Programs of voluntary philanthropy deal with no exclusive or distinctive problems to which religion and statesmanship are strangers. If it has a distinct field, it is rather in the stage at which the problems are attacked than in their essential character. Speaking very generally it may be said that in America initiative and experiment and educational propaganda belong to voluntary philanthropy, while control, and the enforcement of standards, and the meeting of large elementary recognized social needs fall to the state. Even when the state inaugurates frankly experimental schemes, these have usually been devised and tried out to some extent as voluntary enterprises; and governmental bureaus of research and publicity are most easily developed in fields which are not experimental, controversial, or doubtful but rather obvious, fundamental, and thoroughly understood. Programs of voluntary philanthropy are as numerous, diverse, and complex as are the minds of philanthropists and the needs of suffering humanity. Socialism itself might be claimed as such a program. Large sums of money are voluntarily contributed every year and an enormous amount of human energy expended for no other purpose than to propagate its ideas; to rescue the exploited from what are represented to be the hardships of the capitalistic r6gime. It is a strange commentary upon the materialistic interpretation of history that socialists conceive it to be necessary to make such sacrifices and to put forth such herculean efforts to achieve an end which the economic forces alone have any potency to achieve, an end which no conscious human planning can either insure or avert. By the policies which they pursue, socialists avow themselves not to be really fatalists, or materialists, or determinists,