Promote Species Coexistence Research Articles

Dynamics of seedling populations and tree species coexistence in a forest: a simulation study

AbstractTheoretically, temporal variation of reproduction promotes species coexistence of sessile and polycarpic organisms when the reproduction is synchronized within species but independent among species. Monopoly of vacant sites and high relative population growth rate of minor species in the absence of propagules of other species is the essence of this mechanism. The mechanism is expected to work in forests, but persistent populations of seedlings may affect the promotion of coexistence. Using a tree‐based simulation model of forest dynamics, it was demonstrated that the number of coexisting tree species was sensitively affected by the seedling establishment rate. The coexistence was not enhanced by temporal variation of reproduction when seedling establishment rate was low. This is because the reproducing minor species fail to monopolize vacant sites and allow the establishment of seedlings of other species in later years. High mortality of established seedlings under shade also suppressed coexistence. This is likely to be the result of a reduced storage effect of the population of seedlings. A forest structure and dynamics pattern that appears when tree species coexistence is promoted by fluctuating reproduction was searched for, and the number of coexisting species was varied by manipulating the seedling establishment rate. No distinct difference other than the species number itself was found between species‐rich and species‐poor forests. For example, the seedling population size varied, reflecting the temporal variation of reproduction, irrespective of the seedling establishment rate. Further strategy development is needed to validate the proposed mechanisms of species coexistence.

THE CONSEQUENCES OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN COMPETITIVE COMMUNITIES

Several lines of evidence suggest that the species diversity and composition of communities should depend on genetic diversity within component species, but there has been very little effort to directly assess this possibility. Here I use models of competition among genotypes and species to demonstrate a strong positive effect of the number of genotypes per species on species diversity across a range of conditions. Genetic diversity allows species to respond to selection imposed by competition, resulting in both functional convergence and divergence among species depending on their initial niche positions. This ability to respond to selection promotes species coexistence and contributes to a reduction in variation in species composition among communities. These models suggest that whenever individual fitness depends on the degree of functional similarity between a focal individual and its competitors, genetic diversity should promote species coexistence; this prediction is consistent with the few relevant empirical data collected to date. The results point to the importance of considering the genetic origin and diversity of material used in ecological experiments and in restoration efforts, in addition to highlighting potentially important community consequences of the loss of genetic diversity in natural populations.

Identifying Environmental Conditions to Promote Species Coexistence: An Example with the Native Barrens Topminnow and Invasive Western Mosquitofish

Coexistence of a native and invasive species may be possible at certain conditions along an environmental gradient where the individual responses of each species are maximally apart. Water temperature may differentially affect the growth of a native cool-water species like the Barrens topminnow, Fundulus julisia, and an originally warm-water adapted western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, who is a recent invader in Barrens Plateau region of middle Tennessee. We measured the specific growth rate (SGR) of the two species separately in laboratory aquaria at 10, 15, 20 and 25 °C, representing a range of temperatures that occur in topminnow habitats throughout the year. Both species grew faster with increasing temperature and SGRs were highest at 25 °C. The interspecific difference in SGR was maximized at 15 °C. At this temperature, mean growth rate of topminnows was 0.78% per day, more than twice that of mosquitofish (0.38% per day). These results suggest that cool springhead habitats with a near-constant thermal environment of 15 °C throughout the year may provide a growth advantage to the Barrens topminnow over the mosquitofish. Other environmental, density-dependent, or behavioral factors not examined here may act along with temperature to mediate the coexistence of the topminnow and mosquitofish.

Competitive Intransitivity Promotes Species Coexistence

Using a spatially explicit cellular automaton model with local competition, we investigate the potential for varied levels of competitive intransitivity (i.e., nonhierarchical competition) to promote species coexistence. As predicted, on average, increased levels of intransitivity result in more sustained coexistence within simulated communities, although the outcome of competition also becomes increasingly unpredictable. Interestingly, even a moderate degree of intransitivity within a community can promote coexistence, in terms of both the length of time until the first competitive exclusion and the number of species remaining in the community after 500 simulated generations. These results suggest that modest levels of intransitivity in nature, such as those that are thought to be characteristic of plant communities, can contribute to coexistence and, therefore, community‐scale biodiversity. We explore a potential connection between competitive intransitivity and neutral theory, whereby competitive intransitivity may represent an important mechanism for “ecological equivalence.”

Longevity and ageing: appraising the evolutionary consequences of growing old

Senescence or ageing is an increase in mortality and/or decline in fertility with increasing age. Evolutionary theories predict that ageing or longevity evolves in response to patterns of extrinsic mortality or intrinsic damage. If ageing is viewed as the outcome of the processes of behaviour, growth and reproduction then it should be possible to predict mortality rate. Recent developments have shown that it is now possible to integrate these ecological and physiological processes and predict the shape of mortality trajectories. By drawing on the key exciting developments in the cellular, physiological and ecological process of longevity the evolutionary consequences of ageing are reviewed. In presenting these ideas an evolutionary demographic framework is used to argue how trade-offs in life-history strategies are important in the maintenance of variation in longevity within and between species. Evolutionary processes associated with longevity have an important role in explaining levels of biological diversity and speciation. In particular, the effects of life-history trait trade-offs in maintaining and promoting species diversity are explored. Such trade-offs can alleviate the effects of intense competition between species and promote species coexistence and diversification. These results have important implications for understanding a number of core ecological processes such as how species are divided among niches, how closely related species co-occur and the rules by which species assemble into food-webs. Theoretical work reveals that the proximate physiological processes are as important as the ecological factors in explaining the variation in the evolution of longevity. Possible future research challenges integrating work on the evolution and mechanisms of growing old are briefly discussed.

Spatiotemporal dynamics and distribution patterns of cyclic competition in metapopulation

For a relationship of three-species competition similar to the game of rock–scissors–paper, which is an non-transitive competitive system in contrast to competitive hierarchies, we construct the Levins-like metapopulation model (LMM) based on the mean-field assumption and the probability transition model (PTM) based on Markov process and allowing random dispersal with different distance in homogenous patchy environment. LMM exhibits damped oscillation, periodic fluctuation and stage equilibrium dynamics determined by colonization and extinction rates of three species. The stage equilibrium dynamics is an interesting dynamical behavior not only because equilibrium state can transit with time but also the residential time at every equilibrium stage increases exponentially with stage transition. PTM with local dispersal indicates that the cyclic chasing of three species can form ripple-like patterns on space–time plane and spray-like distribution on two-dimensional space. Such spatially self-organized structure can significantly stabilize metapopulation dynamics and promote species coexistence. However, dispersal distance profoundly affects the spatial structure and the behavior and stability of metapopulation dynamics. With the increase of dispersal distance, the spatial structure becomes blurry and even disappears lastly; and the intensity of metapopulation fluctuation enhances for some parameter values leading to unstable fluctuation in mean-field assumption. It implies that limited dispersal may be a stabilizing factor and play an important role in persisting biological diversity. In addition, indirect effect may be a particular property to non-transitive community. When the colonization rate for a given species increases, its own occupancy decreases contradictorily, but the occupancy of its superior competitor increases largely. Similarly, when extinction rate decreases, the occupancy of its superior species increases more rapidly than its own.

An acanthocephalan parasite mediates intraguild predation between invasive and native freshwater amphipods (Crustacea)

Summary1. The balance of predation between closely related invasive and native species can be an important determinant of the success or failure of biological invasions. In Irish freshwaters, the introduced amphipod Gammarus pulex has replaced the native G. duebeni celticus, possibly through differential mutual intraguild predation (IGP). Theoretically, parasitism could mediate such predation and hence the invasion outcome. However, this idea remains poorly studied.2. In a field survey, we show that the acanthocephalan parasite Echinorynchus truttae is present in more G. pulex populations than G. d. celticus populations. In addition, within parasitised populations, E. truttae is more prevalent in the invader than in the native.3. We show for the first time that an acanthocephalan parasite mediates predation between its intermediate macroinvertebrate hosts. In a field experiment, E. truttae parasitism of the invader lowered IGP upon the unparasitised native. In laboratory experiments, parasitism of G. pulex significantly reduced their predatory impact on recently moulted female G. d. celticus. Parasitism also appeared to cause reduction in predatory behaviour, such as attacks per contact on precopula guarded female natives.4. We conclude that higher parasite prevalence in invaders as compared with natives, by mediation of interspecific interactions, could promote species coexistence, or at least slow species replacements, in this particular biological invasion.

Mutualism or cooperation among competitors promotes coexistence and competitive ability

In the Lotka-Volterra competition model and similar competition models, species can only coexist if between-species competition is weaker than within species. Prior modeling and field studies have shown that coexistence can be promoted by reducing the competitive ability between species through spatial or temporal niche differentiation. Colonization, disturbance, aggregations in patchy habitats, resource transport and supply rates, predation, sex ratio mediation have been suggested to promote species coexistence. The role of mutualism in promoting species coexistence has never been quantitatively studied. In this study, by starting from the traditional Lotka-Volterra competition model, a new general model with introduction of mutualism between two competitive species is proposed. We hypothesized that the interaction of one species to the other is flexible instead of always negative; the zero growth isoclines of the competing species are parabolic. Three conclusions are drawn from this modeling study. First, mutualism is a new way of promoting coexistences of two species. Second, mutualism often increases the carrying capacities of both species, and then promotes their competitive abilities. Third, the mutualism-competition model is also appropriate to describe the dynamics of cooperation and competition between individuals or groups within species, and mutualism between plants and animals. The behind mechanism lies in mutualism or cooperation reduced the severity of competition at low density. Inferior competitor, if cooperative to superior competitor, is also possible to survive. Since mutualism or cooperation is commonly seen among competitors or between prey and predators, its role in shaping social or community structure is worth to explore.

Optimal foraging and predator–prey dynamics III

In the previous two articles (Theor. Popul. Biol. 49 (1996) 265–290; 55 (1999) 111–126), the population dynamics resulting from a two-prey–one-predator system with adaptive predators was studied. In these articles, predators followed the predictions of optimal foraging theory. Analysis of that system was hindered by the incorporation of the logistic description of prey growth. In particular, because prey self-regulation dependence is a strong stabilizing mechanism, the effects of optimal foraging could not be easily separated from the effects of bottom-up control of prey growth on species coexistence. In this article, we analyze two models. The first model assumes the exponential growth of both prey types while the second model assumes the exponential growth of the preferred prey type and the logistic growth of the alternative prey type. This permits the effect of adaptive foraging on two-prey–predator food webs to be addressed. We show that optimal foraging reduces apparent competition between the two prey types, promotes species coexistence, and leads to multiple attractors.

ECOLOGICAL TRADE-OFFS, RESOURCE PARTITIONING, AND COEXISTENCE IN A HOST–PARASITOID ASSEMBLAGE

Two or more species cannot coexist on a single limiting resource in a constant environment unless each species can increase when rare. In this paper, we show, theoretically and empirically, how trade-offs in life history characters have the potential to mitigate the effects of interspecific competition and promote persistence in a host–multiparasitoid interaction. Theoretically, we show how niche partitioning between competing parasitoids can arise through differences in resource breadth and utilization. We demonstrate, empirically, how trade-offs between parasitoid larval competitive ability and wasp life history characters (adult wasp longevity and the ability to paralyze hosts) can be mediated. Differences, not only in the mean, but also in the variance of these life history traits can influence the outcome of competition, and we discuss how species life history trade-offs can promote species coexistence.

INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION AMONG INSECT PARASITOIDS: FIELD EXPERIMENTS WITH WHITEFLIES AS HOSTS IN COTTON

Manipulative field experiments assessing the importance of interspecific competition on the dynamics of parasitoid populations and the impact of multiple parasitoids on host populations are virtually absent from the ecological literature. We report findings from such experiments assessing competitive interactions among three species of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) of the silverleaf whitefly Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), a pestiferous species of worldwide importance. The parasitoids used in the study (Encarsia pergandiella Howard, Eretmocerus mundus Mercet, and Encarsia formosa Gahan) encompass the range of life histories found within Aphelinidae, and they exhibit a high degree of niche overlap. The objectives of our studies were (1) to investigate the occurrence of interspecific competition among the whitefly parasitoids, (2) to quantify shifts in resource utilization patterns as influenced by experimental manipulations of the parasitoid assemblage, and (3) to assess the impact of interspecific competition on the ability of the parasitoids to suppress their host populations. Field cages enclosing cotton plants were inoculated with whitefly by releasing adults at either a high or a low rate followed by releases of all possible combinations of the parasitoid species (including a no-parasitoid release control). The treatments were replicated three and four times each in 1996 and 1997. The presence of interspecific competitors reduced population growth rates of E. formosa and E. pergandiella but not the population growth rate of E. mundus. The spatial distribution of parasitism by E. pergandiella along the vertical axis of cotton plants differed in the multiple species treatments compared to the single species treatments. Changes in parasitoid activity in the presence of competitors may reduce potentially adverse effects of competition and promote species coexistence. Only releases of E. formosa together with E. pergandiella resulted in lower levels of host mortality than would be expected based on observed mortality by individual species. Our results demonstrate competitive interactions among three parasitoids of B. argentifolii under field manipulations but indicate that, in most cases, competitive interactions among parasitoids do not affect host population suppression.

Tree species diversity and soil patchiness in a temperate broad-leaved forest with limited rooting space

Summary In natural forest communities of Central Europe, Fagus sylvatica predominates in the tree layer under a wide range of site conditions due to a remarkable competitive ability. An exception are skeleton-rich soils such as screes where several other broad-leaved tree species co-exist with, or even replace, F. sylvatica . Little is known about the mechanisms that lead to the stable co-existence of 4–6 or more tree species on these sites. In a Tilia-Fagus-Fraxinus-Acer-Ulmus forest on a scree (stone content 57 vol. %), we analysed the above- and below-ground biomass structure, and the horizontal distribution of the tree fine root systems. Fine roots were identified on the species level by means of morphological attributes. In the highly patchy soil we assessed the evidence for below-ground habitat partitioning which might promote species co-existence. Tilia platyphyllos accounted for 46% of the stems and 40% of the total leaf area, whereas F. sylvatica reached 42% of the leaf area with a much lower stem density (24% of the stand total). T. platyphyllos was the dominant species in the rhizosphere with 56% of the total fine root biomass in the topsoil (0–10 cm depth). F. sylvatica contributed only 19% to the fine root biomass despite its extensive leaf area. The other 4 species held further 18% of the leaf area and 25% of the fine root biomass. The fine root systems of the trees showed stem-centred distribution patterns with low root densities at distances > 5.5 m, and a remarkably small overlap among the co-existing species. In 22% of all soil samples we found no tree roots at all; roots of only one species were present in 62% of the samples, roots of two or more species were confined to only 16% of the collective. Compared to other Central European mono-specific F. sylvatica forests with a less restricted soil volume, the scree forest was characterised by a low average fine root density, a high proportion of root-free soil patches and very high local fine root densities. Our results indicate a spatial segregation of the fine root systems of neighbouring trees due to a high stone content which may reduce root competition in this mixed stand. We suggest that partitioning of below-ground rooting space due to physical barriers is a mechanism that promotes tree species diversity in Central European forests on skeleton-rich and patchy soils.

Seasonal changes in vertical distribution of zooplankton in an oligotrophic, subarctic lake (Lake Takvatn, Norway)

Zooplankton vertical distribution was studied in Lake Takvatn (69°07′ N) by discrete sampling of the water column during the open water season. Attention was focused on predation risk and competition to understand when, where and to what degree a given species should aggregate along the water column. Temperature profiles and phytoplankton abundance and composition were recorded to assess degree of heterogeneity and food availability in the pelagic zone. Vertical segregation was evident during thermal stratification. Rotifers partitioned the water column, with species less susceptible to predation (e.g. Conochilus unicornis) in the epilimnion, where they overlapped with the predators Asplanchna priodonta and Polyphemus pediculus, and species more vulnerable to these predators (e.g. Keratella cochlearis) in the hypolimnion. Cladocerans remained in the epilimnion, in a year when predation by fish was limited. The copepodites of Eudiaptomus graciloides and Cyclops scutifer maintained different depths staying respectively near surface and in the meta-hypolimnion. A broader distribution with increasing density was evident among rotifers and C. scutifer nauplii. Density-dependent habitat selection behaviour is considered as a mechanism explaining the observed distribution of predators and competing prey and promoting species coexistence.

Biomass Allocation, Clonal Dispersal, and Competitive Success in Three Salt Marsh Plants

Although a tradc-off between colonization and competitive ability is widely recognized to promote species co-existence. this trade-off is rarely tested. Biomass allocation patterns, clonal dispersal, and competitive success of three salt marsh plant species grown in pots or trays were examined in the greenhouse. The competitive ranking was determined by a pairwise additive-series competition experiment in pots under low nutrient conditions. Competitive ability and patterns of biomass allocation differed significantly among species. The competitive dominants, Juncus gerardi, exhibited higher root :shoot and root:rhizome ratios than its competitive subordinates, Spartina patens and Distichlis spicata. Contrary to what was previously observed in the field. Spartina patens was only slightly competitively superior to Distichlis spicata in the greenhous (i.e., the difference was not statistically significant). Distichlis spicata and Spartina patens exhibited very similar patterns of biomass allocation. including similar patterns of allocation to roots and rhizomes. Although the ranking of the three species with respect to clonal dispersal rates in trays (i.e., Distichlis spicata > Spartina patens > Juncus gerardi) was inversely correlated with their competitive abilities in the field, differences in dispersal rates were small and not statistically significant. Thus. a hypothesized trade-off between competitive ability and colonization ability in these three species does not appear to be strongly correlated with interspecific differences in rates of clonal dispersal in trays in the greenhouse. It is hypothesized that the superior colonization ability of Distichlis spicata observed in the field depends greatly on its ability to tolerate harsh edaphic conditions within gaps.

Seed Banks in Desert Annuals: Implications for Persistence and Coexistence in Variable Environments

It is widely believed that desert annual plants maintain between—year seed banks, yet few field studies actually have measured the proportion of the viable seed bank that remains dormant through a season. Dormancy and germination fractions were quantified for a guild of winter annuals on a creosote flat in the Sonoran Desert for three years. Predictions from two types of theoretical models applicable to temporally variable environments were examined: (1) the evolution of life history traits promoting persistence in the face of temporal variation and (2) the role of temporal variation in mediating species coexistence. The density of ungerminated seeds was estimated by collecting soil samples after germination, but prior to new seed set. Seedlings were followed in nearby plots to estimate the density of germinated seedlings and their reproductive success. Long—term data collected from permanent plots over a 10—yr period were used to calculate temporal variation in reproductive success for each species. Species with higher temporal variation in reproductive success had lower germination fractions and smaller seeds, consistent with the theory that seed dormancy and large seed size are partially substitutable bet—hedging strategies. The data also suggested that this system possesses traits that are necessary for temporal variation to promote coexistence. First, between—year seed banks, necessary to buffer populations in unfavorable years, were documented for 17 species. Second, there was a strong tendency for year—to—year variation in germination fractions to vary among species. Finally, plants germinated more in years of higher reproductive success. We discuss how a correlation between germination and reproductive success enhances the role of temporal variance in success hierarchies in promoting species coexistence.

Seasonal reversal of competitive advantage between two spider species.

To test for inter- and intraspecific competition between two common orb-weaving spiders, Metepeira grinnelli and Cyclosa turbinata, I conducted separate field experiments in the spring and summer. During the spring experiment, the prey-consumption rate of Metepeira was reduced at higher inter- and intraspecific densities, but Cyclosa was only affected by intraspecific density. During the summer experiment, Metepeira prey-consumption was not affected by inter- or intraspecific densities, while Cyclosa was affected by both inter- and intraspecific densities. In addition to competition for food, during the spring experiment Cyclosa was observed displacing Metepeira but not vice versa, whereas during the summer experiment Metepeira displaced Cyclosa but not vice versa. The seasonal reversal in the competitive advantage between the species was linked to their asynchronous phenologies; in the spring most Cyclosa were larger than Metepeira, whereas in the summer most Metepeira were larger than Cyclosa. I suggest that in this system, temporal variability in the competitive abilities may promote species coexistence.

Thermal Tolerance of Gambusia affinis (Teleostei: Poeciliidae) from a Warm Spring. I. Field Tolerance under Natural Stream Conditions

Previous articleNext article No AccessThermal Tolerance of Gambusia affinis (Teleostei: Poeciliidae) from a Warm Spring. I. Field Tolerance under Natural Stream ConditionsPaul WinklerPaul Winkler Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 48, Number 4Oct., 1975 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.48.4.30155662 Views: 7Total views on this site Citations: 4Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in Physiological Zoology (1928-1998), which is continued by Physiological and Biochemical Zoology (1999-present). PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Malabika Laha, Hayden T. Mattingly Identifying Environmental Conditions to Promote Species Coexistence: An Example with the Native Barrens Topminnow and Invasive Western Mosquitofish, Biological Invasions 8, no.44 (Jan 2006): 719–725.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-005-3426-8M Hernández, L F Bückle, S Espina Temperature preference and acclimation in Poecilia sphenops (Pisces, Poeciliidae), Aquaculture Research 33, no.1212 (Sep 2002): 933–940.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2002.00744.xMalcolm D Schug, Jerry F Downhower, Luther P Brown, Dustin B Sears, Paul A Fuerst Isolation and genetic diversity of Gambusia hubbsi (mosquitofish) populations in blueholes on Andros Island, Bahamas, Heredity 80, no.33 (Mar 1998): 336–346.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2540.1998.00302.xDonald L. Kramer, John P. Mehegan Aquatic surface respiration, an adaptive response to hypoxia in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata (Pisces, Poeciliidae), Environmental Biology of Fishes 6, no.3-43-4 (Nov 1981): 299–313.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00005759

Reversal of Dominance in Competing Species of Drosophila

Previous articleNext article No AccessLetters to the EditorsReversal of Dominance in Competing Species of DrosophilaFrancisco J. AyalaFrancisco J. Ayala Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The American Naturalist Volume 100, Number 910Jan. - Feb., 1966 Published for The American Society of Naturalists Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/282402 Views: 6Total views on this site Citations: 30Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Cyrill Hess, Jonathan M. Levine, Martin M. Turcotte, Simon P. 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