Prominent Principles Research Articles

The challenges of and solutions for combining cocreation and agile in the development of health information technologies

BackgroundInvolving users has become a prominent principle in the development of Health Information Technologies (HIT) and has led to an uprise in agile and cocreation methods. Previous literature shows how the two can be combined in one method, but also suggest that using such a method may come with challenges, for which the solutions are unclear. PurposeTo identify the challenges of using a method that combines agile and cocreation, provide solutions for these challenges, and evaluate its usage. Methods and materialsThe setting for this research was the Agile Cocreation of Robots for Aging (ACCRA) project. The research consisted of three phases: 1) evaluating the Agile Cocreation method to identify challenges in its usage, by analysing documents from the project (e-mails, meeting notes), 2) solving the challenges to improve the method, by designing solutions in a cocreation session; and 3) evaluating the usage of the improved version via a survey among engineers and user researchers involved in the project. ResultsWe identified three main challenges and developed three solutions, which were used in the next phase of the project. First, to engage all stakeholders in cocreation, we implemented more fun and playful materials. Second, to bridge the differences between engineers and user researchers we invested in face-to-face meetings. Third, to manage knowledge in the project we intensified our meeting schedule to weekly meetings. In the quantitative evaluation of the improved cocreation method, the engineers and user researchers were positive about the agile cocreation method and about our improvements. ConclusionWhen developing HIT, a method that combines agile and cocreation is useful because it helps to identify user needs and to translate these needs into technology. To identify the needs of these users and other stakeholders it is important to involve them as active partners in cocreation using fun and playful materials. Engineers and user researchers should bridge their differences and meet face-to-face as much as possible.

Should We Increase Young People’s Voting Power?

AbstractThis paper argues that democratic collectives have reason to increase the voting power of their younger members. It first presents an intuitive case for weighted voting in general, before drawing support from a prominent principle of democratic inclusion – the all-affected principle. On a plausible understanding of that principle, a decision may affect people to varying degrees, and this variation should be reflected in the strength of their say. The paper then argues that exposure time to a decision’s effects is typically a good proxy for tracking such variation, such that collectives have reason to gradually reduce their members’ voting power as they grow older. This holds, for example, in the ordinary parliamentary elections in representative democracies. It is then argued that we may build a similar case for age-weighting on a plausible version of the all-affected principle’s main rival, the all-subjected principle. The paper ends by addressing various objections. It argues that none of them undermine the case for age-weighting, and that some might even support age-weighting over its non-weighted (‘one person, one vote’) alternative.

The Typological Factors Influencing the Selection of Relative Strategies

This paper explores relative strategies of 62 languages and reinterprets the typological factors that influence the selection of relative strategies. On the whole, relative strategies in 62 languages strictly conform with Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy (NPAH) and Filler-Gap Domain (FGD). Relative strategies are related to word order and language family/region. Influenced by the Primary Predicate Prominence Principle, SVO languages in Indo-European region prefer to use pronoun strategy for relativizing subject and direct object, while non-Indo-European SVO languages prefer to use gap strategy influenced by FGD. Under the influence of the Primary Predicate Prominence Principle and FGD, the gap strategy is preferred for SOV languages. In addition, relative strategies of Portuguese, Spanish, and Arabic depend on the speaker’s intention.

Does the Opening of High-Speed Railway Improve High-Quality Economic Development in the Yangtze River Delta, China?

The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) is the area with the densest high-speed railway (HSR) network in China, and it leads the high-quality economic development (HQED) in the country. HSR plays an important role in regional development. However, research on the impact of the HSR on HQED is notably limited. Theoretically, this study develops an analytical framework for the mechanism of the HSR’s influence on HQED. Empirically, it calculates the HQED index and then investigates the impact of the HSR on HQED and the regional discrepancies across cities in the YRD, based on data from 2011 to 2019 using the difference-in-differences model. The results show: (1) The mechanism lies in that the HSR improves urban accessibility, accelerates the flow of the production factors, and enhances the allocation efficiency of the input factors. (2) The distribution of the HQED level presents an obvious circular pattern, with Shanghai and Suzhou at the centre, showing the prominent principle of distance decay. (3) Both the regression model and the robustness tests show that the HSR significantly promotes HQED in the YRD. Additionally, the economic development, foreign capital spent, financial level, industry advancement, and living standard are conducive to HQED. (4) The results of the heterogeneity test reveal that the HSR has an obviously varied impact on HQED in cities depending on their size and location. The HSR has a significant promotional effect on HQED in cities with a large population and those far away from a provincial city.

The Technique of Repetition in the Poems of Farhad Pirbal and Foroughi Forukhzad

This research is entitled "The Technique of Repetition in The Poems of Farhad Pirbal and Foroughi Forukhzad" by benefiting from the principles of the French school in the science of literature comparison, one of the most important elements of poetry is the poetry of both poets, the technique of repetition, as a prominent principle and embodiment of the structure of inner music in new poems in general and the poetry of both poets in particular. The comparison between the two poets seems to be due to the fact that, despite the fact that the poetry experiences of both poets are very similar in many ways, this is a valuable focus on the science of literary comparison, on the other hand. The repetition technique is seen as a prominent symbol of the poetic style of both poets in terms of belief, which we believe is a fully aware process and is worth considering by the French school. That is why, despite the repeated types of repetition by both poets, we have pointed to the similarity and co-ordination of the worldview of both poets, and we have proved to what extent pirbal's poetry experience has been influenced by The Worldview of Forough Farrokhzad.

Reducing Climate Change Harms: How to Make Remedial Responsibilities Applicable

Abstract Nation-states are seen as reasonable candidates to whom to assign remedial responsibilities for climate change harms. A natural question arises: Based on what justification should these responsibilities be assigned to states? Three prominent principles have been proposed: the “Polluter pays,” the “Beneficiary pays,” and the “Ability to pay.” However, each principle faces important objections when considered in isolation. Building on David Miller's multi-principle theory of remedial responsibility, I propose and justify an account of remedial responsibility for the case of climate change. I complement the account with a guiding algorithm that arranges these (and more) principles in a systematic way to make remedial responsibilities for climate change harms applicable. This guiding algorithm resolves the objections that arise when the principles are applied in isolation.

Kentsel Kimliğin ve Bileşenlerinin Değerlendirilmesi: Erbil Örneği

The most prominent principles related to the component and moral values are historical and architectural characteristics. These features and values are identities gained from the journey of history. The concept of Urban identity refers to the impact of elements on people. Urban identity is classified into two main groups: environmental identity and social identities. The methodology of this research is summarized into two stages. In the first stage, a literature survey was conducted about the identity of cities, elements, and establishment of the identity components of cities. The second stage is based on questioning. Some visual analyses (photographs, maps, observations) were conducted for this goal. This study is trying to answer this question: "What are the identity components of the cities?". In this framework, the city should be a rich historical and spatial context to examine urban identity in the development process. For this purpose, Erbil Ancient City and the historic city of Erbil were chosen as the study topic. The study is based on the hypothesis that "Erbil citadel / Tajeel, Mustawfi Araban and Khanaqa district fulfils the components of the urban identity of the Erbil". Cities can have common characteristics such as history, culture, architecture, and identity. However, there are differences in natural resources, humanity settlement, cultural backgrounds, historical cores, and physical aspects like shapes. These variations define different identities. In other words, the diverse characteristics of a city create a unique identity of that city. Therefore, it assumed that this study would help understand the city's identity. It thought that examining the citadel / big Bazar area regarding identity components would facilitate the application of planning and decision making. Also, there is a common belief that identity will increase awareness level about the city's brand value.

Hesitations and relative proeminence in prosodic constituents in children's speech.

to verify if hesitations would occur, preferably, in strong or weak positions of four of the prosodic constituents: phonological utterance, intonational phrase, phonological phrase and clitic group. the data were extracted from a bank composed of 147 interview situations recorded with children aged 5-6 years. Was used the principle of relative prominence for the analysis of prosodic constituents. From this principle, the hesitant occurrences identified in prominent elements in the organization of each of the prosodic constituents was considered as for strong position and, as in a weak position, the hesitant occurrences identified in parts of constituents that surround the prominent positions. The judges detected 2.399 hesitant occurrences. the following total hesitations were identified in strong and weak positions, respectively: (1) in the phonological utterance = 305 (28.37%) and 770 (71.63%); (2) in the intonational phrase = 285 (20.67%) and 1094 (79.33%); (3) in the phonological phrase = 129 (16.49%) and 653 (83.51%); and (4) in the clitic group = 154 (15.21%) and 859 (84.79%). although hesitant occurrences have been identified in strong positions in all prosodic constituents analyzed, there was prevalence due to the weak position. This result corroborates studies that claim that hesitations would occur in non-nuclear prosodic portions. Furthermore to this confirmation, the results reinforce the effectiveness of the prosodic phonology model in relation to the principle of relative prominence.

Why God Thinks what He is Thinking? An Argument against Samuel Newlands’ Brute–Fact–Theory of Divine Ideas in Leibniz’s Metaphysics

According to the most prominent principle of early modern rationalists, the Principle of Sufficient Reason [PSR], there are no brute facts, hence, there are no facts without any explanation. Contrary to the PSR, some philosophers have argued that divine ideas are brute facts within Leibniz’s metaphysics. In this paper, I argue against brute-fact-theories of divine ideas, especially represented by Samuel Newlands in Leibniz and the Ground of Possibility, and elaborate an alternative Leibnizian theory of divine ideas.

المضامين التربوية في نونية أبي الفتح البستي

هدف البحث إلى استنباط المضامين التربوية في نونية أبي الفتح البستي، وذلک من خلال بيان الأساس الفکري للتربية المتضمن في القصيدة، والتعرف على المبادئ والقيم التربوية الناظمة لعلاقة المربي والمتربي من خلال القصيدة، والکشف عن الأساليب التربوية المتضمنة فيها. واعتمد الباحث لتحقيق أهداف البحث على المنهج الاستنباطي. وقد توصل إلى جملة من النتائج، أبرزها: أن الخلفية العقدية والفکرية لأبي الفتح البستي أسهمت في تشکيل آرائه التربوية، فتجدها تنبع من مصادر التربية الإسلامية، کما أبان البحث عن أساس التربية الفکري في القصيدة من خلال صياغة نظرته للطبيعة الإنسانية بمکوناتها الثلاثة (الجسم والعقل والروح) وأن التقوى مصدر استمداد الکرامة، والتغيير للطباع هو جوهر التربية ولبها، ونظرته للحياة کونها مجبولة على الفناء، وتفاوت معاييرها المادية عن المعايير الأخروية، وحرية العمل فيها المقرونة بمسؤولية الجزاء وحتميته. وقد کان من أبرز المبادئ الموجهة لعلاقة المربي بالمتربي في القصيدة: تقوى الله والاستعانة به والذي يمثل الزاد الإيماني للمربي، ومراعاة الفروق الفردية، وحفظ خصوصيات المتربين، والتفاؤل وفتح الأمل لهم، والاستشارة، والفصاحة في القول، وحفظ المعروف، وطلاقة الوجه، والاستغناء عن الناس، والتخفف من الأحزان. ومن أبرز القيم الناظمة لعلاقة المربي بالمتربي المتضمنة في النونية: الإحسان، والتعاون، والتعايش، والقناعة، والعدل، والتأني، والرفق، والعطاء. کما توصل البحث إلى الأساليب التربوية التي وظفها الناظم، وهي: أسلوب التشويق والإغراء بالمحتوى التربوي، وضرب المثل، والموعظة، والتواصي بين المربين. The research aimed to derive the educational implications in Nuniyah Abi Al-Fath Al-Bosti, by explaining the intellectual basis for education included in the poem, and identifying the educational principles and values that regulate the relationship between the educator and the learner through the poem, and revealing the educational methods included in it. The researcher used the deductive approach. The results showed that the ideological and intellectual background of Abu Al-Fath Al-Bosti contributed to the formation of his educational views, so you find them emanating from the sources of Islamic education. The research revealed the basis of intellectual education in the poem showed through the formulation of his view of human nature with its three components (body, mind, and spirit) and that devoutness is the source of deriving dignity, change of character is the essence of education, his view of life as being created to perishability, its material standards differ from eschatological standards and the freedom to work in it coupled with the responsibility and inevitability of punishment. Among the most prominent principles guiding the relationship between the educator and the learner in the poem: the fear of God and seeking his help, which represents the provision of faith for the educator, the consideration of individual differences, maintaining the learners’ privacy, the optimism and providing them with hope, advice, and eloquence, retaining favor, cheerfulness, dispensing with people, and relieve sorrows. Among the most prominent values that regulate the relationship between the educator and the learner included in the Noniyeh are: charity, cooperation, coexistence, contentment, justice, patience, kindness, and giving. The research also found the educational methods employed by the poet, namely: the method of suspense and persuasion, giving an example, preaching, and consolation among educators.

Principles for pandemics: COVID-19 and professional ethical guidance in England and Wales

BackgroundDuring the arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic, various professional ethical guidance was issued to (and for) health and social care professionals in England and Wales. Guidance can help to inform and support such professionals and their patients, clients and service users, but a plethora of guidance risked information overload, confusion, and inconsistency.MethodsDuring the early months of the pandemic, we undertook a rapid review, asking: what are the principles adopted by professional ethical guidance in England and Wales for dealing with COVID-19? We undertook thematic content analysis of the 29 documents that met our inclusion criteria.ResultsThe 29 documents captured 13 overlapping principles: respect, fairness, minimising harm, reciprocity, proportionality, flexibility, working together, inclusiveness, communication, transparency, reasonableness, responsibility, and accountability.ConclusionsWe intend this attempt to collate and outline the prominent principles to be helpful, particularly, for healthcare practice during the COVID-19 pandemic and, hopefully, for future pandemic planning. We also offer some reflections on the guidance and the principles therein. After describing the principles, we reflect on some of the similarities and differences in the guidance, and the challenges associated not only with the specific guidance reviewed, but also with the nature and import of “professional ethical guidance”.

المفارقة فی مرثیات أوس بن حجر قراءة ثقافیة

الملخص : تتموضع المفارقة بوصفها قيمة نسقية، وبلاغة أسلوبية يتم من خلالها تشريح فضاءات السلطة في النص الشعري، وتتجلى في مرثيات أوس بن حجر صورة الشاعر الذي يواجه مفارقات الحياة نتيجة حدث الموت لسيد من سادات القبيلة ويرثي القيم والفضائل التي کان يقيمها، وفي إطار هذه الرؤية تنقسم الدراسة الآتية إلى محورين أساسيين: أولا: نظري يسعى إلى تأطير المفارقة بوصفها مفهوما فاعلا في الدراسات النقدية. وفي سياق هذا المسار التنظيري، يلحظ المتلقي تلک التشابکات المؤثرة التي تظهرها المفارقة عبر تعالقاتها مع المفاهيم الجمالية، والفلسفية، ويعرج على أبرز المبادئ التي تتکئ عليها قصيدة الرثاء والمعاني التي تندرج تحتها، ونبذة مختصرة عن الشاعر أوس بن حجر. ثانيا: إجرائي ينمذج مرثيات أوس بن حجر لتکون منطلقا للکشف عن الأنساق المفارقة المضمرة في بنية النص، إذ تتمظهر المفارقات في: مفارقات القلق والطمأنينة، القوة والضعف، والتحول. Abstract The paradox is characterized as a systemic value, and a stylistic rhetoric through which spaces of authority are detailed in the poetic text. The elegies of Aws bin Hajar reveal the image of the poet who faces the paradoxes of life as a result of the death of a tribe master and laments the values and virtues that this master used to establish. The following study is divided into two main axes: First: A theoretical axis that seeks to frame the paradox as an effective concept in critical studies. In this theoretical path, the recipient notices the influential intertwines that the paradox reveals through their intertwining with aesthetic, philosophical and ideological concepts, as well as mentioning the most prominent principles that the elegy poem and the meanings depend upon, and an overview of Aws Ibn Hajar. Second: A procedural axis that models the elegies of Aws ibn Hajar as a starting point for revealing the paradoxical patterns embedded in the structure of the text including the paradoxes of anxiety and tranquility, strength and weakness, the fixed and the transformed.

Artificial Intelligence and Unfair Competition – Unveiling an Underestimated Building Block of the AI Regulation Landscape

Abstract The article illustrates the underestimated role unfair competition law (UCL) can play as a building block of the regulatory landscape relating to artificial intelligence (AI). To this end, it examines to what extent overarching, prominent principles of AI regulation such as fairness, transparency, autonomy and innovation are reflected in paradigms of UCL, and on this basis evaluates how the latter can contribute to the realisation of the former. In this way, prominent problems raised by AI that are commonly discussed under different legal regimes are reconsidered from a UCL perspective, showing that this perspective may complement or even substitute traditional regulatory approaches. Finally, the article indicates how AI could inversely give an impulse to the doctrinal advancement of UCL as a still ambiguous and insufficiently understood body of law.

Artificial Intelligence and Unfair Competition – Unveiling an Underestimated Building Block of the AI Regulation Landscape

The article illustrates the underestimated role unfair competition law (UCL) can play as a building block of the regulatory landscape relating to Artificial Intelligence (AI). To this end, it examines to what extent overarching prominent principles of AI regulation such as Fairness, Transparency, Autonomy or Innovation are reflected in paradigms of UCL and on this basis evaluates how the latter can contribute to the realization of the former. In this course, prominent problems raised by AI that are commonly discussed under different legal regimes are reconsidered under a UCL perspective, showing that this perspective may both complement or even substitute traditional regulatory approaches. Finally, the article indicates how AI could inversely give impulses for the doctrinal advancement of UCL as a still ambiguous and insufficiently understood body of law.

A proposal to include human rights principles Arabic language curriculum - A survey- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: تصور مقترح لتضمين مبادئ حقوق الإنسان في مقررات اللغة العربية بالمملكة العربية السعودية - دراسة مسحية -

The study aimed to identify the degree to which Arabic curriculum in Saudi Arabia include the most prominent principles of human rights and the nature of that inclusion, and then to build a proposed conception to include the principles of human rights appropriate to you at one of the three stages of primary, middle and secondary. The study followed the descriptive approach using the method of content analysis, and the study reached one of the most prominent findings: The inclusion of the principles of human rights in the curriculum was found to be weak in the overall range. The findings also showed that the decisions balanced somewhat between explicit and implicit rights. Each of the key fields also varied, as the first field: civil and political rights came ahead by a wide margin at the expense of other economic, social, developmental and environmental rights. Finally, the study suggested in light of its findings a vision for the development of the Arabic language curriculum in Saudi Arabia in the light of human rights.

Knowledge, reasoning, and deliberation

AbstractEpistemologists have become increasingly interested in the practical role of knowledge. One prominent principle, which I call PREMISE, states that if you know that p, then you are justified in using p as a premise in your reasoning. In response, a number of critics have proposed a variety of counter‐examples. In order to evaluate these problem cases, we need to consider the broader context in which this principle is situated by specifying in greater detail the types of activity that the principle governs. I argue that if PREMISE is interpreted as governing deductive reasoning, then the examples lose their force. In addition, I consider the cases, discussed by Keith DeRose, where the subject is in more than one practical context at the same time. In order to account for these latter cases, we need to further specify the scope of PREMISE. I distinguish two ways of understanding PREMISE, as a knowledge‐action principle and as a knowledge‐deliberation principle. I conclude by arguing for the knowledge‐deliberation version of the principle and by exploring what this principle says about the practical role of knowledge.

A Life Plan Principle of Voting Rights

Who should have a right to participate in a polity’s decision-making? Although the answers to this ‘boundary problem’ in democratic theory remain controversial, it is widely believed that the enfranchisement of tourists and children is unacceptable. Yet, the two most prominent inclusion principles in the literature – Robert Goodin’s ‘all (possibly) affected interests’-principle and the ‘all subjected to law’-principle – both enfranchise those groups. Unsurprisingly, democratic theorists have therefore offered several reasons for nonetheless exempting tourists and children from the franchise. In this paper, I argue that their attempts fail. None of the proposed rationales can do the job without having unacceptable implications for the voting rights of other groups. I then develop a new specification of the affected interests-view, one that avoids such problems. According to my life plan-principle, a person is entitled to participate in a polity’s decision-making if and only if its decisions will actually affect her autonomously chosen life plans, or prevent her from developing or revising plans of that kind. I show that this principle straightforwardly avoids enfranchising tourists and children, and thus improves upon its two prominent rivals. The paper ends by considering and rejecting two objections to my new principle.

Artistic and aesthetic ideas in “Plays” for two pianos by P. Dambis

Artistic and aesthetic ideas in “Plays” for two pianos by P. Dambis

Principles of Sustainable Development as Norms of the Current Legislative Framework in Kosovo

The purpose of this research is to analyze inclusion of sustainable development principles in relevant legislation as normative concepts. For the purpose of this research, Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo and 22 laws are analyzed regarding the level of the incorporation of sustainable development principles within their provisions and field of regulation. The legal basis for sustainable development lies in the Constitution of Kosovo under the Chapter on Economic Relations promoting wellbeing for all citizens encouraging a sustainable economic development. The research identified nine laws including more than one of the principles, six laws that treat sustainable development in very general terms, and seven laws that do not include anything regarding the principles, although their scope has significant impacts in sustainable economic, social, and environmental development of the country. The most prominent principle was sustainable use of resources; however, principles pertaining to the use of local resources and social justice were not found in any of current legal provisions. Laws on environmental protection, nature conservation and water include the most sustainable development principles. However, although the current legislation might be considered satisfactory regarding the extent to which it includes sustainable development principles, Kosovo is far from a sustainability path. This is related to the post-war situation of the country, unclear economic development directions, weak law enforcement, and poor cooperation of horizontal and vertical lines of public authorities and government agencies.

REVIEW OF ROMANTICISM IN THE POEMS OF SHAFIE KADKANI

Shafiei Kadkani is one of the most capable contemporary poets who can clearly see the effects of the romanticism school and its principles in his poems. Cases such as empathy with nature, nostalgia, discovery and intuition, imagination, village praising, mental journeys, despair, contemplation in the course of life, the expression of suffering and sorrow, love, etc. are prominent contents of poet's poem that has provided field for the study of romanticism in his poetry and made him a romantic poet. This article with descriptive-analytical method and with provocative view demonstrates the prominent principles of romanticism in the poetry of Shafi'i Kadkani and shows his influence in this field.Studies show that most of the principles and components of romanticism school are manifest in the poet's poems. Like romantics, when he speaks of nature, he sees his spirits and emotions in the parts of nature and he is sympathetic with it. She welcomes the village in front of the city and refuges to it. Or sometimes he immerses in the imagination and discovers a universe that romantic poets know such world. He occasionally talks about his grieves, sometimes he realizes the passage of time and life and he thinks about it. In some cases, as romantics, he hugs frustration. There are such categories in his poetry which gives him a romantic quality