plant growth promotion.

Modulating the Rhizosphere Medium and Indole − 3−butyric Acid Supply Influence Rooting, Nutrients and Biochemical Constituents and Histological Features of Pedilanthus tithymaloids

AbstractPedilanthus tithymaloids is a popular temperate indoor succulent ornamental plant and is highly marketable. However, the appropriate propagation techniques should be adopted to solve the rooting issues of cuttings. Therefore, the present research was designed to specify the optimal indole − 3−butyric acid (IBA) concentration and rooting medium type for obtaining good rooting and healthy plants. Three IBA levels (0, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 g L− 1) and five growing mediums (sand, sand: clay, sand: peat moss, sand: perlite, and sand: vermiculite as 1:1, v/v) were used. The experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design in three replications. The obtained data illustrated that roots number per cutting and rooting percentage reached the maximum values by treating P. tithymaloids cuttings with 3.0 g L− 1 IBA x sand: perlite or sand: vermiculite medium. Cultivating the treated-IBA 3.0 g L− 1 cuttings of P. tithymaloids in sand: perlite showed the most enhancements in plant height, branches number and leaves number, leaf area and herb dry weight. However, the heaviest root dry weight was noticed with IBA 3.0 g L− 1 x sand: peat moss medium. Except sand medium, all other tested media in combination with IBA at 1.0, 2.0–3.0 g L− 1 showed remarkable stimulation effect on chlorophyll content. Sand: vermiculite mixture x IBA at 2.0 g L− 1 was the effective practice for improving carbohydrates percentage. By studying the anatomical changes of the adventitious root of P. tithymaloids plant, it was found that there was an increase in the root diameter, phloem and xylem tissues and xylem vessels diameter due to growing in sand: perlite x 3.0 g L− 1 IBA. In conclusion, dipping the cuttings bases of P. tithymaloids in 3.0 g L− 1 IBA and cultivation in sand: perlite considered the most effective combination practice for better rooting ability and growth and could be advisable for commercial production.

Federated deep reinforcement learning based trajectory design for UAV-assisted networks with mobile ground devices

Exploiting highly maneuverable unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has been considered as an efficient way to assist wireless systems, e.g., for applications of data collection. However, several challenges remain to be addressed in the design of such UAV-assisted networks, including multi-UAV joint trajectory determination, data privacy protection, and adaption to the complex channel environment particularly with mobile ground devices (GDs). In this paper, we study a multi-UAV assisted data collection system where UAVs collect data locally from mobile GDs. The aim is to minimize the whole operation time cost via jointly optimizing the UAVs’ three-dimensional (3D) trajectory together with the GDs’ communication scheduling, while satisfying the constraints of no-fly zones (NFZs) and collision avoidance. With a nonconvex feasible set (due to the NFZs), the established problem is nonconvex. Moreover, the randomness of GDs movements significantly reduces the performance of a typical redesign, i.e., determining the UAVs’ trajectory and users’ scheduling before starting the data collection task. To tackle these issues, we first transform the established problem into a Markov decision one, and then propose a multi-agent federated reinforcement learning (MAFRL)-based approach to optimize the dynamic long-term objective via jointly determining UAVs’ 3D trajectory and GD’s communication scheduling. A multi-step propagation technique and a dueling network architecture are adopted to enhance the neural network utilized to train agents, i.e., to accelerate the convergence rate of the proposed method and improve its overall stability. Finally, experimental results reveal the effectiveness of our proposed method in the considered practical scenario.

Larval Rearing of the Giant Trevally, Caranx ignobilis (Forsskål, 1775), Fed Live Food Combinations of Rotifers, Copepods and Artemia salina

The giant trevally, Caranx ignobilis, is a high value fish which has been studied for spawning in captivity and domestication in the Philippines in view of its aquaculture potential. Initial larval rearing of the species encountered mortality issues, and this study attempts to address the problem to improve their survival. Hatchery-bred C. ignobilis larvae were reared for 40 days in nine units of 100 L conical fiberglass tanks at a stocking density of 500 larvae.tank-1 under three feed treatments with different combinations of rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis), brine shrimp (Artemia) and copepods (Pseudodiaptomus spp.): T1- Brachionus plicatilis + Artemia, T2- Brachionus plicatilis + Pseudodiaptomus spp., and T3-Brachionus plicatilis + Pseudodiaptomus spp. + Artemia fed at 0800 h and 1600 h. The results showed that the inclusion of copepods in the feeding regimen had positive effects on survival. Survival rate was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in T2 (23.47 ± 3.18 %) than T1 (11.67 ± 1.90 %) but was not statistically different from T3 (14.37 ± 3.88 %). Length increment was significantly different (P < 0.05) among treatments but with no statistical difference in specific growth rate (P > 0.05). The erratic swimming behaviour leading to mortality associated with insufficient levels of highly unsaturated fatty acids in Artemia was not observed in T2, thus, validating the assumption that the feeding with copepods will increase survival during larval rearing. The use of copepods for C. ignobilis larviculture is seen to play an important role in the success of the seed production protocol for this species. However, a sustainable supply of copepods through appropriate mass propagation techniques must be ensured to achieve higher production of C. ignobilis seeds in the hatcheries.

Crop Improvement of Moringa oleifera L. through Genotype Screening for the Development of Clonal Propagation Techniques of High-Yielding Clones in Malaysia.

Moringa oleifera L. is a valuable multipurpose tree species widely planted for centuries due to its high medicinal value and antifungal, antiviral, antidepressant, and anti-inflammatory properties in the food industry. However, its cultivation is hindered by production constraints such as the unavailability of planting material and the inadequate number of high-yielding clones. Thus, a study was initiated to select high-yielding clones in terms of growth and chemical content for the mass propagation of superior moringa trees. Screening on high-yielding clones with high astragalin content was conducted through the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of moringa leaf extract. Selected genotypes were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory potential through in vitro bioactivity assays of leaf methanol extract. The effects of the rooting hormone, rooting substrates, and size of the cutting on the rooting response of branch cuttings of moringa were investigated. Results found that samples collected from different ecological zones of Peninsular Malaysia show significant variation in terms of astragalin content. The extracts were observed to show considerable variation in biological activity against the pro-inflammatory enzymes. The size of the cuttings had significant effects on the rooting of the cuttings as longer cuttings with bigger diameters rooted better than shorter cuttings with smaller diameters. Several genotypes of M. oleifera with superior phenotypic characteristics and bioactive compounds have been identified. Factors affecting the rooting efficiency and optimal conditions of rooting are suggested, which provides valuable information for the propagation of the superior planting material of moringa. This effort will ensure the sustainable production and supply of good quality raw materials for the production of quality end-products for the food and pharmaceutical industry.

Acceleration of propagation of source material for Sorbus Sensu Lato Breeding

Aim. The permanent growth of interest in rowan and other currently underestimated Sorbus sensu lato crops has prompted the search to improve the accelerated propagation technique of its most valuable genotypes for breeding. Methods. The experiments involved 3–7-year-old Sorbus sensu lato plants from the National Dendrological Park "Sofiyivka" of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine collection. Statistical analysis of the experimental data was performed according to Ronald Fisher. Results. It was found that the germination rate of the studied sorboid plants depended on the method of seed preparation. In contrast, the grafting efficiency depended more on the grafting method than on the graft genotype. The use of our modified MS media allowed us to obtain clone formation coefficients (6.6–7.9) sufficient for effective micropropagation and to induce morphogenesis with 59.9–88.8 % of rooted microclones, as well as to achieve stable results of adaptation of the studied Sorbus sensu lato to non-sterile ex vitro conditions both in peat disks (69.1–90.3 %) and in containers with soil substrates (70.4–93.0 %). Conclusions. The results of comparing the methods of accelerated propagation of source material for breeding sorboid crops obtained in long-term experiments showed the advantages of micropropagation and the prospects for introducing the micropropagation link into breeding practice and nursery of the most valuable for horticulture Sorbus sensu lato.

Construction of the First High-Density Genetic Linkage Map and QTL Mapping of Shikimic Acid Content in Liquidambar

High-quality genetic maps are effective tools for elucidating the genetic mechanisms of complex quantitative traits and facilitating marker-assisted breeding. Species within the genus Liquidambar (commonly called sweetgum), particularly Liquidambar styraciflua and Liquidambar formosana, are significant forest resources worldwide. These sweetgum trees have been extensively utilized in medical and cosmetic applications for centuries as they contain large amounts of valuable secondary metabolites. Among these, shikimic acid is a notable metabolite with significant pharmaceutical applications. Despite advances in conventional breeding and propagation techniques for sweetgum, the genetic basis and regulatory mechanisms of valuable traits remain largely unexplored. In this study, we constructed the first high-density genetic map for sweetgum using whole-genome resequencing (WGR) of 220 progeny individuals derived from a cross of L. styraciflua × L. formosana. The genetic map spanned a total distance of 1428.51 centimorgans (cM) with an average inter-marker distance of 0.33 cM, incorporating 4268 bin markers across 16 linkage groups. To identify the genetic loci controlling the shikimic acid content, quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping was carried out based on the genetic map. Two QTLs located on linkage group (LG) 12 were detected, encompassing a total of 213 genes within the QTL interval. Some of these genes are closely related to secondary metabolism in plants, including YUCCA and DXS genes. This study presents the first high-quality genetic map of sweetgum and provides a preliminary QTL analysis for shikimic acid content. Our findings establish a foundational framework for the genetic improvement of sweetgum through marker-assisted breeding and offer valuable insights for further research in sweetgum genetics.

Near-field propagation of a flat-topped gaussian beam: analysis in weakly ‎turbulent atmospheres

We investigate the analysis of optical communication employing the shape beams, definitely concentrating on the effect of factors on the physical characteristics of a Flat Top Gaussian (FTG) beam. The propagation of a beam of laser light in the atmosphere layer is disposed to being affected by many optical phenomena such as scattering, absorption, and turbulence. These phenomena arise from differences in the scintillation index and the intensity modes realized in the source and receiver planes. This work is a numerical investigation of the FTG laser beam as it beams trekking through a zone of low turbulence using open-source software. This simulation will be conducted using a mathematical model derived from the split-step beam propagation technique. The intensity distributions of the source plane and the average intensity is received in air turbulence are computed, with an extra contour at the transducer plane. The Rytov approach to develops the scintillation index, structural constant, source size, and supplementary parameters to measure the weak turbulent model. Furthermore, these factors are studied in the context of near-field propagation. Also, the impression of the scintillation and wander of the beam is assessed. All simulated results are analyses and contrasted with the TEM00 Gaussian beam. At last, these discoveries are compared with the data obtained in the experimental piece of the study, additionally by applied in laser applications.

Extended Floor Field Cellular Automata Model for Pedestrian Emergency Evacuation Considering Panic Emotion

Panic emotion appears frequently in an emergency evacuation, affecting evacuation efficiency and pedestrian safety. Individual diversity in emotion propagation causes pedestrians to behave differently. To better describe the emotion propagation in the movement of pedestrians, we analyze the characteristics of the emotions of different pedestrians in emergencies. Considering pedestrian heterogeneity, we divide pedestrians into three types (conservative, moderate, and radical) according to the strength of the expression of individual emotions. Based on an analysis of the characteristics of the three types of pedestrian, an improved susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model is built to describe the pedestrian emotion propagation process. In addition, a conflict avoidance method that considers pedestrian speed is proposed to demonstrate pedestrian motion more realistically. Based on this foundation, a cellular automata (CA) model that integrates emotion propagation and conflict avoidance techniques is employed to replicate the process of pedestrian emergency evacuation. The simulation results suggest that a higher proportion of pedestrians with initial panic emotions and a radical behavior type leads to a prolonged evacuation time. Many pedestrians in emergency evacuations gather at the exit in a short time (approximately 37 time steps), the density then reaches a high-level (approximately 5.5 pedestrians/m2) for a period of time, and the duration increases with the increase in the number of pedestrians. Methods for guiding pedestrians to evacuate in a rational manner are worthy of promotion and research.

After-Ripening and Stratification Improve the Germination of the Cakile maritima Scop. (Brassicaceae) from the Apulia Region, Italy

Understanding seed germination is crucial for refining the propagation techniques of Cakile maritima, a wild halophyte species with significant potential for biosaline agriculture. However, research on seed germination within intact fruits of this species is limited. Four trials were conducted to study the seed germination of a population from the Apulia region. The focus was on seeds that had undergone after-ripening for 3 years (20AR3) or 2 years (20AR2) (both collected in 2020), or 1 year (22AR1) (collected in 2022), and freshly harvested seeds in 2022 (22AR0) and 2023 (23AR0). The seeds were either incubated as naked or moist-stratified within intact fruits. A portion of 2022 AR0 siliques was submerged in saline water before stratification. The naked seeds collected in 2022 and 2020 (22AR0 and 20AR2) did not germinate, whereas a portion of the 23AR0 (67%), 20AR3, and 22AR1 (45%, irrespective of after-ripening) lots quickly (T50 = 3.5 days) germinated, underlining a lower dormancy level for seeds harvested or dry stored in 2023. Seed germination in the intact fruits was lower than the naked seeds, confirming the role of the pericarp in inducing seed dormancy. Stratification of the shelled seeds was much more effective in improving the germination time (140 days) and levels in the 23AR0 (81%), 20AR3, and 22AR1 (66%, irrespective of after-ripening) lots than in the 22AR0 (34%) and 20AR2 (61%) ones, which required 240 days to germinate. The saline solution imbibition of fruit seems only to delay the occurrence of the maximum emergence. The physiological seed dormancy of this C. maritima population has been proven, which may be variable in depth according to the year of fruit collection, ranging from intermediate to non-deep.

Prediction of Resilient Modulus of Subgrade Loamy Soils Through Wave Propagation Technique

Prediction of Resilient Modulus of Subgrade Loamy Soils Through Wave Propagation Technique

Tissue Culture in Banana Cultivation: A Review of its Impact on Disease Management, Yield Improvement, and Sustainable Production

In several tropical and subtropical areas, bananas (Musa spp.) are an important food source and commercial crop. Disease transmission and production uncertainty are common problems with traditional propagation techniques such as suckers. By supplying consistent, high-quality, and disease-free planting material, tissue culture, known as micro propagation, represents a potential alternative. The application of tissue culture has greatly enhanced disease management in banana cultivation. Reducing the incidence of ailments like Fusarium wilt, bacterial wilt, and Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV), pathogen-free plantlets are grown in controlled conditions. This strategy lessens the demand for artificial fertilizers while also promoting healthier crops and lessening the impact on the environment. Micropropagated banana plants demonstrated consistent growth, early fruiting, and increased yield in contrast to conventionally propagated plants. Tissue-cultured plants exhibit strong development and genetic uniformity, which contribute to these advantages and more consistent and dependable harvests. By promoting efficient land use and reducing the need for chemical inputs, tissue culture enhances sustainability in the production of bananas. The growing demand for bananas may be met without requiring the increase of agricultural land thanks to tissue culture techniques, which enable the large-scale production of enhanced banana cultivars at a quick rate. Furthermore, using planting material free of disease lowers input costs and crop losses, supporting more environmentally friendly farming methods.

Influence of indole-butyric acid and substrate type on vegetative propagation of native Peruvian blueberry (Vaccinium sp.)

In the Amazon region of Peru, native blueberries are found in high Andean areas, where they are associated with small shrubs and mosses. These blueberries prefer shallow soils with a sandy-clay texture and low fertility. However, their population is threatened by their limited regenerative capacity and various anthropogenic factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of indole butyric acid and substrate type on the vegetative propagation of native Peruvian blueberry (Vaccinium sp.) grown in microtunnel. The experiment was conducted under a complete randomized design with the factorial arrangement; A: substrate (sand 100%, sand + coconut fiber 1:1 v/v and coconut fiber 100%) and B: AIB concentrations (1, 2 and 3 g L-1) and control (0 g L-1), giving 12 treatments, three replicates and 36 experimental plots. In the field, apical shoots of blueberry with semi-lignified and vigorous stems were collected. In the laboratory, they were disinfected with fungicide and cut to a size of 7 cm. Subsequently, they were treated with AIB and planted in prepared substrates. After 120 days in the microtunnel, it was observed that blueberry cuttings showed higher survival in sand + coconut fiber (94.7%), rooting (73.8%), root number (6.9), and root growth (9.2). AIB concentrations at 2 and 3 g L-1 had a greater effect on rooting, with values above 60%. The use of suitable substrates and auxin concentrations significantly favors the vegetative propagation of native blueberries. This propagation technique is postulated as a promising alternative for the mass propagation of this species for the conservation and rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems.

An effective in vitro propagation of Coelogyne mossiae Rolfe: An endangered endemic orchid of Western Ghats, India

Coelogyne mossiae Rolfe, an unexplored taxon given its red-listed status by IUCN was selected for in vitro propagation studies due to its conservational significance. The mature pods harboring viable seeds were subjected to inoculation on eight different nutrient media, revealing full-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) media as highly efficient for seed germination (96.65 %) and subsequent stages of seedling development. Protocorm explants are used for micropropagation on MS media supplemented with various plant growth regulators (PGRs). α- Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) in the concentration of 0.5 mg/L facilitated optimal shoot induction resulting in an average of 2.39 multiple buds and 2.46 cm shoot length while 1.0 mg/L 6-Benzyl amino purine (BAP) augmented cultures provided 2.32 multiple shoot buds with an average 1.92 cm height. Half macro-MS augmented with 0.5 mg/L BAP promoted pseudobulb elongation (0.73 cm) while 0.5 mg/L NAA supported root formation (8.33 roots with an average length of 1.12 cm). The resultant plants were acclimatized in pots containing coco peat and brick pieces, exhibiting a survival rate of 63.23 %. The anatomical characteristics of the hardened plants provided insight into factors conducive to their adaptability. Also, the 3-month-old hardened plants demonstrated significantly greater total photosynthetic pigment (0.4915±0.00 mg g-1), total carbohydrate content (72.33±1.69 mg SSE/g), and total protein content (40.26±0.53 mg BSAE/g) when compared to in vitro plants. These findings underscore the potential of in vitro propagation techniques in the conservation and sustainable utilization of Coelogyne mossiae.

Analysis of economic viability of commercial mulberry saplings regeneration using conventional stem propagation method

The economics of stem cutting propagation in mulberry provides a profound insight into the cost-effectiveness and financial benefits of this method compared to other propagation techniques. Stem cutting propagation are widely recognized for its efficiency which involves taking cuttings from a mature mulberry plant and rooting them to produce new plants. This method is particularly advantageous due to its lower initial costs and simplicity compared to alternatives like tissue culture or seed propagation. Economically, stem cutting eliminates the need for expensive seeds and reduces the risk associated with seedling variability thereby leading to more consistent crop quality and yield. The initial capital investment is relatively modest and covering primarily labour and materials for the cuttings and rooting environment. Furthermore, the reduced time frame for producing mature plants accelerates the return on investment thereby providing a quicker pathway to profitability. Analyzing the cost components including labour, equipment and consumables, reveals that while there are ongoing expenses such as maintenance and care of the cuttings these are often outweighed by the savings and benefits derived from a successful propagation cycle. Stem cutting propagation also offers scalability thereby allowing for the expansion of mulberry cultivation with minimal additional costs. The method's ultimate economic advantage lies in its capacity to deliver high-quality, uniform plants at a lower cost, enhancing the overall productivity of mulberry farms. Additionally, examining case studies and regional data highlights variations in economic outcomes based on local conditions, such as soil quality, climate and market access. The ultimate success and profitability of stem cutting propagation are influenced by these factors which can either amplify or mitigate the method’s inherent advantages. In regions where conditions are optimal, the benefits of stem cutting propagation are maximized thereby leading to substantial economic gains.

Proteomic insights into adventitious root formation in Larix kaempferi

The adventitious root formaton (ARF) in excised plant parts is essential for the survival of isolated plant fragments. In this study, we explored the complex mechanisms of ARF in Larix kaempferi by conducting a comprehensive proteomic analysis across three distinct stages: the induction of adventitious root primordia (C1, 0–25 d), the formation of adventitious root primordia (C2, 25–35 d), and the elongation of adventitious roots (C3, 35–45 d). We identified 1976 proteins, with 263 and 156 proteins exhibiting increased abundance in the C2/C1 and C3/C2 transitions, respectively. In contrast, a decrease in the abundance of 106 and 132 proteins suggests a significant demand for metabolic processes during the C2/C1 phase. The abundance of IAA-amino acid hydrolase and S-adenosylmethionine synthase were increased in the C2/C1 phase, underscoring the role of auxin in adventitious root induction. The decrease in abundance of photosynthesis-related proteins during the C2/C1 phase highlights the significance of initial light conditions in adventitious root induction. Moreover, variation in cell wall synthesis and metabolic proteins in the C2/C1 and C3/C2 stages suggests that cell wall metabolism is integral to adventitious root regeneration. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed pathways related to protein modification enzymes, including deubiquitinases and kinases, which are crucial for modulating protein modifications to promote ARF. Furthermore, the increased abundance of antioxidant enzymes, such as peroxidases and glutathione peroxidases, indicates a potential approach for enhancing ARF by supplementing the culture medium with antioxidants. Our study provides insights into metabolic changes during ARF in L. kaempferi, offering strategies to enhance adventitious root regeneration. These findings have the potential to refine plant propagation techniques and expedite breeding processes. SignficanceThe main challenge in the asexual reproduction technology of Larix kaempferi lies in adventitious root formation (ARF). While numerous studies have concentrated on the efficiency of ARF, proteomic data are currently scarce. In this study, we collected samples from three stages of ARF in L. kaempferi and subsequently performed proteomic analysis. The data generated not only reveal changes in protein abundance but also elucidate key metabolic processes involved in ARF. These insights offer a novel perspective on addressing the challenge of adventurous root regeneration.

Spatial transcriptome analysis reveals de novo regeneration of poplar roots

Abstract Propagation through cuttings is a well-established and effective technique for plant multiplication. This study explores the regeneration of poplar roots using spatial transcriptomics to map a detailed developmental trajectory. Mapping of the time-series transcriptome data revealed notable alterations in gene expression during root development, particularly in the activation of cytokinin-responsive genes. Our analysis identified six distinct clusters during the second and third stages, each corresponding to specific anatomical regions with unique gene expression profiles. Auxin response cis-elements (AuxREs) were prevalent in the promoters of these cytokinin-responsive genes, indicating a regulatory interplay between auxin and cytokinin. Pseudo-temporal trajectory analysis mapped the differentiation from cambium cells to root primordium cells, revealing a complex pattern of cell differentiation. SAC56 and LOS1 emerged as potential novel biomarkers for enhancing root regeneration, with distinct spatial expression patterns confirmed by in situ hybridization. This comprehensive spatial analysis enhances our understanding of the molecular interactions driving root regeneration and provides insights for improving plant propagation techniques.

Propagating Transparency: A Deep Dive into the Interpretability of Neural Networks

In the rapidly evolving landscape of deep learning (DL), understanding the inner workings of neural networks remains a significant challenge. This need for transparency and accountability from DL models assumes particular importance as DL models become increasingly prevalent in decision-making processes. Interpreting these models is key to addressing this challenge. This paper offers a comprehensive overview of interpretable deep learning methods. It emphasizes gradient-based propagation techniques that shed light on the complex mechanisms driving neural network predictions. Through a systematic review, we categorize gradient-based interpretability approaches, delve into the theory of notable methods, and compare their strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, we investigate various evaluation metrics for interpretable systems, often generalized under the term eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). We highlight their significance in assessing the faithfulness, robustness, localization, complexity, randomization, and adherence to the axiomatic principles of XAI methods. We aim to help researchers and practitioners work towards a more transparent future for artificial intelligence by providing an overview of the most recent developments in the field.