Promotion Of Public Transport Research Articles

Factors that Influence the Choice of Mode of Transport in Penang: A Preliminary Analysis

Abstract Traffic congestion has been a serious problem in many cities in Malaysia ever since the intensified industrialisation and urbanisation process began in the 1980s. Frequent traffic congestion has caused the society to suffer efficiency loss in terms of idle time on the road. The promotion of public transport by the government has yet to produce satisfactory results in terms of inducing a significant switch in mode of transport. Thus, this paper intends to study the factors that are related to the choice of mode of transport, particularly in Penang, the second most densely populated state in Malaysia. The limited inhabitable space of this small island state poses an urgent need to discourage the growing use of private vehicle by its residents. The findings of this study aims to provide a better understanding of the determinants of mode choice behavior of road users in Penang and allow for policy makers to formulate a more effective public transport policy in the future.

Research on Approaches for Low-Carbon Transportation Strategy from both Supply and Demand Sides

Arresting the emission of road transport is one of the significant issues to develop the low-carbon transportation in urban area. This paper mainly discusses the substantial approaches both from technological and behavioral aspects to reduce even arrest the environmental impact from vehicle emissions. The technological approaches from supply side include constructing the transport facilities, transport system management and technological upgrading of fleet and fuel; while behavior modifications from travel demand side take account of the traffic restraint measures such as road pricing, the promotion of public transport and land use modification. This paper focuses on evaluating the potential and limitations of these approaches through the examples in the countries of the UK, America, Japan, Netherlands, Italy and China.

Persuasive communication aimed at public transportation-oriented residential choice and the promotion of public transport

In this study, we developed a persuasive communication program to induce public-transport-oriented residential (PTOR) choice. We implemented an experiment that targeted students from the University of Tsukuba, Japan, who were in the process of changing their residential location. These students were randomly assigned to four groups: the first group was a control group; the second group received an information brochure about apartment flats typically used by students in Tsukuba city; the third group received a brochure identical to the one given to the second group, except that it also included information about the level of bus service for every flat; and the fourth group was provided with a leaflet that provided motivation for PTOR choice, in addition to the brochure used for the third group. The residential locations were investigated 5 months after the intervention. There was a significant difference between the control group and the third and fourth groups. The ratio of PTOR choice in the group with the information was twice as high as that for the control group. Furthermore, the persuasive message also increased PTOR choice. Additionally, the target groups’ frequency of bus use from home or the university was significantly high compared with the control group.

On the mobility policies of companies: What are the good practices? The Belgian case

Companies play an important role in the mobility debate as they can be considered as the primary ‘creators’ of commuting traffic. In recent years, companies have developed a variety of initiatives to improve the mobility of their employees, although their visions and actions are often neglected in the research literature. This paper aims at identifying the good practice in mobility policies of workplaces located in Belgium. To achieve this objective, existing research and two large-scale Belgian surveys of commuting are analysed. First, workplaces are clustered in order to identify those where the alternative modes of transport which are promoted by the policy are popular among employees. Then, quantitative analyses are performed to find out what are the good practices of mobility policies.The results show that the best way of promoting an alternative mode of transport depends on company's characteristics. The promotion of bicycles is most appropriate for small workplaces, while larger workplaces and those located in built-up areas or city centres are more suitable for the promotion of public transport. Financial incentives, provision of facilities, diffusion of information and parking management all play an important role in mobility management.

The health and socioeconomic impacts of major multi-sport events: systematic review (1978-2008)

Objective To assess the effects of major multi-sport events on health and socioeconomic determinants of health in the population of the city hosting the event.Design Systematic review.Data sources We searched...

Study on promotion of public transport by attractiveness of city center and Mobility Management

Study on promotion of public transport by attractiveness of city center and Mobility Management

Evaluation of Urban Renewal Policy with City Model based on Artificial Society

The urban renewal policies to activate city centre are proposed in many local cities. In the study, the city model based on artificial society is developed concerning with travel behaviour and commercial activity. The model may describe theindirect impact of urban renewal policy. As autonomous agents are defined as citizens and commercial shops, the artificial society to demonstrate time series change of urban area can be created In particular, the urban renewal policies are introduced as population centralization, promotion of public transport to the virtual city with rapid motorization. These policies connect with the concept of compact city. The process is observed that the local impact of renewal policy is spread to the global city. As the evaluation is proposed considering the complexinteraction between the urban activities, the emergence corresponding to the autonomous urban renewal can be observed.

Estimation of Turkish road transport emissions

Using the COPERT III program, an inventory of Turkish road transport emissions was calculated and the contributions of road transport to global and local air pollutant emissions were examined for the year 2004. It was observed that passenger cars are the main source of CO, HC, and Pb emissions while heavy duty vehicles are mainly responsible for NO x , particulate matter (PM), and SO 2 emissions. Taking the emissions for the year 2004 as the baseline, a parametric study was conducted to determine the emission reduction potentials of different road transport strategies. The results indicated that the following road transport strategies; fleet renewal, promotion of public transportation, and faster urban traffic speed are very effective strategies for reducing regulated emissions and fuel consumption (FC) from a technical point of view. It was also noted that replacement of two-stroke motorcycles with four-stroke motorcycles is as effective as fleet renewal in reducing HC emissions.

Impact of transport policies on energy use and emissions

There are numerous mid-sized cities in the developing world and most of them lack effective urban management and transportation policies. Though city efforts to reduce global warming potential (GWP) emissions may be low in the global context, effective transportation policies in cities will have obvious results. Taking the Kathmandu Valley as a case study, this paper makes an attempt to analyse the implication of different transportation policies for reducing vehicular emissions and energy consumption. This paper estimates and analyses current and future trends of energy demand and environmental emissions, especially CO2 and PM10 from passenger road transportation in the Kathmandu Valley. The study is based on the primary data collected at the busiest and longest inner city road. It uses the long range energy alternatives planning system framework to construct future scenarios up to 2025. It analyses future scenario implications mainly dealing with the introduction of trolley buses, promotion of public transportation, discouraging private vehicles and low occupancy public vehicles, increasing vehicular speed, and other transportation policies. The study estimated that the 637 million passenger-kilometres traveled in the study route during 2004 resulted in 34·8 million kg of CO2 emissions. The travel demand is estimated to multiply by 7·8 with a corresponding twelve-fold increase in CO2 emissions and a ten-fold increase in total suspended particles (TSP) emissions in the study route from 2004 to 2024 under a non-intervention scenario. This scenario analysis suggests that discouraging private vehicles, thereby promoting mass transportation operated by electricity, can reduce CO2 by 43·7% and TSP by 43·8% compared with a scenario of non-intervention. In addition to transportation policies, effective land-use planning and encouragement of nonmotorised transport can have more positive impacts. Since Nepal is the Himalayan Kingdom, having many glaciers and snow-fed rivers, it is in great risk of global warming. Therefore change should begin immediately.

Addressing congestion and transport-related air pollution in Saharanpur, India

Rapid growth in the use of private motor vehicles in high-income nations has created serious problems of congestion in most cities, and has also contributed to a high dependence on oil, to air pollution and to high levels of greenhouse gas emissions per person. But rapid growth in the use of motor vehicles, and congestion and air pollution are also evident in cities in low-income nations – where transport infrastructure and management has been unable to cope with this upsurge in traffic. This paper considers the problems faced by a relatively small city in India, Saharanpur, where rapid growth in private motor vehicle use combines with limited local investment capacity and a high use of non-motorized vehicles, including bullock carts. It presents the findings of field surveys for the city's five main roads, and highlights the high levels of congestion and air pollution. The paper also presents an alternative scenario, emphasizing the promotion of public transport.

Achieving Sustainable Accessibility: An Evaluation of Policy Measures in the Amsterdam Area

Definitions of sustainable transport systems are presented from the viewpoints of transport planners, transport economists, and urban and regional planners. The evaluation of sustainable accessibility policies is discussed. Three types of spatial policies are described. Fast transport and a spreading of activities and population may provide the same accessibility as slower transport and the concentration of activities and population. The best theoretical combination is fast transport systems providing access to high concentrations of activities. To achieve sustainable accessibility, these spatial policies should be linked to environmentally friendly transport modes. This may be achieved by the promotion of mixed use developments, the concentration of activities near public transport nodes, and the stimulation of a modal shift from the car to public transport. In Amsterdam the policies followed have been compact city policy, expansion of the public transport system, and high accessibility of companies. The compact city policy, while it has increased the number of people living in the city centre, has also resuted in increased commuting, both by suburban and urban residents. A multi-centre region is developing but this is well served by public transport. The overall share of public transport has more or less stabilized and this is attributed to the concentration of activities rather than promotion of public transport. Marked restriction of parking supply has encouraged use of public transport to sites with good public transport access. However companies often endeavour to relocate to areas where the parking restrictions are less severe. It is suggested that success is dependent not on the policies but on the way they are implemented.

Implications of transportation policies on energy and environment in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

This paper estimates and analyzes the historical and future trends of energy demand and environmental emissions from passenger transportation of the Kathmandu Valley covering CO 2, CO, HC, NO x , SO 2, total suspended particles (TSP) and lead (Pb). It uses the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System framework for constructing future scenarios up to year 2020 and analyzing their implications; these scenarios mainly deal with the traffic improvement measures, promotion of public transportation and electric vehicles. The results estimate over a four-fold increase in energy demand in 1988–2000. TSP increase of 4.5 times in this period is the major concern since high particulate concentration is already above World Health Organization guidelines. Under the non-intervention scenario, energy demand in 2020 is estimated to be 2.7 times that in the year 2000. Similarly, 2.5 times increase of TSP in 2020 from the year 2000 is estimated that would further increase the TSP concentrations. The scenario analyses suggest that increasing vehicle speed, promoting public transportation and promoting electric vehicles could reduce energy demand by 28%, 28% and 18%, respectively, while promoting a reasonably comfortable condition on overcrowded public transportation could increase energy demand by 10% from non-intervention scenario. For TSP, any future measures would not be enough unless the attention is not paid to in-use vehicle stock. A mix of all the policies mentioned above has potentials to cut down CO 2 emissions to over 60% from the non-intervention case in 2020.

Promoting new public transport systems

Concerns about the impact of the car on the environment, on quality of life and on congestion levels have led to increased recognition among transport engineers that alternatives to the car must be promoted. This means that public transport has to form a core part of any sustainable transport system. One form of public transport that is seen as an alternative to the car in towns and cities is light rail. However, there are problems involved with promoting these systems and in anticipating their impacts on travel behaviour. In the past, forecasts of the patronage figures on these systems have been much higher than the actual patronage figures achieved. Transport experts must find a way to make these systems more successful by discovering what the public want from the systems. This paper describes a series of interviews carried out with potential users of Croydon Tramlink. It outlines their attitudes and the concerns they held about using Tramlink. In particular, the surveys examine the impact that publicity from the relevant authorities had on people's modal choices. The paper shows that people were very unimpressed by the publicity and in some cases it had a negative impact on their decisions. The conclusions of the paper have some interesting implications for transport policy and public transport promotion. Suggestions are made on how the lessons learned about people's decision-making processes regarding new light-rail systems could be used to more effectively promote future systems.

Promoting new public transport systems

Concerns about the impact of the car on the environment, on quality of life and on congestion levels have led to increased recognition among transport engineers that alternatives to the car must be promoted. This means that public transport has to form a core part of any sustainable transport system. One form of public transport that is seen as an alternative to the car in towns and cities is light rail. However, there are problems involved with promoting these systems and in anticipating their impacts on travel behaviour. In the past, forecasts of the patronage figures on these systems have been much higher than the actual patronage figures achieved. Transport experts must find a way to make these systems more successful by discovering what the public want from the systems. This paper describes a series of interviews carried out with potential users of Croydon Tramlink. It outlines their attitudes and the concerns they held about using Tramlink. In particular, the surveys examine the impact that publicity from the relevant authorities had on people's modal choices. The paper shows that people were very unimpressed by the publicity and in some cases it had a negative impact on their decisions. The conclusions of the paper have some interesting implications for transport policy and public transport promotion. Suggestions are made on how the lessons learned about people's decision-making processes regarding new light-rail systems could be used to more effectively promote future systems.

Effectiveness and macroeconomic impact analysis of policy instruments for sustainable transport in Korea: A CGE modeling approach

In evaluating policy measures’ applicability, information on policy measures’ effectiveness and its possible macroeconomic consequences would be essential for policy makers especially in cases where severe macroeconomic consequences are anticipated. In the transport sector various policy measures are being considered for satisfying specific environmental quality objectives and these policy instruments usually have macroeconomic implications ti theti implementation, In this paper we fust analyze the policy measures’ effectiveness and we develop a computable general equilibrium model where the macroeconomic impacts of environmental and economic policy variables can be analyzed in the Korean context. We analyze the impacts of widely considered policy instruments for sustainable development in the transport sector, These include fhel pricing, public transport promotion and modal shift in freight transport. Changes in macroeconomic indicators such as GDP, trade account balances and government expenditures are estimated according to the change in the policy variables. The findings from this study can be consulted in prioritizing or analyzing feasibility of environmental policies in the transport sector.