Pronominal Forms Research Articles

Лемковские анафорические местоимения: кодифицированная норма и разговорный узус

This article describes the main tendencies in the development of the Lemkian morphology, namely, in the inflection of the anaphoric pronouns in the speech of Lemkos. The focus is on determining similarities and differences between the inventory of grammatical forms, as described in the codified norm, and the pronominal forms, the use of which is typical for the actual spoken Lemkian (presented here as a corpus of Lemkian oral speech, consisting of conversations recorded within a fam ily circle). The present comparative analysis shows that the paradigm of anaphoric pronouns in the Grammar of Lemkian language is no longer an adequate reflection of the linguistic reality.

El sistema pronominal átono en la variedad de español en contacto con maya yucateco

In this paper we examine the atonic pronominal system (third person) of Spanish speakers in contact with Yucatec Maya. The corpus included interviews and a language task from 27 participants, who were classified according to their degree of mono/bilinguism and their education level. By means of a multivariate analysis, dependence relations between the variables, with crossings between internal and external ones, were determined. We demonstrate that this system evidences a tendency similar to the one found in other varieties of Spanish in intense language contact: the atonic pronominal forms of accusative tend not to specify the features of gender and number. We argue that along with the process of grammaticalization of the pronominal forms as object agreement, the Maya language acts as an accelerator of the change and enables the reorganization and recategorization of the atonic pronominal system of third person. This change has been completed in the consecutive bilinguals of Spanish as L2; and from this group, the change is spreading to the others displayed precisely in the most prototypical object entities (defined, inanimate and continuous), and in highly accessible contexts, where the referent is more active in the speaker and the interlocutor’s mind.

De nuevo sobe la omisión de objeto directo en el español andino ecuatoriano

On the basis of data collected among 28 Quichua-Spanish bilinguals and Spanish monolinguals interviewees, and taking into account semantic, syntactic and pragmatic-discursive perspectives, this article is devoted to the analysis of direct object deletion in Ecuadorian Highland Spanish. We claim that the case of pronoun deletion under analysis is the last stage of third person pronominal forms grammaticalization processes which must have started in the Middle Age and have had a meaningful development in Ecuadorian Highland Spanish due to Spanish-Quichua contact. On the one hand, such contact has increased the cases of deletion, on the other, it is evident that some of the semantic restrictions other Spanish varieties display are generally dismissed. Consequently, deleting pronominal forms becomes a very productive and efficient strategy used by the speaker to emphasize the relevance of each speech event.

Obligatory nonlocal binding

Grammatical dependencies, including anaphoric binding relations, are generally assumed not to ignore local relations and refer only to nonlocal relations. Yag Dii (Niger-Congo/Adamawa-Ubangi, Cameroon) provides counter-evidence to this otherwise well established generalisation. Yag Dii has a complicated pronominal system, originally described by Bohnhoff (1986, 2010), with pronominal forms whose distribution is determined by the nature of their antecedent, their grammatical function, and the type of clause in which they may appear. One set of forms exhibits an otherwise unattested form of nonlocality: the pronominal form and its antecedent must be separated by at least one clause, and the presence or absence of coreferent phrases in the intervening clause does not affect its appearance or distribution. The relation between this exclusively long-distance pronominal form and its antecedent seems to violate otherwise well-established locality conditions for anaphoric relations and, indeed, for grammatical dependencies more generally. We provide an analysis of binding in Yag Dii which captures the binding requirements for the exclusively long-distance form in a locally constrained manner by reference to an independently motivated feature demarcating the domain in which the exclusively long-distance pronominal must appear.

Analysis of Passives Constructions in French Based on Functional-typological Grammar by Givón

Abstract The theory of functional-typological grammar by Givon emphasizes on the understanding of communicative grammar of the speakers by investigating the format, meaning and function of language. The present study aims to analyze and propose a conceptual framework of functional-typological grammar by Givon. This theory explains the nature of language as a tool for communication based on pragmatics. This study is gathered from related researches of functional-typological grammar by Givon (2001) with the analysis of French passives. The data is from published documents, books and printed documents, with the exclusion of written language from the Internet sources, namely Instagram and Facebook, and spoken language. The results showed that there were five forms of passives constructions in French which were categorized into prototypical passives and less prototypical passives. The first category was the marked passive with auxiliary as Etre + participe passe (the past participle) that shows the agent appeared in the clause and preceded by preposition “par” “de” or “dans”. This includes the similar construction that the agent does not appear in the clause or demote the agent. Additionally, the second category (less prototypical passives) showed three the prominent features. The first feature is the clause that leaves out the auxiliary and maintains past participle in the meaning of passive voice. The second one is the passive in verbal pronominal form or verb with pronoun “se” in the passive meaning. The last feature is the active clauses that begins with subject pronoun “on” to demote the agent. The relationship and differences of anti-passive voice and passive voice were indicated in this study.

Personalpronomen und die Trennung zwischen dem Südniederfränkischen und dem Kleverländischen auf deutscher und niederländischer Seite der Staatsgrenze

The Uerdingen line (i. e. ik, ook vs. ich, auch) is claimed to constitute the border between the Kleverlandish and South Low Franconian dialect areas, both in Germany and the Netherlands. We tested the importance of this isogloss using data from the Wenker survey. Our research area covers both sides of the state border. We used data on the personal pronouns. The pronominal forms found in the area of investigation (such as ik vs. ich) represent the pervasive distinction between the northern Kleverlandish and the South Low Franconian pronoun systems. Their varying geographical distributions confirm the competition between those systems in the dialect area investigated. Both in Germany and the Netherlands we found three dialect zones. The Uerdingen line was not a main dialect border in Germany, and only a weaker one on the Dutch side. We found breaks in the old dialect continuum crossing the state border. The pronoun subject form of the second person singular turned out to be a strong boundary. We argue that it became an isogloss bundle, incorporating other pronominal forms as well. We conclude that the Uerdingen line does not mark the distinction between both dialect areas, neither in the Netherlands nor in Germany.

Los clíticos de primera persona del plural en las lenguas peninsulares: una visión dialectal

The main objective of this paper is the analysis of the different first person plural allomorphs existing in the Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula, given the absence of studies of this pronominal form. Our conclusions are based on data obtained from the Linguistic Atlas of the Iberian Peninsula (ALPI) and other later 20th century atlases such as ALEA, ALEANR, ALGA and ALEC-MAN. The results show a wide diversity of non-standard forms to express a first person plural. Some of them are indeed influenced by other phenomena attested in the second person plural. Interestingly, while Castilian variants have suffered a regression, the Portuguese language has developed an innovation which has removed the current normative pronoun.

The Genitive-Accusative of the Personal Pronouns in Old Church Slavonic

In those Slavic languages that retain both a case system and clitic pronominal forms two case-related phenomena partially overlap: (1) Masculine animate nouns and gendered pronouns display differential object marking with sensitivity to the animacy hierarchy. Some subset of these forms with the highest score on the animacy hierarchy show the original genitive form instead of the expected accusative in contexts that otherwise call for that case, the so-called genitive-accusative. (2) Personal pronouns also show instances of the genitive for the accusative but with important differences. In languages with a clitic~stressed contrast for oblique pronominals the accusative forms generally are continued as clitics and the genitive forms as stressed. It is unlikely that the nominal and personal-pronominal gen.-acc. are unrelated. On the other hand, the case choice for nouns and gendered pronouns is sensitive to the animacy hierarchy, but for the personal pronouns the choice between genitive and accusative is phono-semantic. Whatever semantic structure evokes the stressed forms leads to the production of the gen.-acc. I suggest that gen.-acc. began with o-stem masculine personal names, the most prototypical expression of the semantic class [+human, +male, +free, +definite] and was extended to the interrogative pronoun (gen.-acc. kogo). The interrogative pronoun had just those properties that allowed the remapping of an animacy hierarchy into a tonicity distinction.

Pronoun ambiguity resolution in Greek: Evidence from monolingual adults and children

A large body of psycholinguistic research has revealed that during sentence interpretation adults coordinate multiple sources of information. Particularly, they draw both on linguistic properties of the message and on information from the context to constrain their interpretations. Relatively little however is known about how this integrative processor develops through language acquisition and about how children process language. In this study, two on-line picture verification tasks were used to examine how 1st, 2nd and 4th/5th grade monolingual Greek children resolve pronoun ambiguities during sentence interpretation and how their performance compares to that of adults on the same tasks. Specifically, we manipulated the type of subject pronoun, i.e. null or overt, and examined how this affected participants’ preferences for competing antecedents, i.e. in the subject or object position. The results revealed both similarities and differences in how adults and the various child groups comprehended ambiguous pronominal forms. Particularly, although adults and children alike showed sensitivity to the distribution of overt and null subject pronouns, this did not always lead to convergent interpretation preferences.

Freie Relativsätze mit d-Pronomen

In the present-day Germanic languages, free relatives (FRs) share formal properties with indirect question in that both constructions are introduced by w-pronouns. However, at least in German (and historical stages of a larger set of languages, including English), there is an additional pattern which involves the use of d-pronouns such as German der/die/das ‘that.masc./fem./neut.’, which typically introduce headed relative clauses. Focusing on presentday German, this paper shows that d-FRs are set apart from w-FRs by a number of properties including syntactic distribution in the matrix clause, behavior with respect to matching effects, inventory of pronominal forms, and semantic interpretation. From these observations, it is concluded that d-FRs should not be analyzed on a par with w-FRs. More precisely, we argue that d-FRs are in fact regular headed (restrictive) relative clauses where the relative pronoun has been deleted under identity with a demonstrative antecedent. This apparent instance of syntactic haplology is then analyzed as resulting from the same mechanism that eliminates copies/traces in movement dependencies.

The incremental effect of discourse-pragmatic sensitivity on referential choice in the acquisition of a first language

Previous research has demonstrated that children as young as 2;0 are sensitive to discourse-pragmatic context when selecting referring expressions. If a referent is present in the discourse context and/or jointly attended to by the listener, a child will be more likely to omit a referring expression or use a pronominal form. To date, most research has examined the effect of individual features in the discourse, whereas in reality the various features occur and work together. In this study, we explore children's sensitivity to the incremental effect of six discourse-pragmatic features. This stepwise approach is a more nuanced approach to measure the cumulative effect of accessibility on argument realization in order to reveal the predictive patterns of accessibility. Videotaped data from four monolingual English-speaking children in spontaneous interaction with their caregivers are analyzed at two ages: 2;0–2;7 and 3;0–3;1. Caregivers and children at both ages are sensitive to incremental effects of accessibility. Their selection of linguistic forms follows a cline such that low information forms are utilized for accessible referents. As referents become increasingly inaccessible, they are more likely to be realized as high information forms. These results indicate another important dimension of children's sensitivity to discourse-pragmatics and have implications for assumptions about children's theory of mind.

Kalbos normų pažeidimai suvirinimo mokslo darbuose

The article discusses some inaccurate uses of pronominal forms, certain terms, syntactical and lexical mistakes in papers on welding. The article also provides the examples of mistakes found in welding papers. The use of nonpronominal forms in the denoted terms is one of the typical morphological mistakes in treating the process of welding. Another problem is the inaccurate use and wrong formation of terminology. The main lexical mistakes are semantic mistakes and calque. The article also focuses on the syntactical mistakes – the mistaken expression of purpose, the wrong use of preposition prie, redundant use of abstract nouns in treatises, also inaccurate use of infinitive with conjuction kad in dependant clauses. Causes for language mistakes and correction of errors are given

Information Structure Affects the Resolution of the Subject Pronouns Er and Der in Spoken German Discourse

Two visual-world eye-tracking experiments were designed to investigate the resolution of ambiguous German pronouns, the personal pronoun (er) and the d-pronoun (der) in spoken discourse. Specifically, the influence of the order of mention and the information status of the antecedent candidates on the resolution preferences following canonical and non-canonical antecedent structures was explored. The results suggest that the two pronominal forms have different coreference functions when they follow canonical topic-comment antecedent structures, in that personal pronouns prefer first-mentioned topical antecedents and d-pronouns second-mentioned non-topical antecedents. However, after non-canonically marked topic-focus antecedent structures, the pronouns had overlapping functions, namely an overall preference towards the second-mentioned focused entity. The findings suggest that pronoun resolution is affected by the information status of the antecedent candidates and that resolution preferences change across antecedent word orders.

Author manifestation and perceptions of self in Chinese academic discourse

This paper examines the manifestation of authorial identity in research articles by contrasting the phenomenon across two languages (English and Chinese) and three fields (Literature, Education, Chemistry). The study seeks to find patterns governing the use of self-mention devices among native Chinese and English writers, and to explain such patterns in terms of the Chinese perception of self. Based on a corpus-based investigation of pronominal and depersonalized forms of self-mention involving 180 research articles, the paper suggests that Chinese authors have a stronger tendency to use depersonalized forms over pronominal forms than their English counterparts. It is also found that in using first-person pronouns, Chinese authors in single-authored papers have a salient preference for the plural form, in particular the inclusive plural pronoun as compared to English authors. The paper attempts to link the linguistic phenomenon to the concept of the interdependent self inherent in Chinese social psychology, and proposes possible applications to research in bilingual scholarly writing and academic translation.

Resolving ambiguous pronouns in a second language: A visual-world eye-tracking study with Dutch learners of German

This study examined whether resolving ambiguous pronouns in a second language is guided by the L1 preferences of the learners. Given the fact that the typologically closely related languages, German and Dutch, have both been found to use personal pronouns (German <italic>er</italic>, Dutch <italic>hij</italic>; ‘he’) to refer to topical antecedents, and d-pronouns (German <italic>der</italic>, Dutch <italic>die</italic>; ‘he’) for non-topical co-reference (Ellert 2010; Kaiser 2011; Kaiser and Trueswell 2004), it was asked whether Dutch L2 learners of German would exhibit similar preferences when resolving the two pronominal forms in their L2. This was examined with the visual-world eye-tracking paradigm and an off-line referent assignment task. The results showed differences in resolution patterns: the Dutch learners of German showed an overall topic preference across pronouns which became more target-like at higher proficiency levels. This suggests that L2 information organization cannot be merely explained by L1 influences, but needs to take more general L2 learner effects into account.

Formas nominales y pronominales de tratamiento: perspectivas de estudios contrastivos en el ámbito sociopragmático

NOMINAL AND PRONOMINAL FORMS OF ADDRESS: PERSPECTIVES OF SOCIOPRAGMATIC CONTRASTIVE STUDIES&#x0D; The subject of the article is a contrastive analysis of pronominal and nominal forms of address in Polish and Spanish. In the case of the first class of addressative forms, the author focuses his attention on functional differences that are conditioned, among other things, by a slightly different sociopragmatic conceptualization of proximity and distance in both languages (hence, the symmetry of T/T relation dominant in Spanish is juxtaposed with the formal V/V symmetry typical of Polish). As far as nominal addressative forms are concerned, the updating of professional and academic titles characteristic of the Polish-speaking community is emphasized; the Spanish nominal addressative system is, in its turn, characterized as having the hallmarks of exclamatory-appealing style.

First-Person Pronominal Variation, Stance and Identity in Indonesia

Unlike Indo-European languages, many Asian languages provide their speakers with a strategic choice of first-person pronouns. This article explores how Indonesian speakers vary their selection of first-person pronouns to enact stances. It examines the selection of pronouns on the island of Java, where there is the simultaneous and somewhat contentious growth of a more dogmatic Islamic identity and a youth identity linked to Westernization. Variation is examined in casual conversations between young, intimate interlocutors and observations are supported by interviews with conversation participants. Results show speakers select pronominal forms prescribed by Indonesian grammars as well as forms drawn from Arabic and colloquial Indonesian associated with speakers from the capital Jakarta. Pronouns are shown to be selected to enact stances related to, among other things, solidarity, epistemic authority, playfulness and the mitigation of fact-threatening acts. A concluding discussion outlines how young Indonesian speakers use these stances to construct heterogeneous selves, concerned with youth, nation and religion.

Die kleine House-Apotheke: Reception of the American, German and Polish Gregory House and Varied Translations of the Pronoun you

Two audiovisual translations of the American hit medical drama, House M.D., German dubbing and Polish voiceover, and the analysis of translation strategies of the pronominal form of address you are the point of departure for choosing the right strategy for translation of the German book written by Michael Reufsteck and Jochen Stöckle Die kleine House-Apotheke. Ein Beipackzettel zur Kultserie which is the first German guide to the hit medical drama, providing unique insight into making of each episode of the first three series. The comparison of the two translation strategies - the German and the Polish one - shows that translation of the pronoun you determined the reception of the main protagonist. The reduced pronominal paradigm in English which does not distinguish between a formal and an informal address pronoun has created two different protagonists.

Applicatives in Taiwan Southern Min: benefactives and malefactives

The paper explores the benefactive and malefactive applicatives in Taiwan Southern Min (TSM). The malefactive applicative discussed in the present study is introduced in the adversative passives which appear with the hoo…ka configuration. Unlike Japanese adversative passives, the additional argument in the adversative passives in TSM is the repeated patient subject, which always occurs with a pronominal form. The added argument is assumed to enhance the transitivity of the predicate. The two functional words, hoo and ka, are assumed to interact in the adversative passive hoo…ka construction. Like the malefactive applicative, the TSM benefactive applicative structure is also licensed by the word ka. The paper thus examines the syntactic and semantic properties of the ka construction. The present study further postulates a hierarchical order of ka-applicatives, modals and wh-adverbials in terms of their structural height. In line with Tsai’s (2009a) three-way applicative assumption, the paper argues that the benefactive and malefactive ka-applicatives are both situated at the lexical layer; the malefactive ka-phrase is higher than the benefactive applicative.

SOME INACCURATE USES IN PAPERS ON WELDING / DĖL KAI KURIŲ NETAISYKLINGOS VARTOSENOS ATVEJŲ SUVIRINIMO SRITIES MOKSLO DARBUOSE

The article discusses some inaccurate uses of pronominal forms, certain terms and one of the syntactical mistakes – the expression of purpose. The article also provides the examples of mistakes found in welding papers. The use of nonpronominal forms in the denoted terms is one of typical morphological mistakes in treating the process of welding. Another problem is the inaccurate use and wrong formation of terminology. The article also focuses on the mistaken expression of purpose. Santrauka Straipsnyje aptariama keletas dažnesnių netaisyklingos vartosenos atvejų suvirinimo srities mokslo darbuose – kai sudėtiniuose terminuose rūšiai ar daikto ypatybei išskirti vartojamos neįvardžiuotinės būdvardžių ir dalyvių formos, taip pat pateikiama keletas dažnesnių pasenusių ir nevartotinų terminų pavyzdžių bei aptariama suvirintojų kalboje itin gaji viena iš sintaksės klaidų – netaisyklinga paskirties raiška. Taip pat straipsnyje aiškinamos netaisyklingos vartosenos priežastys, pateikiami klaidų pavyzdžiai, rasti suvirintojų tekstų rankraščiuose, ir siūlomi jų taisymo būdai (skliaustuose po lygybės ženklo (=) nurodomas taisyklingas vartotinas variantas).