Foam Generation Research Articles

Classification of foam and foaming products for EPB mechanized tunnelling based on half-life time

During tunnel excavation with Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs) and earth pressure balance (EPB) technology, conditioning agents are commonly used to modify the physical and mechanical properties of soils so that they are appropriate for the application of the front-face support pressure during excavation. The consistency of the conditioned soil must be stable during the time necessary to advance and install the lining. Hence, a stability analysis of the injected foams is an important aspect. To assess the stability of a foam a classification is proposed based on the results of a standard foam generation procedure and on half-life tests using products from the main suppliers. A further classification of the foaming agents used according to their ability to produce a stable foam in terms of Foam Expansion Ratio is also proposed.

Controlled open-cell two-dimensional liquid foam generation for micro- and nanoscale patterning of materials

Liquid foam consists of liquid film networks. The films can be thinned to the nanoscale via evaporation and have potential in bottom-up material structuring applications. However, their use has been limited due to their dynamic fluidity, complex topological changes, and physical characteristics of the closed system. Here, we present a simple and versatile microfluidic approach for controlling two-dimensional liquid foam, designing not only evaporative microholes for directed drainage to generate desired film networks without topological changes for the first time, but also microposts to pin the generated films at set positions. Patterning materials in liquid is achievable using the thin films as nanoscale molds, which has additional potential through repeatable patterning on a substrate and combination with a lithographic technique. By enabling direct-writable multi-integrated patterning of various heterogeneous materials in two-dimensional or three-dimensional networked nanostructures, this technique provides novel means of nanofabrication superior to both lithographic and bottom-up state-of-the-art techniques.

Pore-to-Core EOR Upscaling for CO2 Foam for CCUS

SummaryThis paper presents an ongoing CO2–foam upscaling research project that aims to advance CO2–foam technology for accelerating and increasing oil recovery, while reducing operational costs and lessening the carbon footprint left during CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Laboratory CO2–foam behavior was upscaled to pilot scale in an onshore carbonate reservoir in Texas, USA. Important CO2–foam properties, such as local foam generation, bubble texture, apparent viscosity, and shear–thinning behavior with a nonionic surfactant, were evaluated using pore–to–core upscaling to develop accurate numerical tools for a field–pilot prediction of increased sweep efficiency and CO2 utilization. At pore–scale, high–pressure silicon–wafer micromodels showed in–situ foam generation and stable liquid films over time during no–flow conditions. Intrapore foam bubbles corroborated high apparent foam viscosities measured at core scale. CO2–foam apparent viscosity was measured at different rates (foam–rate scans) and different gas fractions (foam–quality scans) at core scale. The highest mobility reduction (foam apparent viscosity) was observed between 0.60 and 0.70 gas fractions. The maximum foam apparent viscosity was 44.3 (±0.5) mPa·s, 600 times higher than that of pure CO2, compared with the baseline viscosity (reference case, without surfactant), which was 1.7 (±0.6) mPa·s, measured at identical conditions. The CO2–foam showed shear–thinning behavior with approximately 50% reduction in apparent viscosity when the superficial velocity was increased from 1 to 8 ft/D. Strong foam was generated in EOR corefloods at a gas fraction of 0.70, resulting in an apparent viscosity of 39.1 mPa·s. Foam parameters derived from core–scale foam floods were used for numerical upscaling and field–pilot performance assessment.

Foamability of soft porous media using compression

A compression device to compress sponges for foam generation has been developed, which allows standardisation of the process of foam generation using sponges. The foam mass generated as function of concentration of surfactant solution is obtained for each of the three porous sponges investigated: dishwasher sponge, car sponge and audio sponge. For all the sponges investigated 5 presses of the compression device produced all of the available foam from a particular sponge. The porosity and pore size of a dishwasher and car sponge was found to be very similar, an audio sponge was found to have the same porosity but a significantly smaller pore size. It was found that the maximum amount of foam is generated for a 70% concentration of surfactant solution for all of the sponges used. The dishwasher and audio sponges foamability was found to be independent of the hardness of water i.e. concentration of salt in water, whereas the car sponge foamability increases as hardness increases. The average amount of foam produced for the audio sponge and dishwasher sponge is similar indicating that pore size has no significant effect on the amount of foam produced.

Efficient preparation of macroporous poly(methyl methacrylate) materials from high internal phase emulsion templates

Thermo- and photo-initiated polymerization of emulsion templates for making macroporous poly(methyl methacrylate) materials both suffer from low energy efficiency and require tedious sample preparation (removal of inhibitors, inert atmosphere) or specialized equipment to be used. Here, an easy and efficient method for the preparation of such open pore materials with up to 93% porosity is demonstrated by using redox-initiated polymerization in the oil phase of high internal phase emulsion templates. The method eliminates the need of heating/irradiation and monomer purification, thus reducing the preparation costs without sacrificing the mechanical properties of the porous materials. It also allows of two component HIPE curing systems to be made, stored and used in the field for a rapid preparation of open pore monoliths in spaces with complex geometry. This is demonstrated by the in situ preparation of a filter and a static mixer for foam generation. The proposed method has a considerable potential for further practical exploitation in filtration, separation, microfluidics, chromatography and other fields where porous materials are used.

Evaluating the Transport Behavior of CO2 Foam in the Presence of Crude Oil under High-Temperature and High-Salinity Conditions for Carbonate Reservoirs

An amine-based surfactant, Duomeen TTM, was evaluated for foam flooding in carbonate rock at high temperature (120 °C), high salinity (22% total dissolved solids), and CO2–oil miscible conditions. We demonstrate enhanced oil recovery by utilizing CO2 foam under miscible conditions in the presence of crude oil. The foam was generated in situ by both co-injection and surfactant alternating gas injection modes. Foam transport and propagation were characterized as a function of the foam quality, shear rate, permeability, surfactant concentration, and method of injection. Finally, we utilize the experimental results to obtain the parameters for the STARS foam model by optimizing multiple variables related to the dry out, shear thinning, and surfactant concentration effects on foam transport. Enhanced oil recovery utilizing CO2 foam under miscible conditions in the presence of SMY crude oil was able to decrease oil saturation to 3.0%. It was also determined that significantly more injected pore volumes were req...

Solution Properties and Displacement Characteristics of in situ CO2 Foam System for Enhanced Oil Recovery

AbstractCarbon dioxide (CO2) foam flooding has been shown to enhance oil recovery. However, large‐scale adoption has been restricted by issues with transportation of CO2 and equipment corrosion. In situ CO2 foam generation can possibly overcome these issues. In this article, a CO2 sustained‐release system was first optimized for the CO2 production rate and production efficiency. Then, the dissolution capacity and plug‐removing ability of the sustained‐release system were evaluated. Visual experiment and parallel sand pack flooding tests were conducted to verify the formation, propagation of in situ CO2 foam, and the feasibility of this technique. The results indicated that the sustained‐release system had benign ability to lower injection pressure and improve injectability. Moreover, in situ CO2 foam flooding could obtain high oil recovery due to favorable mobility control ability, interfacial tension reduction capacity, and heterogeneity improvement. All the experiments demonstrated that the in situ CO2 foam technique has great potential for enhanced oil recovery in the Bohai oilfield.

An experimental study of in-situ foam rheology: Effect of stabilizing and destabilizing agents

Foams have been used in various applications, including food, consumer product, and oil and gas industries, and their unique rheological and flow behavior in porous media have been well studied while the link between the two remains unclear. We present a comprehensive investigation on foam morphology, rheology, and porous media flow using various stabilizing and destabilizing additives. We explored the effect of chemicals and foam generation methods on foam morphology and critical rheological parameters. We showed that the viscoelasticity of polymer affects foam morphology under shear, and its presence significantly suppresses the destructive effect of the oil. We also found a direct correlation between the shear and in-situ rheology of foam that allows predictions of apparent viscosity based on bulk rheological data.

Bubble-Population-Balance Modeling for Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Foam Enhanced-Oil-Recovery Processes: From Pore-Scale to Core-Scale and Field-Scale Events

Summary A bubble-population-balance foam-modeling technique is developed to investigate how carbon dioxide (CO2) foam behaves rheologically and propagates in a field-scale radial system. The modeling technique is based on pore-scale events and honors three different foam states (weak, strong, and intermediate) and two steady-state strong-foam-flow regimes (high- and low-quality) measured in core-scale experiments. The model parameters are first obtained from a fit to laboratory–coreflood experimental data, and then the mechanistic model is applied to different types of CO2 foams, ranging from gaseous to supercritical–CO2 foams, represented by various mobilization pressure gradients. The results from the fit to existing coreflood data show that a reasonable match can be made satisfying multiple constraints, such as hysteresis exerted by three foam states, non–Newtonian flow behavior caused by gas trapping and shear–thinning rheology, and bubble stability in different capillary pressure environments. When applied to field–scale scenarios, supercritical–CO2 foams requiring low mobilization pressure gradients propagate much farther than gaseous–CO2 foams, far enough to make use of promising supercritical–CO2 foams in the field. This study, for the first time, theoretically demonstrates why supercritical–CO2 foams should be preferred in the field compared with gaseous N2 or CO2 foams. The companion paper to extend this study to full–field–scale foam propagation in conjunction with gravity segregation is Izadi and Kam (2018).

The Investigation of Mechanical Behaviour of OPEFB Fibre Reinforced Foam Material Concrete to High Speed Impact Loads

The development of the palm oil industry today is increasing rapidly. The result of the palm oil industry is often a waste of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB). OPEFB can be processed into fibres that can ultimately be used as an engineering material. Concrete foam is one kind of lightweight concrete that uses foam as light aggregate. Concrete foam is made by stirring a mixture of cement, sand and water and the foam that has been created by using a foam generator to create the foam separately. Once the foam is formed and then incorporated into the concrete mixture into the mould. OPEFB fibres are used as reinforcement of lightweight concrete that participated in the mixed grout. The purpose of this study is to obtain the maximum tensile stress in the concrete foam to high-speed impact. The mechanical strength of the material is to impact loads obtained by 2 gage testing method by using an air gun compressor machine. High-speed impact the test results obtained by the average tensile stress is 4.54MPa at a distance of 50mm impact and pressure 0.3MPa. This indicates that the concrete foam reinforced OPEFB fibres is more effective to absorb the impact loads lighter than the brick found in the market.

Rheology and hydraulics of polymer-based foams at elevated temperatures

Foam has been successfully used for different operations like well stimulation, drilling, enhanced oil recovery (EOR), cleanout, and acidizing operations in the oil and gas industry. Additionally, the low liquid content of foam provides a distinct advantage in terms of lesser material requirements. However, accurate prediction of rheology is necessary for the success of field operations, which requires a rheological model that incorporates the effect of temperature on foam properties as it circulates downhole.In the present investigation, polyanionic cellulose (PAC) based foam was generated using nitrogen as the gas phase and its rheology was determined using a recirculating flow loop that has three pipe viscometers (3.05, 6.22, and 12.7 mm ID) and a fully-eccentric annular section (9.53 mm OD × 12.57 mm ID). Experiments were conducted within the temperature range of 24 to 149 °C and at various foam qualities (gas phase volume fraction). The foam was circulated at different flow rates and the differential pressure across each pipe section was recorded. All tests were conducted at 6.89 MPa.The foams displayed power-law fluid behavior in the shear rate range tested (100–5000 s−1), which is often experienced in the wellbore. Like its base liquid, polymer foam exhibited thermal thinning and a significant rheology change with temperature. Only high-quality foam (75%) at ambient temperature (24 °C) showed yielding behavior, which was measured in a pipe viscometer under static condition. The disappearance of yield stress at elevated temperature could be attributed to thermal thinning of the liquid phase that weakens the strength of bubble structure. Experimental data is used to develop new correlations to predict power-law fluid parameters as a function of temperature, base fluid properties, and foam quality. Moreover, the measurements are compared with the predictions of existing models, and discrepancies are observed, which could be attributed to the variation in foam generation technique, the nature and concentration of polymer, and the concentration of surfactant used in the experiments in which data was obtained to develop the models.Furthermore, annular pressure loss measurements obtained at low temperatures (24 and 79 °C) show predominantly good agreement with predictions of a hydraulic model that uses the new correlations. Discrepancies increased with temperature as the foam becomes unstable due to thermal thinning of the liquid film and subsequent weakening of bubble structure.

REDUCTION OF EMPLOYMENT OF FORMULA WORKING BY USING LOCAL FILL-ERS AND WASTE OF PRODUCTION

Objectives.The purpose of this study is to study the increase in turnover of formwork and reduce the complexity of formwork for monolithic foam concrete by regulating its properties through the optimal use of local aggregates of the Republic of Daghestan and industrial waste. In particular, the experimental work used cement grade M500, silica filler - deposits of quartz sand in Kumtorkala district of the Republic of Daghestan with a low module of size, various synthetic foaming agents, perlite sand, ground expanded clay sand (Kizilyurt, Republic of Daghestan),stone crushing roar (Kizilyurt).Method.In the production of foam concrete, a method was used in which foam was prepared in the foam generator, then a solution of cement, filler and water was prepared. Then the foam is mixed with a solution in a foam mixer until a set of appropriate multiplicity. (Multiplicity in this case was defined as the ratio of the volume of the foam concrete mixing solution after mixing to the volume of the solution before mixing). During the study, the water-cement ratio was determined using three types of aggregates (expanded clay sand, quartz sand deposits Kumtorkala district and perlite sand). The turn-over rate of the concrete mixture was determined using the Attard viscometer.Result.The results of studies have shown that with an increase in the water-cement ratio using three types of aggregates (expanded clay sand, quartz sand deposits Kumtorkala district and perlite sand ) will increase the flow rate of the foam concrete mixture.Conclusion.At the same values of the water-cement ratio, the mixture with a filler of perlite sand has the lowest fluidity, which in turn affects the further structure formation of foam concrete and allows you to choose the optimal composition with the desired properties. The possibility of increasing the turnover of artwork and reducing the complexity of artwork work for monolithic foam concrete by regulating its properties due to the optimal use of local aggregates of the Republic of Daghestan and industrial waste.

Foam-Assisted Chemical Flooding for Enhanced Oil Recovery: Effects of Slug Salinity and Drive Foam Strength

The novel enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique combining the reduction of oil/water (o/w) interfacial tensions (IFT) to ultralow values and generation of a foam drive for mobility control is known as foam-assisted chemical flooding (FACF). We present a well-controlled laboratory study on the feasibility of FACF at reservoir conditions. Two specially selected chemical surfactants were screened on their stability in sea water at 90 °C. The ability of both surfactants to generate stable foam in bulk was studied in the presence and absence of crude oil. It led to the composition of the foam drive formulation for drive mobility control. Phase behavior scan studies, for the two crude oil/surfactant/brine systems, yielded the design of the chemical slug capable of mobilizing residual oil by drastically lowering the o/w IFT. Core-flood experiments were performed in Bentheimer sandstones previously brought to a residual oil to waterflood of 0.33 ± 0.02. A surfactant slug at under-optimum (o/w IFT of 10-2 mN/m) or optimum (o/w IFT of 10-3 mN/m) salinity was injected for mobilizing residual oil. It resulted in the formation of an unstable oil bank because of dominant gravitational forces at both salinities. Next, a foam drive was generated either in situ, by co-injecting nitrogen gas and surfactant solution, or pregenerated ex situ and then injected to displace the oil bank. We found that (i) the presence of the crude oil used in this work has a detrimental effect on foam stability in bulk and foam strength in Bentheimer sandstones, (ii) optimum salinity FACF was able to increase the ultimate oil recovery with 5% of the oil in place (OIP) after water flooding compared with under-optimum FACF, and (iii) injection of pregenerated drive foam increased its ultimate oil recovery by 13% of the OIP after water flooding compared to in situ drive foam generation at optimum salinity.

Surface Activity and Foaming Capacity of Aggregates Formed between an Anionic Surfactant and Non-Cellulosics Leached from Wood Fibers.

This study relates to the release of non-cellulosic components (cell wall heteropolysaccharides, lignin, and extractives) from swollen wood fibers in the presence of an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) at submicellar concentrations. Highly surface-active aggregates form between SDS and the leached, non-cellulosic components, which otherwise do not occur in the presence of cationic or nonionic surfactants. The in situ and efficient generation of liquid foams in the presence of the leached species is demonstrated. The foaming capacity and foam stability, as well as the foam’s structure, are determined as a function of the composition of the aqueous suspension. The results indicate that naturally occurring components bound to wood fibers are extractable solely with aqueous solutions of the anionic surfactant. Moreover, they can form surface-active aggregates that have a high foaming capacity. The results further our understanding of residual cell wall components and their role in the generation of foams.

A novel gas liquid separator for direct sampling analysis of ultratrace arsenic in blood sample by hydride generation in-situ dielectric barrier discharge atomic fluorescence spectrometry

A novel direct sampling (DS-HG) system consisting of an enlarged gas liquid separator (GLS) coupled with a foam breaker was firstly utilized for the in-situ dielectric barrier discharge atomic fluorescence spectrometer (DBD-AFS). After direct dilution using 5% HCl (v:v), a prepared blood sample was introduced into the DS-HG with a UV digestion unit, of which arsenic hydrides directly generated from sample under 5% HCl (v:v) and 5 g/L KBH4 in 1.5 g/L KOH. Herein, the newly designed DS-HG is capable of effectively eliminating foam generation deriving from protein in blood sample. Then, arsenic hydrides were trapped by 11 kV discharging at 110 mL/min air, and released by 13 kV at 180 mL/min H2 orderly. Under the optimized conditions, the linearity ranged from 0.05 to 50 ng/mL with a regression coefficient (R2) = 0.996. The method detection limit (LOD) was 7 pg arsenic (0.14 ng/mL), and relative standard deviation (RSD) of 10 repeated measurements for a real blood sample was 4.2%, indicating a good precision. The spiked recoveries for real samples were in the range of 97%–102%. Furthermore, arsenic presence in real blood samples measured by the proposed method were consistent (P > 0.05) with the microwave digestion ICP-MS. The whole analytical time can be controlled within 8 min including sample dilution. As a matter of fact, it is a favorable progress for DBD technique to eliminate matrix interferences of real samples based on the gas phase enrichment (GPE) principle, with advantages such as excellent sensitivity, digestion-free, fast and simple operation. Thus, the recommended DS-HG-in-situ DBD-AFS are suitable to the fast analysis of ultratrace arsenic in blood samples to protect human's health.

Surfactant Prefloods During Carbon Dioxide Foam Injection for Integrated Enhanced Oil Recovery in Fractured Oil-Wet Carbonates

Summary An integrated enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) (IEOR) approach is used in fractured oil-wet carbonate core plugs where surfactant prefloods reduce interfacial tension (IFT), alter wettability, and establish conditions for capillary continuity to improve tertiary carbon dioxide (CO2) foam injections. Surfactant prefloods can alter the wettability of oil-wet fractures toward neutral/weakly-water-wet conditions that in turn reduce the capillary threshold pressure for foam generation in matrix and create capillary contact between matrix blocks. The capillary connectivity can transmit differential pressure across fractures and increase both mobility control and viscous displacement during CO2-foam injections. Outcrop core plugs were aged to reflect conditions of an ongoing CO2-foam injection field pilot in west Texas. Surfactants were screened for their ability to change the wetting state from oil-wet using the Darcy-scale Amott-Harvey index. A cationic surfactant was the most effective in shifting wettability from an Amott-Harvey index of –0.56 to 0.09. Second waterfloods after surfactant treatments and before tertiary CO2-foam injections recovered an additional 4 to 11% of original oil in place (OIP) (OOIP), verifying the favorable effects of a surfactant preflood to mobilize oil. Tertiary CO2-foam injections revealed the significance of a critical oil-saturation value below which CO2 and surfactant solution were able to enter the oil-wet matrix and generate foam for EOR. The results reveal that a surfactant preflood can reverse the wettability of oil-wet fracture surfaces, lower IFT, and lower capillary threshold pressure to reduce oil saturation to less than a critical value to generate stable CO2 foam.

Influence of lauryl betaine on aqueous solution stability, foamability and foam stability

In gas flooding, one of the major problems in implementing foam as a gas mobility control method is the stability of foam. Foam booster when blended with surfactant could improve the foam stability. However, the influence of foam booster on the conventional foam stability and foamability at elevated temperature and presence of inorganic electrolytes is not yet explicit due to limited studies in this area. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the influence of a foam booster on aqueous solution stability, foamability and foam stability when blended with surfactant at different ratios at an elevated temperature in the presence of brine composed of monovalent and divalent ions. Three different surfactants AOS C14–16 (alpha-olefin sulfonate), SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and a locally manufactured surfactant ‘Surf X’ were chosen as base surfactants. An amphoteric surfactant lauryl betaine was chosen as a foam booster in this study. The aqueous solution stability was visually evaluated, whereas the bulk foam experiments were conducted in a commercial foam analyzer apparatus. It was found that not all solutions were stable when lauryl betaine was blended. Lauryl betaine did not improve the foam generation time. The foam stability was improved; however, not all solutions were able to generate stable foam. ‘Surf X’ was able to generate more stable foam as compared to AOS and when blended with lauryl betaine it also required less amount of lauryl betaine to generate stable foam.

Experimental determination of the rational geometrical parameters of the sprinkler frame arms and deflector on the expansion rate and stability of foam

The results of experimental studies on determination of the effect of the deflector-type sprinkler geometric parameters on the air-mechanical foam formation process are presented in the article. A collapsible sprinkler was developed for the experiment. The elements of the collapsible sprinkler which allow creating its various configurations in a fairly wide range of geometric parameters were made from polylactide (PLA-plastic) with the help of 3D printing. The dependencies of the air-mechanical foam expansion rate and stability on the sprinkler holder length, as well as the external diameter, the taper angle and the ledges height of the sprinkler sprayer were established. The ranges of optimal values along the holder length L = 45÷55 mm and the sprayer ledges height h = 1÷3 mm of the sprinkler for generation of foam with the greatest expansion rate and stability were determined, as well as the ranges of values of these parameters at which the change in the quality characteristics does not occur (L = 90÷150 mm, h = 5÷15 mm). A decrease in the foam quality characteristics with an increase in the sprayer taper angle of the sprinkler was established. Approximate dependencies of the foam expansion rate and stability on the sprayer taper angle of the sprinkler in the range α = 30÷135° were obtained. In addition, it is determined that an increase in the sprayer external diameter in the range from 20 mm to 100 mm results in a gradual deterioration in the foam qua lity. The results of the conducted researches will allow optimizing geometrical parameters of existing designs of deflector-type sprinklers with the aim to increase their fire extinguishing efficiency.

Effect of Newtonian and non-Newtonian viscosifying agents on stability of foams in enhanced oil recovery. Part I: under bulk condition

Foams show poor stability in enhanced oil recovery applications and stimulation processes in oil-well operations of oil fields. This paper presents a laboratory study to investigate the effect of Newtonian and non-Newtonian viscosity enhancement materials on improving the stability of foams at bulk conditions. For this goal, glycerol and hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) were utilized to enhance the viscosity of foaming agents, which were composed of α-olefin sulfonate surfactant and salinity. To this end, a comparative study of the foam stability in surfactant solution containing different percentages of glycerol, HPAM polymer and a mixture of polymer with glycerol was undertaken. In a foam stability analysis, which was examined in the absence of an oleic phase, several characteristics such as foam volume evolution, foam half-decay time and a liquid fraction of foam were measured over a wide range of concentrations. Evaluating the conductivity and volume of injected gas during foam generation and foam decay provided the foam capacity and the maximum density parameters to characterize the foamability and stability of the generated foam in more detail. The results of bulk foam experiments indicated that polymer and glycerol could either increase or reduce the foamability, but both materials substantially increased foam stability within a certain range of concentrations. This could be explained by increasing the viscosity of the liquid phase of foam in the lamellae that attributed to decreased velocity of liquid drainage from the foam structure. Two regimes of foam drainage and coalescence demonstrated a different behavior for the same viscosity of solutions containing either glycerol or HPAM polymer. The solutions containing glycerol exhibited a small but sharp decay right after stopping the sparging gas, while for high polymer concentrations this did not happen.

A Novel Approach to Stabilize Foam Using Fluorinated Surfactants

Selection of surfactants for enhanced oil recovery and other upstream applications is a challenging task. For enhanced oil recovery applications, a surfactant should be thermally stable, compatible with reservoir brine, and have lower adsorption on reservoir rock, have high foamability and foam stability, and should be economically viable. Foam improves the oil recovery by increasing the viscosity of the displacing fluid and by reducing the capillary forces due to a reduction in interfacial tension. In this work, foamability and foam stability of two different surfactants were evaluated using a dynamic foam analyzer. These surfactants were fluorinated zwitterionic, and hydrocarbon zwitterionic surfactants. The effect of various parameters such as surfactant type and structure, temperature, salinity, and type of injected gas was investigated on foamability and foam stability. The foamability was assessed using the volume of foam produced by injecting a constant volume of gas and foam stability was determined by half-life time. The maximum foam generation was obtained using hydrocarbon zwitterionic surfactant. However, the foam generated using fluorinated zwitterionic surfactant was more stable. A mixture of zwitterionic fluorinated and hydrocarbon fluorinated surfactant showed better foam generation and foam stability. The foam generated using CO2 has less stability compared to the foam generated using air injection. Presence of salts increases the foam stability and foam generation. At high temperature, the foamability of the surfactants increased. However, the foam stability was reduced at high temperature for all type of surfactants. This study helps in optimizing the surfactant formulations consisting of a fluorinated and hydrocarbon zwitterionic surfactant for foam injections.