Promotion Effect Research Articles

The macro driving factors of co-movement of RMB with other currencies in FX markets

The co-movement of the RMB exchange rate with other currencies highlights the global standing of the RMB and its significance in FX markets. This paper employs the rational expectations present-value model of exchange rates to identify the macroeconomic factors influencing this co-movement. Our finding reveals a general increase in the RMB's co-movement with other currencies, especially after the 2015 reform of the RMB exchange rate regime, known as the “811 Reform”. Factors such as the synchronizations of output and monetary policy, as well as global market sentiment significantly, can affect this co-movement significantly. However, this explanatory power is relatively weaker compared to trade linkage. The market-oriented reforms in the RMB exchange rate regime and the liberalization of capital account in China have indeed strengthened this co-movement. Additionally, various international cooperation policies taken by the Chinese government have demonstrated promotional effects. This study echoes the traditional exchange rate determination theory and offers some policy implications for the internationalization of the RMB.

Unveiling the impact of low-molecular-weight organic acids on enrofloxacin sorption in North China agricultural soil: Insights and implications

Low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) play a crucial role as components of dissolved organic matter in soil, influencing the sorption/desorption, degradation, and plant uptake of diverse pollutants within the agricultural soil ecosystem. This study delves into the sorption behavior and mechanism of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic enrofloxacin (ENR) on agricultural soil in North China, focusing on the impact of LMWOAs. Through batch equilibrium experiments, we explored the sorption/desorption kinetics of ENR under varying conditions such as temperature, pH, ion strength, and ion type, with the addition of acetic acid, oxalic acid, and citric acid individually. Our findings reveal that the sorption and desorption kinetics of ENR—whether with or without LMWOAs—conformed well to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 ≥ 0.997). The presence of LMWOAs notably enhanced ENR sorption while impeding desorption in soil, with oxalic acid demonstrating the highest promotion effect followed by acetic acid and citric acid. Moreover, the sorption capacity and affinity of ENR decreased with rising solution pH, dropping from 96.8%-98.5% to 30.9%–34.4%. Acidic conditions favored ENR retention in soil, with inhibition of sorption escalating alongside increasing ionic strength. LMWOAs, soil solution pH, and coexisting ions emerge as pivotal factors shaping ENR sorption behavior. Furthermore, LMWOA presence intensified desorption hysteresis of ENR on soil, with a desorption hysteresis coefficient (HI) ≤ 0.124. These results suggest that LMWOAs restrict ENR mobility in the local soil environment, heightening the risk of its accumulation in soil and crops. This study offers valuable insights into the intricate interplay among LMWOAs, ENR sorption dynamics, and environmental outcomes, underscoring the importance of understanding such complexities in agricultural soil management.

Influence of biofertilizers on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth and physiological modulations for water and fertilizers managing

Biofertilizers constitute a safe way to alleviate the impacts of water shortage and the overload of chemical fertilizers. This work focuses on the effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on potato's agro-physiological response, beneath the reduction of water, nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers. Five microbioal treatments (C: Control, AMF: Mycorhizae, B1: Bacillus halotolerans, B2: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and B1B2: B.halotolerans+ B.amyloliquefaciens) were tested in arrangement with two nitrogen-phosphorous-potassium (NPK) rates (F1: Entire rate, F ½: Half rate) and three irrigation levels (100 % of crop water requirement: 100 % ETc; 75 % ETc; 50 % ETc) in a two year factorial split plot design. We studied vegetative growth, photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll fluorescence, water status, osmoticums, N, P, K and enzymatic antioxidants accumulation. Data obtained in 2019–2022 showed that AMF and B1B2 biofertilizers were beneficial to improve Root/Shoot, Dry Underground Part/Aerial Part, leaf area (LA), water saturation deficit (WSD), chlorophyll index (SPAD) and tuber yield under 75 % ETc. The photosynthetic promoter effect of biofertilizers under 75 % ETc, compared to 50 % ETc was observed in the following trend B1B2>AMF>B1. The efficacy of B1B2 and AMF were coupled to high catalase (CAT) activity. Potatoes treated with B1B2 were found to be efficient for 75 % ETc in terms of proline accumulation. The AMF was more effective in terms of soluble sugars (SS) accumulation and control of osmotic potential (Ψs). Taking together, the B1B2 and AMF could be regarded as efficient biofertilizers under 75 % ETc, alleviating the impacts of water stress and the problem of excessive fertilization in potatoes.

HOXC10 promotes hypertrophic scar fibroblast fibrosis through the regulation of STMN2 and the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway.

The pathophysiology of hypertrophic scar (HS) shares similarities with cancer. HOXC10, a gene significantly involved in cancer development, exhibits higher expression levels in HS than in normal skin (NS), suggesting its potential role in HS regulation. And the precise functions and mechanisms by which HOXC10 influences HS require further clarification. Gene and protein expressions were analyzed using raeal-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot techniques. Cell proliferation and migration were evaluated using EdU proliferation assays, CCK-8 assays, scratch assays, and Transwell assays. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and dual-luciferase reporter assays were conducted to investigate the interactions between HOXC10 and STMN2. HOXC10 and STMN2 expression levels were significantly higher in HS tissues compared with NS tissues. Silencing HOXC10 led to decreased activation, proliferation, migration, and fibrosis in hypertrophic scar fibroblasts (HSFs). Our findings also indicate that HOXC10 directly targets STMN2. The promotional effects of HOXC10 knockdown on HSF activation, proliferation, migration, and fibrosis were reversed by STMN2 overexpression. We further demonstrated that HOXC10 regulates HSF activity through the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. HOXC10 induces the activation and fibrosis of HSFs by promoting the transcriptional activation of STMN2 and engaging the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. This study suggests that HOXC10 could be a promising target for developing treatments for HS.

Social Protection: Aspirations and Limitations of an Expanding Agenda

This article unpacks the expanding social protection agenda, in which promotive objectives have been added to the original welfarist or safety net aim of protection. It draws out the resulting tensions, potentials and limits, to inform a discussion of where African social protection is and is headed. After tracing several initial drivers of social assistance in Africa – structural adjustment, food insecurity and famines, HIV and AIDS, and conflict – it shows how promotive effects were increasingly advocated along three pathways: investment of social transfers, building human capital, and linking social with economic support. International development agencies added their own priorities to this agenda, drawing on evidence of promotive impacts to convince national governments. Drawing on Zambia’s experience, we conclude that, while the expanded agenda redirects attention to questions of economic development, its transformative potential remains limited due to a persistent focus on the micro‑level and a failure to build effective linkages to other sectors.

Promotional Effect of the Periodic Rich and Lean Switching on the Performance of Three-Way Catalysts and Influence of Metal Zone-Coating

Promotional Effect of the Periodic Rich and Lean Switching on the Performance of Three-Way Catalysts and Influence of Metal Zone-Coating

How promotion mix helps sustain brand sales during market transitions: insights from the pharmaceutical industry

Purpose Pharmaceutical marketers use detailing, sampling and direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) to promote a branded prescription drug (brand drug) to health-care professionals and consumers. These promotion mix elements help raise brand awareness, increase prescription likelihood and guard a product market against competing brand drugs. However, the extent to which these elements remain effective when a brand drug goes off patent and its marketing exclusivity expires, allowing low-price generics to enter the market, remains unclear. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of promotion mix elements before and after the market entry of a generic drug. Design/methodology/approach The authors collected and analyzed a panel data set of 41 brand drugs from 7 therapeutic classes between 2007 and 2014 (3,201 observations) using the two-stage control function approach to address potential endogeneity. Findings The effectiveness of promotion mix elements changes significantly, but not in a universally uniform way, during a market transition. Detailing and DTCA are increasingly effective after a brand drug’s generics enter the market. In contrast, sampling is more effective before the market transition. The positive effects of sampling on brand sales are stronger when the price of a brand drug is higher than the average price of its competing brands. Sampling also helps amplify the positive influences of detailing and DTCA on brand sales. Research limitations/implications This study shows that pharmaceutical promotion is not equally effective in the brand drug market with/without generic competitors. Detailing and DTCA are increasingly effective when generic competition intensifies. In contrast, the distribution of free drug samples is less effective after more generic drugs enter the market. Practical implications Incumbent brands’ promotion expenditures often drop dramatically when the expiration of their patents is near, a practice that likely continues after generics enter the market. Taking into consideration these industry norms and their findings, the authors suggest that promotional decisions during a market transition should not overly focus on cutting promotional expenditures across the board. Since a firm’s promotional expenditure tends to be expensive, factoring in information on the effectiveness of each promotion mix element helps marketers make well-informed strategic decisions on resource allocation during the transition from a market without generics to a market with generics. Originality/value Previous studies do not explicitly account for structural changes in the brand drug market over time. However, the expiration of patent and marketing exclusivity marks a transitional period in which a brand drug eventually competes with its generic counterparts. Given the criticality of such structural change, the authors examine brand drugs’ promotion effectiveness in the presence of their generic counterparts.

A Study on the Impact of Digital Transformation on Enterprise Performance: The Mediating Role of Dual Innovation and the Moderating Role of Management Power

Digital transformation and technological innovation have an essential impact on enterprise performance, and clarifying the relationship between the two has become a real problem that enterprise management needs to solve. This study utilizes data from China’s listed enterprises between 2012 and 2022 to comprehensively analyze the influence and mechanism of digital transformation on enterprise performance. The findings indicate the following: (1) Digital transformation can effectively promote improving enterprise performance and dual innovation levels. (2) Digital transformation positively impacts enterprise performance primarily through enhanced exploitative innovation, exploratory innovation, dual innovation balance, and complementarity. (3) Managerial power positively moderates the promotion effect of digital transformation on enterprise performance. (4) The impact of digital transformation on enterprise performance is more significant in the eastern and central regions, high-tech industries, and enterprises with good profitability. Based on these results, enterprises are suggested to accelerate digital transformation, fully tap the synergistic driving effect of dual innovation, strengthen the management’s cognition and leadership of digital transformation, and implement dynamic and differentiated digital transformation strategy based on region, industry, and their own characteristics.

RNF2 promotes chondrosarcoma progression by regulating ubiquitination and degradation of CBX7

ObjectiveChondrosarcoma (CHS) is resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy and currently lacks effective treatment options when in advanced stages. Accordingly, this research investigated the mechanism of RNF2/CBX7 in CHS to drive the development of molecularly targeted drugs for CHS.MethodsRNF2 and CBX7 levels were detected in CHS cells and tissues. RNF2 and CBX7 expression was modulated through cell transfection to examine their effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and angiogenesis. The correlation between RNF2 and CBX7 levels was determined, and the ubiquitination level of CBX7 was tested. Protein synthesis was blocked in RNF2-knockdown/overexpressing cells with CHX to assess the effect of RNF2 on CBX7 stability. JJ012 cells transfected with LV-sh-RNF2 were subcutaneously injected into nu/nu nude mice to ascertain the action of RNF2 in the growth and metastasis of CHS.ResultsRNF2 was highly expressed in CHS cells and tissues. RNF2 knockdown curbed CHS cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis while promoting apoptosis. RNF2 knockdown in JJ012 cells upregulated CBX7 protein levels and reduced CBX7 ubiquitination, whilst RNF2 had no effect on CBX7 mRNA expression. CBX7 knockdown partially nullified the repressing effects of RNF2 knockdown on CHS cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, and CBX7 overexpression partially abolished the promotional effects of RNF2 overexpression. LV-sh-RNF2 prominently restricted tumor growth and weight and declined lung metastatic nodules and Ki-67-positive cells in mice.ConclusionRNF2 fosters CHS progression by elevating CBX7 degradation via the ubiquitination pathway.

Popping-Up Poster: A Pin-Based Promotional Poster Device for Engaging Customers through Physical Shape Transformation

Promotional media, such as paper posters and digital signage, are installed in shopping malls to recommend products and services. However, it has been reported that many customers tend not to be interested in these promotional media and do not receive the information. When product information is not communicated effectively, advertisers are unable to convey the information they wish to share with customers, and customers miss the opportunity to receive valuable information. To address such issues, a lot of methods have been proposed to make people aware of the presence of media; however, there are not many methods that take into account the delivery of product information to customers. In this study, we propose Popping-Up Poster, a pin-based poster device designed to capture customer attention and convey information through dynamic shape changes. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed system, field experiments were conducted in a café, where its promotional effects were compared with those of traditional promotional media, including paper posters and digital signage. These results show that Popping-Up Poster has the potential to be more effective in recommending products and influencing customer product choices compared to conventional promotional media.

Simulation study on additive-promoted microwave dehydration of lignite

ABSTRACT Microwave dehydration technology has been widely used in coal processing methods due to its unique advantages. Adding additives with high dielectric loss to coal can enhance the microwave absorption capacity of coal, so as to effectively improve the dehydration process. In order to understand the change and distribution of multi-fields in the microwave drying process of lignite under the action of different additives, verify the experiment and reduce the cost and number of experiments, this paper established a multi-field coupling model of electromagnetic field and heat and mass transfer of multiphase porous media based on COMSOL Multiphysics, so as to simulate the microwave drying process of lignite. The results show that the distribution areas of electromagnetic field, temperature field, and vapor in coal are basically the same, while the distribution of liquid water is just the opposite. With the enhancement of additive promotion effect, the parts with strong electromagnetic field strength increase, the hot spots of temperature field increase, the maximum temperature, and minimum temperature increase, and the water content in coal samples decreases. The promotion effect of additives on the microwave dehydration process of lignite is consistent with the experiment.

Kinetic investigation on palladium‐catalyzed carbonylation of allyl alcohol

AbstractPalladium‐catalyzed carbonylation of allyl alcohol to 3‐butenoic acid has been investigated. A significant effect of halide promoters, p‐tolylsulfonic acid (TsOH), water, solvents, and PPh3 concentration activity and selectivity has been studied. Detailed kinetics of this reaction was investigated in a temperature range of 363–383 K. The influence of parameters such as stirring speed, allyl alcohol, catalyst, benzyltriethylammonium chloride (BTEAC), TsOH concentrations, and CO partial pressures on the activity and selectivity has been studied. An empirical rate equation was suggested and found to be fairly consistent with observed rate data. In addition, the activation energy and kinetic parameters were evaluated.

Is Environmental Information Disclosure Driving Green Energy Development? Contextual evidence from Chinese city level data in the lens of sustainability

As an important supplement to mandatory environmental regulation, third-party participation in environmental regulation has become an important driving force for the comprehensive green transformation of economic and social development. Environmental information disclosure (EID) has become a widely used form of third-party participation ecological regulation, and the study of its impact on green energy development (GED) is receiving more and more academic attention. However, the research on this issue is still insufficient in academia. Based on resource-based theory and information processing theory, with IPE project of pollution information survey in China as an exogenous impact, this paper analyzes the causal impact of EID for GED using panel data of 285 Chinese cities from 2000 to 2020. The findings revealed that EID is a strong driver of GED in the long run, further amplified by the smart city pilot program. Besides, industrial structure transformation (IST), substantive green technological innovation (SGTI), non-substantive green technological innovation (NOSGTI), and green finance development (GFD) are important mediating mechanisms through which EID facilitates the GED. Concerning resource endowments of different regions and cities, the heterogeneity test asserted that the promotion effect of EID for GED is best in resource-based cities and old industrial parks. These results emphasize the importance of public participation in urban sustainable development and provide new ideas for promoting green growth.

Proteomic Analysis to Understand the Promotive Effect of Ethanol on Soybean Growth Under Salt Stress

Finding solutions to mitigate the impact of salinity on crops is important for global food security because soil salinity significantly reduces plant growth and grain yield. Ethanol may play an important role in mitigating the negative salt-induced effects on crops. Soybean root growth was significantly reduced under salt stress; however, it was restored and comparable to control values by ethanol application even under stress. To study the positive mechanism of ethanol on soybean growth, a proteomic approach was carried out. The categories with the greatest changes in protein numbers were protein metabolism, transport, and cell organization in biological processes, nucleus and cytosol in cellular components, and nucleic acid binding activity in molecular functions. Proteomic data were confirmed using immunoblot analysis. Reactive oxygen species enzymes increased under salt stress; among them, mitochondrial ascorbate peroxidase was further accumulated by ethanol application. Among the cell wall and membrane-associated proteins, xyloglucan xyloglucosyl transferase and H+-ATPase increased and decreased, respectively, under salt stress; however, they were restored to control levels by ethanol application. These results suggest that soybeans were adversely affected by salt stress and recovered with ethanol application via the regulation of cell wall and membrane functions through the detoxification of reactive oxygen species.

The Effect of Green Entrepreneurship Education on Green Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Case Study of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China

This study integrates the concept of green entrepreneurship into the entrepreneurship education system, and grasps the correct way to promote the green entrepreneurship intention of college students. The model of promoting college students’ green entrepreneurship intention with policy support is constructed to answer the following research questions: what is the internal mechanism of green entrepreneurship education in promoting green entrepreneurship intention of college students in Guangxi, and how does green entrepreneurship policy affect its internal mechanism? Through a questionnaire survey of 304 college students from major cities in Guangxi, China, this paper investigates how college green entrepreneurship education affects college students’ green entrepreneurship intention through the desirability and feasibility of green entrepreneurship and actively explores the regulatory role of the institutional environment. The results show that the desirability and feasibility of green entrepreneurship play a mediating role between green entrepreneurship education and the promotion of college students’ green entrepreneurship intention, and the regulatory environment positively moderates the positive effect of desirability and feasibility of green entrepreneurship on green entrepreneurship intention. This study contributes to the literature on green entrepreneurship. On the one hand, by studying the mediating mechanism of green entrepreneurship desirability and feasibility, this study has added empirical evidence on the promotion effect of green entrepreneurship education on the green entrepreneurship intention of college students. On the other hand, this study emphasizes the impact of policy regulation on the strengthening process of college students’ green entrepreneurial intention. This study will help to build a characteristic and effective green entrepreneurship education system in colleges and universities, enhance college students’ green entrepreneurship intention and green core competitiveness, and drive them to enhance their sense of social responsibility and build “green development” values.

Application of electrospinning and 3D-printing based bilayer composite scaffold in the skull base reconstruction during transnasal surgery

Skull base defects are a common complication after transsphenoidal endoscopic surgery, and their commonly used autologous tissue repair has limited clinical outcomes. Tissue-engineered scaffolds prepared by advanced techniques of electrostatic spinning and three-dimensional (3D) printing was an effective way to solve this problem. In this study, soft tissue scaffolds consisting of centripetal nanofiber mats and 3D-printed hard tissue scaffolds consisting of porous structures were prepared, respectively. And the two layers were combined to obtain bilayer composite scaffolds. The physicochemical characterization proved that the nanofiber mat prepared by polylactide-polycaprolactone (PLCL) electrospinning had a uniform centripetal nanofiber structure, and the loaded bFGF growth factor could achieve a slow release for 14 days and exert its bioactivity to promote the proliferation of fibroblasts. The porous scaffolds prepared with polycaprolactone (PCL), and hydroxyapatite (HA) 3D printing have a 300 μm macroporous structure with good biocompatibility. In vivo experiments results demonstrated that the bilayer composite scaffold could promote soft tissue repair of the skull base membrane through the centripetal nanofiber structure and slow-release of bFGF factor. It also played the role of promoting the regeneration of the skull base bone tissue. In addition, the centripetal nanofiber structure also had a promotional effect on the regeneration of skull base bone tissue.

Effects of UV-A/B/C on flavonoids and related synthetic enzymes in Tetrastigma hemsleyanum

IntroductionTetrastigma hemsleyanum is a folk and rare medicinal plant, and specifically, it is distributed in the south, China. To investigate the cumulative properties of its medicinal components, we examined the effect of UV light on flavonoid content and related enzyme activity changes in T. hemsleyanum.MethodsThe leaves and tubers were treated with UV-A, UV-B and UV-C for 1 h, 1L/23D h, 3 h and 3L/21D h (D represents darkness treatment). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that the content of many flavonoids decreased significantly during UV-A treatment, increased after UV-B and UV-C irradiation and accumulated again after darkness treatment.ResultsIn the root tubers of the UV-A group, naringin content in the 3L/21D h group (0.069 μg/g) was 16.30 times higher than that of 3 h group (0.0042 μg/g). The rutin content was elevated after UV irradiation but was not detected in the CK group. The test results of the enzyme-linked kit indicated that the activities of many enzymes were higher in the UV-A and UV-B irradiation groups than those in the CK group, but the results were reversed in the UV-C treatment. After darkness treatment, the activities of most enzymes were higher than those with UV irradiation alone; F3’5’H activity in the 3L/21D h group (97.25 U/L) was 1.24 times higher than that in the 3 h group (78.12 U/L) in the UV-A-treated group.DiscussionThe study results suggest that appropriate UV-B and UV-C irradiation, as well as darkness supplementation, had a promotive effect on flavonoids in the leaves and root tubers of T. hemsleyanum. Additionally, UV irradiation and darkness treatment enhanced the activity of most enzymes.

Bank competition and ESG performance‐evidence from Chinese listed firms

AbstractThis study employs a two‐way fixed effects model to investigate the influence of bank competition on ESG performance of local firms and its underlying mechanisms based on the geographical distribution of bank branches and firms. Our results show that the increased level of competition among banks contributes positively to the ESG performance of firms and the promotion effect is more prominent in small firms, young firms, and nonstate‐owned firms. Industry heterogeneity analysis indicates that bank competition could be more beneficial for the sustainable development of low‐pollution, low‐tech industries, and industries that have a higher linkage with the financial industry. The mechanism analysis further reveals the mediating effect of financial constraints, green innovation, and moral hazards on firms' ESG performance. This study extends the existing understanding of the firm‐level consequences of bank competition and sheds light on the financial development drivers of corporate ESG performance in emerging market countries.

The Dual Role of Natural Organic Matter in the Degradation of Organic Pollutants by Persulfate-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes: A Mini-Review

Persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (PS-AOPs) are widely used to degrade significant amounts of organic pollutants (OPs) in water and soil matrices. The effectiveness of these processes is influenced by the presence of natural organic matter (NOM), which is ubiquitous in the environment. However, the mechanisms by which NOM affects the degradation of OPs in PS-AOPs remain poorly documented. This review systematically summarizes the dual effects of NOM in PS-AOPs, including inhibitory and promotional effects. It encompasses the entire process, detailing the interaction between PS and its activators, the fate of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the transformation of OPs within PS-AOPs. Specifically, the inhibiting mechanisms include the prevention of PS activation, suppression of ROS fate, and conversion of intermediates to their parent compounds. In contrast, the promoting effects involve the enhancement of catalytic effectiveness, contributions to ROS generation, and improved interactions between NOM and OPs. Finally, further studies are required to elucidate the reaction mechanisms of NOM in PS-AOPs and explore the practical applications of PS-AOPs using actual NOM rather than model compounds.

The Effect of Price and Promotion on Purchasing Decisions for Alexandre Christie Watches in Palembang City

In today's digital era, effective Marketing Public Relations (MPR) strategies are crucial for businesses to remain competitive and increase consumer engagement. This research aims to analyse the influence of price and promotion on purchasing decisions for Alexandre Christie watches in Palembang City. The sample includes 100 respondents selected using purposive sampling, and data was collected through questionnaires with a Likert scale. The research employed multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS version 25. The findings reveal that both price and promotion variables significantly and positively impact purchasing decisions, partially and simultaneously. This study contributes to the growing body of literature by highlighting the importance of targeted pricing strategies and digital promotions in influencing consumer behaviour, particularly in the fashion accessory market. The results suggest that businesses should maintain competitive prices and leverage promotions to align with market demands and consumer preferences.