Changes In Pronunciation Research Articles

Prescriptivist attempts at a spelling reform in Early Modern English: sociolinguistic and stylistic routes and rates of adoption

ABSTRACT Some late Renaissance scholars, like Smith (1568); Hart (1569; 1570); Bullokar (1580); Mulcaster (1582), attempted to reform English spelling to reflect the pronunciation changes resulting from the Great Vowel Shift. Their goal was to align letters and phonology by devising a more stable and predictable new system. This study explores the impact and diffusion of these spelling proposals. It examines texts from 1300 to 1700, written by authors from different socio-demographic and biological backgrounds, and across various genres, registers and text-types. The sources used as linguistic materials are the Innsbruck Corpus of Middle English Prose, an archival data source of prose pieces representing different genres from 1150 to 1500 and the Parsed Corpus of Early English Correspondence, a collection of 4,970 authored documents written from 1410 to 1681 by informants from different social ranks. This study may allow us to trace the sociolinguistic and stylistic route and rate of adoption (if any) followed by these attempts at reforming the English spelling system within processes of diffusion of linguistic innovations at the level of orthography, as well as to reconstruct the sociolinguistic contexts of language variation and change in past communities.

AN ANALYSIS OF CODE-MIXING USED BY ENGLISH TEACHER IN CLASSROOM INTERACTION AT NINETH GRADE MTS ANAK BANGSA

The research entitled "Analysis of the Use of Code Mix by English Teachers in Classroom Interaction" aims to identify the types of code mixing used by English teacher as well as the reasons behind their use in the teaching process. This research uses descriptive qualitative method, with the research subject being an English teacher at Mts Anak Bangsa. Data were gathered through observation, documentation, and interviews, and then analyzed using techniques for data reduction, data display, and drawing and verifying conclusions, as outlined by Sugiyono. The research findings show that there are three types of code mix used by teachers in classroom interactions, namely intra-sentential code mixing (77.16%), intra-lexical code mixing (12.34%), and involving change of pronunciation (10.50%). Among the three types, intra-sentential code-mixing is the most frequently used. English teachers use code-mixing due to situational factors, intrinsic messages and language attitudes which include dominance and security. The study concludes that teachers' use of code-mixing helps bridge language gaps between teachers and students, thereby enhancing students' comprehension of the subject matter.

Code-Switching and Code-Mixing in Sesotho Accordion Music: A Sociolinguistic Perspective

This article explores the use of code-switching/mixing in Sesotho accordion music within a sociolinguistic framework. Code-switching/mixing is one of the sociolinguistic concepts that is mainly highlighted in conversation. It refers to switching or mixing between two or more languages in the context of a single conversation or situation. Just like a conversation, Sesotho accordion music also exhibits the phenomenon of code-switching/mixing. The Basotho accordion music (’mino oa koriana) is one of the forms of the oral tradition from Lesotho whose singing is accompanied by a homemade drum, and it has its own unique and acceptable taste. This music is seen as both captivating and complex. We observe that its fascination and its complex features are a result of the incorporation of code-switching/mixing in a single song. We know how the songs are generated, and they are part of the generic culture and popular culture of the people. We purposively selected four songs from recorded tapes that used code-switching/mixing. Using critical discourse analysis, the results reveal that code-switching/mixing in the accordion music of the Basotho reflects intertextuality, which includes borrowing, inclusion and exclusion, literary and conversational intertextuality. The study also shows that code-switching/mixing reflects repetition used for emphasis, clarity or amplification. The findings further express affirmation of class/age identity and the intention of clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor. One of the emerging issues is that change in pronunciation may reflect tone and register in the accordion music of the Basotho.

Code-Mixing in Disney’s Encanto

Code-mixing in movies is used to reflect human life and modernity in today’s bilingual or multilingual context. By studying the code-mixing in the movie, EFL learners can have better understanding on how language is used in different contexts and how it reflects societal norms and values. This qualitative research used content analysis to find out Hoffman’s code mixing within the dialogue of Disney’s Encanto. The result shows that code-mixing involving a change of pronunciation between Spanish and English occurs more than intra-lexical and intra-sentential code mixing. It happens because there are three characters who used Spanish accent in their dialogues. This study shows how language is used and represented in media. It also shows the media’s inclusion strategy to portray a more authentic and relatable cultures and communities.

Unlocking the Linguistics Wonders: From Bilingual to Code-mixing and Code-switching Utterances in Perspective Show on Metro TV

In a world where bilingualism is prevalent, people often naturally use code-mixing and code-switching as expressive tools in their language activities. This research aims to analyze the types of code-mixing and code-switching, the reasons for their use, and the matrix language in the interview between Maudy Ayunda and Robert on Perspektif Metro TV. The study employs a descriptive qualitative method, with data obtained from the conversation between Maudy Ayunda and Robert. Using a qualitative approach and non-invasive observation techniques, the data were analyzed based on Hoffman's theory of code-mixing and code-switching. The results indicate that the speakers employed three types of code-mixing (intra-sentential, intra-lexical, and changes in pronunciation) and two types of code-switching (inter-sentential and establishing continuity with the previous speaker). The motivations for using these codes included discussing specific topics, quoting someone, emphasizing points, repeating for clarification, and explaining content to the interlocutor. Code-mixing was used more frequently than code-switching. In conclusion, Indonesian served as the matrix language and English as the embedded language in the instances of code-mixing and code-switching observed. The findings have significant implications for the education field, particularly in multilingual and bilingual settings. Recognizing and integrating code-mixing and code-switching as legitimate and beneficial linguistic practices can enhance language learning by creating an inclusive environment where students feel comfortable using multiple languages. Educators can leverage these practices to improve engagement, comprehension, and expression in complex subjects, fostering a deeper understanding and better communication skills among students. Future research should investigate these phenomena across diverse contexts and larger samples to further validate and extend these findings, thereby enriching bilingual education strategies.

THE ANALYSIS OF CODE-MIXING FOUND IN PRETTY LITTLE LIARS INDONESIA SERIES

The study is concerned with the phenomenon of mixing two or more languages called code-mixing that are found in the Pretty Little Liars Indonesia Series. This study aims at finding out the types of code mixing and the reason of code mixing found from the conversations of the characters in Pretty Little Liars Indonesia Series. Observation method was used in collecting the data. The method used in analyzing the data was descriptive qualitative method by applying the theory by Hoffman (1991). This result of this research reveals that code mixing occurs when speakers mix two or more languages in one utterance. This study shows that all types of code-mixing are found, such as; intra-sentential code-mixing, intra-lexical code-mixing, and involving a change of pronunciation. Meanwhile, the top three for the reason of code-mixing that were found are talking about particular topic (84.21%). interjection (13.16%), and intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor (2.63%). Some of the reasons were not found in the data, namely; quoting someone’s word, expressing feeling about something, repetition used for clarification, and expressing group identity, because in the dialogue the characters never have related to the reason of code-mixing.

Analisis Penggunaan Campur Kode Indonesia-Inggris pada Video Iklan Produk Kecantikan Lokal

This research aims to describe and explain the types and forms of Indonesian-English code mixing used in advertising videos. This study used descriptive qualitative method. The data used in this research are advertising videos on YouTube, especially advertising videos for local beauty products such as Make Over, Avoskin, Emina, Azarine, and Wardah. By watching videos advertising local beauty products on YouTube, researchers then analyzed the types and forms of code mixing used in advertisements. The research results show that the type of code mixing used in advertising videos for local beauty products is Outer Code Mixing. Of the total of 15 advertising videos that we analyzed, there were 50 uses of Indonesian-English code mixing. The forms of code mixing used are Intra sentential code mixing, Intra-lexical code mixing, and Involving a change of pronunciation.

Code Mixing in Ali and Ratu Ratu Queens (2021): Sociolinguistics Study

The research aims to identify the types of code-mixing and the factors that affect the use of code-mixing in the movie Ali and Ratu Ratu Queens (2021) by analyzing the characters' dialogues. The research uses qualitative analysis to determine the types and factors of code mixing contained in the dialogues of the characters in the film. The findings of this study indicate types of code mixing according to Hoffman's theory–such as intra-lexical code-mixing, intra-sentential code-mixing, and involving a change of pronunciation–have appeared several times in the movie. In conclusion, the research underscores the complexity of code mixing in multilingual contexts portrayed in the movie, providing insights for further sociolinguistic studies. Keywords: Bilingualism, Code Mixing, Movie, Sociolinguistics

An Analysis of Code Mixing Used by Beauty Influencers in Tiktok

The aims of this study were to analyze the types of code mixing used by beauty influencers in TikTok and the reasons of why they used code mixing in their videos. The method that used in this research is descriptive qualitative to collect the data from the transcript of beauty influencers’ videos. Interviewing the beauty influencers is used to find out the reasons of why they use code mixing in their videos through Instagram’s DMs. The writer selected three beauty influencers in TikTok as the sample of this research. After analyzing 21 videos from beauty influencers, the result of this research found that 954 utterances of code mixing which appeared in the transcript from beauty influencers’ videos. From that, there were three types of code mixing based on Hoffman’s theory as follows; intra-sentential code mixing, intra-lexical code mixing and involving change of pronunciation. Meanwhile, there was only one reason of why the beauty influencers used code mixing in their videos, that was because of habit.

Analyzing Code Switching Used as a Bridge of Misunderstanding in Classroom for Students at SMAN 1 Deli Tua

This research was directed to analyze (1) the types of code switching used in classroom during the English course (2) the reasons why teachers and students at SMA Negeri 1 DELI TUA using code switching in class and (3) the effect of code switching. The researcher adopted descriptive- qualitative method since the data dealt with words instead of numbers and applied Hoffman theory to analyze the problems. Technique for collecting data used by researcher was triangulations, those are observation, questionnaires, and interview. Intra sentential switching, Establishing continuity with previous speaker , and Emblematic got 22,22%, and each Inter sentential switching, Intra lexical and Involving a Change of Pronunciation are 11,11% percentages. There are several code switching occurred on the class and researcher placed based on the functions and they are 57,14% of Repetitive function, 28,57% of Interjection and the last is 14,28% for Quoting somebody else is found during the observation.

CODE MIXING USED IN TASYA FARASYA BEAUTY VLOGS

This study entitled “Code Mixing Used In Tasya Farasya Beauty Vlogs”. Beauty vloggers often share information about the cosmetic products they use or review beauty and make-up products. Sometimes they mix several languages in their videos, such as mixing English with Indonesian. Language has a very important role in our life. We use language for communicating and people nowadays speak in multiple languages. According to the phenomenon above, this research focuses on code mixing in one of Tasya Farasya's beauty vlogs on her YouTube channel, level of code mixing and to find the reasons why Tasya mixed her language. There are two theories applied in this study, namely the theory of the types of code mixing and reason of code mixing proposed by Hoffman (1991) and the theory of the level of code mixing proposed by Suwito (1996). This research is the qualitative research. The methods applied in collecting the data are the documentation and observing method and by using the note-taking technique. The data is taken mainly from the utterances found in the Tasya Farasya beauty vlogs, as the main data source for this study. The result of this study showed that there are three types of code mixing found used by Tasya videos. There are data collected for the type of code mixing. For the level of code mixing, and for the reason of code mixing. Type of code mixing there are intra-sentential, intra-lexical, involvement in a change of pronunciation. And for level of code mixing there are word level, phrase level, baster level, repetition level, idiom level, clause level. And for the reason of code mixing there are talking about particular topic, being emphatic about something, interjection, repetition used for clarification, expressing group identity, clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor.

An Analysis of Indonesian – English Code Mixing Used in Youtube by Indonesian Beauty Vlogger Titan Tyra

This study concerned Indonesian – English code-mixing in Titan Tyra’s YouTube channel. This thesis aims (1) To find out the types of code-mixing used by Titan Tyra in YouTube channel. (2) To find out the reasons why she used code-mixing on her YouTube channel. The informal method was used to give clear description about the data collection this study uses the theory proposed by Hoffman (1991) to analyze the types and the reasons of the code-mixing. The results of this study show that all types and reasons of code-mixing as proposed by Hoffman (1991) were found: the types are Intra-sentential code-mixing, Intra-lexical code-mixing, and involving a change of pronunciation. The reasons of using code-mixing are talking about a particular topic, interjection, repetition used for clarification, being emphatic about something, and expressing group identity.

Code Mixing in WhatsApp Chats Made by Bilingual Immigrant of Pakistan

This study aimed to analyze the types of code mixing, especially those found on WhatsApp social media made by bilingual immigrants of Pakistan in everyday life. The descriptive methodology was utilized by the researchers to carry out this study, which concentrated on code-mixing. This study examined how English was used by immigrants to connect with friends in Malaysia, Indonesia, and other countries as well as with friends who were also immigrants from Pakistan who were living in Makassar. The research subject has been living in Makassar for three years. Data was obtained through observation on the WhatsApp of the Bilingual Immigrant account. In order to assess the data, Hoffman's (1991) theory was used. Data analysis revealed that there were five instances of "Intra-Sentential" code-mixing, five instances of "Intra-lexical" code-mixing, and zero instances of code-mixing "involving a change of pronunciation".

From Bilingualism to Code Mixing and Code Switching Uttered by Indonesian Youth

Indonesian people tend to use code-mixing or code-switching in every language activity. Language/Code or is a way that is used to express something. For people who are used to being bilingual/multilingual, it will be seen how they speak. The way they speak sounds sometimes their speech is mixed with foreign languages. This language mixing is known as code mixing. Code mixing occurs when someone who is fluent in both languages ​​uses elements of the two languages ​​intentionally and simultaneously incorporates elements of one language into another in one utterance. In addition, code switching also occurs when someone uses language elements in the form of sentences or clauses to exchange with other language elements in different languages. Such symptoms are often carried out by educated people, public figures, politicians, and government officials. The subject of this research is the conversation between Maudy Ayunda and Robert in an interview at Perspektif Metro TV on Monday, December 30, 2019. There are the research questions in this research, first to find the types of code-mixing and code-switching, second, the reasons for code-mixing/code-switching, and the last, to indicate the matrix language in the interview. To answer the research questions, the researcherss applied sociolinguistic theory, especially the theories on types and reasons of code-mixing and code-switching proposed by Hoffman (1991) and how many codes in their uttarences based on Myers-Scotton theory (2006). This research using a qualitative approach and observation method from Sudaryanto (2015) which is an uninvolved interview observation technique. In this technique, the researcherss does not get involved directly in the dialogue in the interview between Maudy Ayunda and Robert. Then, the researcherss uses the note-taking, of the uttarences that is produced by Maudy and Robert in the interview. Then, the researcherss classified those code-mixing and code-switching in a table to find the type of code-mixing and code-switching. After analyzing the data, there are 139 cases of code-mixing and 72 cases of code-switching. For the types of code-mixing, there is 108 intra-sentential, 28 intra-lexical and 3 involving a change in pronunciation. For types of code-switching, there is 68 inter-sentential, and 4 establishing with the previous speaker. For the reasons of code-mixing/code-switching, the researcherss found 31 data of talking about a particular topic, 1 data of quoting somebody else, 3 being emphatic about something, 6 of repetition used for classification and 1 of clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor. For the matrix in code-mixing, Indonesian 82% as matrix language and English 18% as an embedded language, and in code-switching, Indonesian 54% as matrix language and English 46%as an embedded language.

Sounds and Sound Changes of Zhi(知) Groups of the Nasal-coda Rhymes of Dang(宕), Jiang(江) in Peking Dialect

The current pronunciation of the initial consonants of Zhi(知) Zhuang(庄) Zhang(章) nasal-coda Rhymes of Dang(宕) jiang(江)phonology in Peking dialect is more related to modern mandarin dialect’s phonetic historical separation and combination rather than separation and combination. In the modern Mandarin dialect, it is also related to the pronunciation change that the confluence of Rhymes of Dang(宕) jiang(江), and the sound in the vowel of long consonant letters and the confluence of Rhymes of Dang(宕) jiang(江)Zhi er(知二). Until now, there haven’t been many researches in the academic, on 1. What important changes have occurred in the consonants and vowels in the ancient & medieval Mandarin about Rhymes of Dang(宕) jiang(江) and consonants of Zhi(知) Zhuang(庄) Zhang (章) pronunciation in the modern Mandarin dialect change, and 2. What kind of relationship exists between various phonological changes. This thesis will examine the pronunciation of the consonants of middle ages, nasal-coda Rhymes of Dang(宕) jiang(江), and consonants of Zhi(知) Zhuang(庄) Zhang(章) pronunciation in modern Mandarin, using the division of ancient, medieval, and modern pronunciations as a clue. Also, based on the Mandarin dialect and historical documents, we will discuss the process of transition of nasal-coda Rhymes of Dang(宕) jiang(江), and consonants of Zhi(知) Zhuang(庄) Zhang(章) pronunciation in the ancient and medieval periods in modern Mandarin.

CODE-MIXING FOUND IN SCARLETT WHITENING INSTAGRAM POSTS

This study focused on the code-mixing phenomenon discovered in an Instagram post by Scarlett White. The Instagram post of Scarlett Whitening was recently featured as one of the most popular beauty products in Indonesia. This research seeks to determine the various types of code-mixing in Scarlett Whitening's Instagram posts, as well as the most prevalent types and the reasons why they are used. For the purpose of data analysis, a qualitative descriptive method was employed in this study. Analysis of the data revealed three types of Code-mixing: intrasentential mixing, intra-lexical mixing, and changes in pronunciation. Moreover, code-mixing occurs for three reasons: discussion of a particular subject, interjection, and the desire to clarify the speech content for the interlocutor.

Association Between the Language Development and Behavioral-Emotional Problems in Children With Ankyloglossia

Background and Objectives The study attempted to clarify the correlation between the degree of behavioral-emotional problems and language development in patients with ankyloglossia and to identify pre- and post-operative changes in pronunciation, language, and behavioral- emotional problems.Subjects and Method This prospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary academic center. Patients with ankyloglossia exhibiting articulation disorders were divided into normal and language delay groups according to the degree of language development. Articulation was evaluated using the Korean-specific Urimal Test of Articulation and Phonation (U-TAP), and language development was evaluated using the Preschool Receptive-Expressive Language Scale (PRES). The difference in the degree of behavioral-emotional development between the two groups was analyzed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire test. Moreover, changes in articulation, language development, and behavioral-emotional development scores were compared before and 3 months post-operatively in the two groups.Results Thirty patients with ankyloglossia were enrolled and classified into the normal group (n=11) and language delay group (n=19). Children of the language delay group exhibited significantly delayed improvements in emotional symptoms compared to those in the normal group (2.55±1.04 vs. 1.68±1.49 in language delay vs. normal group, respectively; p=0.037). The UTAP and PRES test scores were improved three months post-operatively in the entire group, but there was no significant difference after surgery when compared between the two groups.Conclusion Behavioral-emotional development was delayed in patients with ankyloglossia accompanied by language delay. Furthermore, articulation and language development improved three months after frenoplasty in all patients. However, behavioral-emotional development was delayed in patients with ankyloglossia accompanied by language delay.

Code Mixing Used In Cinta Laura Youtube Channel’s “Bicara Cinta”

This study purpose is to found: 1) code mixing types used in Cinta Laura video podcast “Bicara Cinta” on YouTube channel and 2) the factors why the speakers used code mixing in video podcast “Bicara Cinta” on YouTube channel. This study applied the theory of Hoffman (1991). Code Mixing is a study of sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics can be defined as the study of language that related to society. The data were taken from a video podcast “Bicara Cinta” from Puella Id YouTube channel owned by Cinta Laura. This study used a descriptive qualitative method, in Observations method, watching the video podcast, listening the conversation the video podcast, and note taking technique was applied in order to collecting data. The study result is show the prominent type of code-mixing found in this study is Intra-sentential code-mixing, while the least type of code-mixing found in this study is Intra-lexical code-mixing. For occurrence from this data that found are 50 data, Type of code mixing Intra-sentential code mixing are 35 (70%), Intra-lexical code mixing are 6 (12%), and Involving a change of pronunciation are 9 (18%). To get data results from involving a change of pronunciation, people need to understand the correct pronunciation, for example “of course” can be mispronounced to be “of cos” in this study. Key words: Code Mixing, Sociolinguistics, Podcast

The used code mixing and code switching by students in classroom interaction

Despite several researches have been conducted to investigate the issue of code-switching and code mixing, the findings of this research are significant as they can assist both students and teachers to consider the use of code-switching and code mixing in classroom interaction, specifically in Indonesia. The aim of this research 1) to classify the type of code mixing and code switching that used by student in classroom interaction, 2) to interpret the function of code mixing and code switching that used by student in classroom interaction. This research employed descriptive qualitative method. Data collection instruments were the observation and interview. The data of type of code mixing were analyzed based on Hoffman’s theory, namely intra-sentential code mixing, intralexical code mixing and involving a change of pronunciation. The data of type of code switching were analyzed based on Poplack’s theory, namely inter-sentential switching, intra-sentential switching and tag switching. The most common used is inter-sentential switching and intra sential switching. The functions of code mixing and code switching were analyzed by Marsigan’s theory, namely, quotation, addressee specification, repetition, interjection, message qualification, personalization and objectivization, and facility of expression. The most usually function is facility of expression.

AN ANALYSIS OF INDONESIAN-ENGLISH CODE MIXING USED BY MALE AND FEMALE BROADCASTERS AT SWARAUNIB RADIO STATION

The objectives of this research were to find out 1). the most common types of code-mixing used by male and female broadcasters at Swaraunib radio station 2).to find out the reasons for using Indonesian - English code-mixing by male and female broadcasters at Swaraunib Radio station. The subjects of this study were 6 broadcasters at Swaraunib radio station, with 3 male and 3 female broadcasters. The design of this research was descriptive, used quantitative as well as qualitative data. The result showed that there were three types of code-mixing proposed by Hoffman. The results for male broadcasters showed that there were 282 (87%) cases of intra-sentential code mixing, 31 (9,6%) cases of intra-lexical code mixing, and 11 (3,4%) involvement in a change of pronunciation. Meanwhile, the results for female broadcasters showed that there were 357 (89,9%) cases of intra-sentential code mixing, 28 (7,1%) cases of intra-lexical code mixing, and 12 (3%) involvement in a change of pronunciation. While for reasons of using code-mixing, female broadcasters and male broadcasters both used seven reasons from Hoffman's theory. The reasons were talking about particular topic, quoting somebody else, being emphatic about something, interjection, repetition used for clarification, and clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor, and expressing group identity and solidarity In addition, female broadcasters using code-mixing tended to be more conscious and intentional than male broadcasters, and female broadcasters were more expressive than male broadcasters in the use of code-mixing. In conclusion, although the most common types and reasons for using code mixing between male and female broadcasters were similar, there were still differences that were influenced by gender factors. However, code mixing can be used to create a good and interesting communication, especially in broadcasting media.