Prominent Parameter Research Articles

Optimizing the process parameters of Fiction Stir Welded dissimilar 2024Al-5754Al Joint using the Taguchi Method

It is a requirement of modern age industries, especially the aerospace, automobile, and shipbuilding sectors, to manufacture high strength and low weight dissimilar aluminium alloy welded joints. Therefore, the aim of this project is to investigate the effect of tool rotation speed, feed rate, and pin type on the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of dissimilar aluminium alloys (2024 Al and 5754 Al) in friction stir welded joints. Nine experiments have been performed using an orthogonal array (L9) of the Taguchi method. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) established that pin type is the most prominent parameter, followed by tool rotation speed and feed rate. The optimal value of ultimate tensile strength (268 MPa) was achieved at 1.5 mm/s feed rate, 1600 rpm speed, and type 1 of pin. A confirmation test shows that there is a high correlation between the estimated and actual values of UTS.

Parameter optimization and microstructure evaluation of welding of structural steel 1020 and AA6062

AA6062 and ST1020 materials are used to perform friction stir spot welding (FSSW). In this experiment, the mechanical and microstructural characteristics of the welded joint were determined using a square-head tip tool. To enhance the life of the welded joint, three essential process parameters, namely tool speed, dwell time, and plunge depth were employed with four levels. The L16 orthogonal array was adapted for experimental work to develop a process parameter table. A tensile test was performed for a larger better value to predict the strength of the welded joint, and the value is 5.65 kN. The outcome shows that dwell time is a more prominent parameter than tool speed and plunge depth. The optimal combination of welding parameters is a dwell time of 24 s, a tool rotational speed of 1200 rpm, and a plunge depth of 0.8 mm; dwell time contributes 39.66%, followed by a plunge depth 35.7%, and at last, tool speed 6.171%. Furthermore, to determine the optimum level of parameters. The microstructure of this joint was observed with respect to heat dissipation and changes in grain size. Microstructure studies were carried out to see the area under stir zone for workpieces with high and low tensile strength. This work was validated using the response surface method (RSM). The RSM results are very close to the experimental results.

An Outlook of Microbial Fuel Cell Recoginsed as Reneweable and Clean Energy Source

With the increasing time, energy is becoming most prominent parameter as air, water and shelter. Nonrenewable sources of energy are foremost polluting agent of environment. Like R’s principle, now there is need of E’s principle for Energy security, Energy growth, Environmental protection and opt for environmentally friendly source of energy. The residual of coal, coal tars, oil shales and methane hydrates greatly affect climatic condition and thus accelerate global warming. Most recent approach of such type of energy is Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) which involves treatment of waste water to harvest energy from it along with serving the purpose of purification of wastewater. This review paper discusses the component of MFC, working principle of MFC, describes about the materials used as anode, cathode, Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) with its properties. It emphasis on the different proton exchange membranes.

Galerkin finite element analysis for buoyancy driven copper-water nanofluid flow and heat transfer through fins enclosed inside a horizontal annulus: Applications to thermal engineering

The hydrothermal significance of natural convection flow through the horizontal annulus reveal most important implication and those geometrical shapes are introduced in enormous industrial and engineering implementations related to superheaters, heat exchangers, hydrogen fuel cells, gas turbines, solar collectors, vehicle engines, and turbomachinery etc. With this motivation, the current advance study enlightens the natural convection heat transfer impacts of Cu−water nanofluid flow through horizontal annulus with inserting Fins at the inner cylinder. Different fins numbers (0, 2 and 4) are inserted at inner cylinder wall are heated. The outer cylinder kept at cooled temperature. The significance nanoparticles fraction (Φ=1%−5%), Rayleigh number (1000,10000and100000) and different fin numbers (0,2and4) on fluid flow, thermal field, and local Nusselt number investigated. The Galerkin finite element method has been employed to carry out the numerical solution for different values of flow controlling parameters. The impacts of prominent parameter on streamlines, isotherms and 2d graphs are analyzed. The analysis concluded that velocity and thermal outcomes upsurges for Rayleigh number. It is conclude that important thermal transfer increment can be observed due to the occurrence of solid nanoparticles and that is boosted by growing the solid particle fraction. The velocity is reduced by increasing the values of nanoparticle volume fraction. Additionally larger heat transfer for nanoparticles Volume fraction Φ=5% as compare to Φ=1%.

Evaluation of retinal and choroidal parameters as neurodegeneration biomarkers in patients with post-covid-19 syndrome

BackgroundTo investigate the neurodegenerative effects of post-COVID-19 syndrome. MethodsThis comparative, cross-sectional study included patients who had post-COVID-19 prolonged neurologic symptoms. The control group was selected from volunteer participants with similar age, sex, and spherical equivalent characteristics. After detailed ophthalmic examinations, spectral-domain optic coherence tomography (SD-OCT) analysis of the macula and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (m-RNFL, p-RNFL respectively) were obtained. We also evaluated the choroidal parameters with the ImageJ software. Post-COVID-19 symptoms and disease severity of the patients were also questioned. ResultsThirty-four eyes of 20 patients, and 39 eyes of 23 healthy individuals were included in the study. Thinning was found in the inner superior quadrant of mRNFL (p < 0.05). More prominent and common thinning of retinal layers was observed in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and inner plexiform layer (IPL) segments in the patient group. There was no difference between the groups in the calculated choroidal parameters (p > 0.05). In the regression models created, lung involvement was the most prominent parameter associated with thinning of the OCT layers. The other factors were male sex, and the presence of loss of taste and smell also led to deterioration in some parameters. ConclusionsWe detected an overall thinning of the GCL and IPL layers with no significant change in CMT, pRNFL, and CVI in the post-COVID-19 period, indicating the direct or indirect effect of SARS-CoV-2 on these layers, rather than a long-term neurodegenerative effect.

Detection System of Promotion Abuse Using Similarity and Risk Scoring Methods

Offering promotion coupons is one of the most popular strategies of online marketing to attract new customers and increase customer loyalty. However, this strategy opens chances for fraud risk as the coupons are being redeemed multiple times using fake accounts. This risk becomes a burden to marketing costs and leads to failure to accomplish the intended strategic value. Therefore, this research focuses on building an automatic detection system of online promotion abuse based on its risk level. The proposed system also must work on live stream and bulk data. Therefore, in live stream data, it could alert the administrator before the transaction finished or the next process started. After conducting an exploratory factor analysis of the 24 attributes collected from four tables of data transaction, there were seven attributes indicating promotion abuse. These attributes were the user IP address, shipping address, mobile number, member email, order email, payment ID, and product name. Then, supervised machine learning of similarity algorithms was used to build models and find the hidden correlation of attributes to indicate the promotion abuse. The result from comparing five similarity methods showed that based on the workflow and performance, the most suitable methods for this case were exact match and Levenshtein edit base. The automatic risk scoring feature of the proposed system used seven attributes of online transactions as their most prominent promotion abuse parameter based on its hidden correlation. From the system performance testing, the result values of precision, recall, and F-measure are 95%, 93%, and 0.94, respectively. These results indicate that the system performance is satisfactory.

Recent Advances in Nanomaterial-based Optical Biosensors as Potential Point-of-Care Testing (PoCT) Probes in Carcinoembryonic Antigen Detection.

For the past decades, several cancer biomarkers have been exploited for rapid and accurate prognosis or diagnosis purposes. In this review, the optical biosensor is targeted for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) detection. The CEA level is a prominent parameter currently used in clinical cases for the prognosis of cancer-related diseases. Many nanomaterial-based biosensors are invented as alternatives for the commonly used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) immunoassay method in CEA detection as the traditional approach. But they possess certain drawbacks such as tedious procedure, high technical demand, and costly. Nevertheless, the effort appears to be wasted as none of them are being actualised. Generally, the sensor function was carried out by converting bio-signals generated upon the interface of the receptor into light signals. These sensors were popular due to specific advantages such as sensitivity, being free from chemical and electromagnetic interferences, wide dynamic range, and being easy to be monitored. The features of PoC diagnostics are discussed and associated to the various applications of colorimetric-based and chemiluminescent-based biosensors. The roles of nanomaterials in each application were also summarised by comparing the modification, incubation period, lowest detection limit (LOD) and linear range of detection amount. The challenges and future perspectives were highlighted as well at the end of the review.

Degradation of emerging contaminant coumarin based on anodic oxidation, electro-Fenton and subcritical water oxidation processes

The degradation of emerging contaminant coumarin was separately investigated in anodic, electro-Fenton and subcritical water oxidation processes. With respect to the anodic and electro-Fenton oxidation, the influence of constant current, treatment time and initial concentration of coumarin was studied. Regarding subcritical water oxidation, the effect of the oxidant concentration, temperature, treatment time and initial coumarin concentration was investigated. In anodic and electro-Fenton oxidation processes, coumarin degradation proceeded in a similar manner, achieving 99% degradation, after 180 min at a constant current of 200 mA. In both set-ups, further increasing the applied current lowered the degradation efficiency due to the formation of by-products and the increasing occurrence of side-reactions. The highest degradation of 88% was achieved in subcritical conditions, specifically at 200 °C, using 150 mM H2O2 and after 37.5 min of treatment. Under subcritical conditions, temperature was the most prominent parameter, followed by the H2O2 concentration. Under all methodologies, increasing treatment time had a small positive effect on coumarin degradation, indicating that time is not the most influential parameter. A comparison of the three methodologies in terms of performance as well as energy consumption and simplicity of operation highlighted the advantages of subcritical water oxidation.

Two new similarity measures for intuitionistic fuzzy sets and its various applications

In this paper, two new tools of decision-making problems, namely similarity measures between intuitionistic fuzzy sets, are being forwarded. In general, parameters like the difference of membership degrees and the difference of nonmembership degrees are very prominent factors while constructing these tools. Various studies are evident which tried to incorporate concepts like the cross-evaluation factor and the difference of hesitancy factors. In some studies, it is claimed that the use of the hesitancy parameter is not proper. In this study, the hesitancy factor is being incorporated effectively. Furthermore, another prominent parameter is the difference in the minimum of cross-evaluation factor along with the difference in the maximum of cross-evaluation factor, which is not being used earlier. The incorporation of these parameters produces outperforming results, and the limitations of the existing methods are overcome. The numerical examples discussed to show the performance of the proposed distance measure. Furthermore, the applicability of the proposed similarity measures is exhibited by various applications in pattern recognition, face-mask selection, and clustering problems.

Tribology of the sock-skin Interface – the influence of different fabric parameters on sock friction

BackgroundThe purpose of this parametric design of experiments was to identify and summarize how the influence of knit structure (single jersey vs. terry), fiber composition (polyester vs. cotton), fiber linear density (30/1 Ne vs. 18/1 Ne & 1/150/34 vs. 2/150/34), and yarn type (filament vs. spun) affected the frictional profile across the sock-skin interface.MethodsFriction testing trials were completed against both a polypropylene probe and a synthetic skin material (Lorica soft®) to determine if there was a difference in friction based on interface interaction. Friction testing was completed by sliding a probe across the inside bottom surface of the sock (the part that is usually in-contact with the bottom of the foot) while instantaneously measuring the frictional force every tenth of a second.ResultsFor both trials (plastic probe and synthetic skin), in the dry condition, knit structure was found to be the most prominent fabric parameter affecting the frictional force experienced at the sock-skin interface. It was also determined that fiber linear density, and yarn type are tertiary factors affecting the frictional force measured at the sock-skin interface. Finally, in the dry state, it was determined that fiber composition had seemingly no effect on the frictional force experienced at the sock-skin interface.ConclusionThis parametric design of experiments has further enhanced the understanding of the tribology at the sock-skin interface. Through strategic design, four different textile parameters have been investigated, measured, and justified as to how each influence the friction measured between the two interfaces. This knowledge can be used to develop socks that mitigate the risk of friction blisters formation.

The effects of continuous press speed and conditioning time on the particleboard properties at industrial scale

Effects of continuous press speed (580 and 600 mm/s) and conditioning time (0 and 72 h) on some physical and mechanical properties and formaldehyde content of particleboards were investigated. The 18 mm thick boards were manufactured using urea-formaldehyde, with a 50% pine, 40% oak wood, and 10% poplar biomass mixture of the wood materials. According to the results of the unconditioned samples, the density, modulus of rupture (MOR), moisture content (MC), thickness swelling (TS), and water absorption (WA) were increased 0.8%, 4.4%, 0.4%, 4.4%, and 5.5% when press speed increased from 580 to 600 mm/s, while thickness, modulus of elasticity (MOE), internal bond (IB), surface soundness (SS), and free formaldehyde (FF) were decreased 0.3%, 4.9%, 2.4%, 10.6%, and 21.1%, respectively. On the contrary to the results of unconditioned samples, MOE and SS were increased 1% and 1.4%, respectively, and WA was decreased 3.5% with the increase in press speed when samples were conditioned for 72 h. Free formaldehyde content was the most prominent parameter influenced by the increase in press speed both for the unconditioned and 72 h conditioned samples.

Schottky Contacts Regularized Linear Regression for Signal Inconsistency Circumvent in Resistive Gas Micro-Nanosensors.

In the frontier resistive micro-nano gas sensors, the change rate reliability between the measured quantity and output signals has long been puzzled by the ineluctable device-to-device and run-to-run disparities. Here, a neotype sensing data interpretation method to circumvent these signal inconsistencies is reported. The method is based on discovery of a strong linear relation between the initial resistance in air (Ra ) and the absolute change in resistance after exposure to target gas (Ra -Rg ). Metal oxide gas sensors based on a micro-hot-plate are employed as the model system. The study finds that such correlation has a wide universality, even for devices incorporated with different sensing materials or under different gas atmosphere. Furthermore, this rule can also be extensible to graphene-based interdigital microelectrode. In situ probe scanning analyses illuminate that the linear dependence is closely related to work function matching level between metal electrode and sensitive layer. The Schottky barrier at metal-semiconductor junctions is the prominent parameter, whose height (ϕB ) can fundamentally impact material/electrode contact resistance, thereby further affecting the realistic nature expression of sensing materials. Using this correlation, a calibration procedure is proposed and embed in a fully integrated pocket-size sensor prototype, whose response outcomes demonstrated high credibility as compared to commercial apparatus.

Carbon footprint evaluation of local dwellings in Bangladesh towards low carbon society

PurposeLocal dwellings of Bangladesh have specific environmental characteristics. These dwellings extensively use locally available materials and construction techniques. Therefore, carbon footprint (CF), as a prominent environmental parameter, is greatly affected by construction materials and techniques. Nonetheless, scientific justification is limited to evaluate CF of these dwellings in Bangladesh according to different local construction materials. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate different rural dwellings’ CF for both construction and operational phases toward the development of low carbon society in Bangladesh.Design/methodology/approachFor evaluating CF, literature review and field studies were conducted to specify and categorize cases. An intensive field monitoring and occupant's survey were performed during summer. A widely recognized compliant database and assessment tool “Ecoinvent v3” was used based on International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14040 and 14044. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected to evaluate constructional and operational stages of carbon emission using hybrid methods formed by process-based and economic input–output life cycle analysis (EIO-LCA) approaches.FindingsThe study indicates that different building materials significantly impact on dwelling's amount of carbon emission according to construction techniques. Brick dwelling's construction stage carbon emission was nearly 3.86 times higher than timber, whereas, 6.75 times higher than mud dwelling. In terms of operational stage, local brick dwelling emits higher carbon compared to others relating to occupants’ lifestyle and activities.Originality/valueThis study will contribute to helping professionals and policy-makers to interpret and evaluate architectural design and construction processes for improving low-carbon dwellings in Bangladesh.

Analysis Of Water Resources Sustainability in the Batang Kuranji Basin, Padang with The Nedbør Afstrømnings Model (NAM)

The Batang Kuranji watershed is an area that plays a vital role in the water resources preservation and conservation in Padang city. However, recently the sustainability of these water resources has suffered hydrologically, marked by a sharp fluctuating flood discharge. This study aims to measure the water resources sustainability in the Batang Kuranji watershed. The method used in this research is Nedbør Afstrømnings Model (NAM) modeling and an integrated approach. The results of NAM showed that the most prominent parameter values ​​are TIF (0.9), TG (0.965), CK1 (0.23), and CK2 (1.1), which indicate an infiltration transformation in this watershed. The integrated analysis showed that deforestation and population growth are the main factors for this issue, and the land-use conversion also affected these problems. Reducing the population growth rate, evaluating the urban development, reforestation, and improving water infrastructure along rivers-side will reduce the risk of watershed damage and maintain its sustainability.

SENTINEL-2A BASED IMPERVIOUSNESS MONITORING OF URBAN BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Abstract. The cities where the future happens first, they are open, creative, cosmopolitan and sexy and the perfect antidote to reactionary nationalism but the urbanization in unplanned manner is becoming an environmental-social-economical threat to accommodate the huge number of population which is literally boosting the present situation of climate change due to global warming. Extracting, measuring and treating the urban area which compiles of dense built-up and complex road network, is very essential to decrease the negative impact on environment. If most of the impervious surfaces can be replaced with permeable or semi-permeable materials or solar panel then the habitation will be saved from natural disastrous events like heat wave and flash flood. Urbanization can be categorized mainly into two: a) Static (urban open space + built space) and b) Dynamic (transportation). The static and dynamic urbanizations largely consist of impermeable or impervious materials. Impervious surfaces are alluded as the anthropogenic elements through that water can't infiltrate into the soil, such as streets, driveways, parking areas, houses, structures etc. An urban area is a densely populated human settlement, facilitated with multiple infrastructures including built and un-built. These areas or settlements are categorized as towns, suburbs, cities by urban morphology. Through balancing the ratio between the un-built (urban space) and built (building &amp;amp; roads), urban disastrous events can be minimized. This research mainly focused on the extraction of impervious areas using regression modelling approach which is used to generate an impervious surface map from Sentinel-2A dataset of Delhi. Utilising multiple normalised indices can provide better classification results. This study shows that in urban areas imperviousness is becoming one of the prominent computational parameter and monitoring impervious areas could help us understand a lot of urban phenomena which are built-up induced and its rapid change in urban environment is giving rise to unhealthy living conditions.

A simple dual-response fluorescent probe for imaging of viscosity and ONOO− through different fluorescence signals in living cells and zebrafish

Cellular viscosity is a prominent micro-environmental parameter and peroxynitrite is an essential reactive oxygen special, both of which are involved in various pathological and physiological processes. When the intracellular viscosity is abnormal or the ONOO− concentration is irregular, the normal function of cells will be disturbed. Herein, we rationally designed and synthesized a novel multichannel fluorescent probe (probe 1) for multichannel imaging of viscosity and peroxynitrite. Probe 1 displayed about 108-fold enhancement as the viscosity increased from 1.005 cP to 1090 cP. Moreover, the fluorescence intensity at 540 nm was quickly increased after adding ONOO−. It should be noted that probe 1 has high sensitivity, selectivity and low cytotoxicity, which can be successfully employed for the visualization of exogenous and endogenous ONOO− and imaging viscosity changes in HeLa cells by different fluorescent signals. Furthermore, probe 1 could monitor the change of ONOO− induced by LPS (lipopolysaccharide) and IFN-γ (interferon-γ) in zebrafish. This result reveals that probe 1 may inspire more diagnostic and therapeutic programs for viscosity-peroxynitrite related diseases shortly.

Applications of modified Darcy law and nonlinear thermal radiation in bioconvection flow of micropolar nanofluid over an off centered rotating disk

To improve the heat efficiency base fluids (water, engine oil, glycol), the interaction of nanoparticles (nanotubes, droplets, nanowires, metals and non-metals) into such traditional liquids is the most frequent mechanism and attained the researchers attention, especially in current decade. The nanofluid is a suspension of submerged solid particles in base fluids. The nano-materials convinced the applications in the field of nanotechnology, thermal engineering, industrial and bio-engineering. Following to such motivating applications in mind, current research reports the stagnation point flow of radiative micropolar nanofluid over an off centered rotating disk with applications of motile microorganisms. The novel dynamic of thermal radiation and activation energy are also incorporated. The appropriate transformations are utilized to reduce the partial differential equations into dimensionless forms. A numerical shooting scheme is used to obtain the approximate solution with MATLAB software. The effects of prominent parameter on velocity profile, nanofluid temperature, concentration of nanoparticles and microorganism profile are physically incorporated.

An Embedded-Sensor Approach for Concrete Resistivity Measurement in On-Site Corrosion Monitoring: Cell Constants Determination.

The concrete electrical resistivity is a prominent parameter in structural health monitoring, since, along with corrosion potential, it provides relevant qualitative diagnosis of the reinforcement corrosion. This study proposes a simple expression to reliable determine resistivity from the concrete electrical resistance (RE) provided by the corrosion sensor of the Integrated Network of Sensors for Smart Corrosion Monitoring (INESSCOM) we have developed. The novelty here is that distinct from common resistivity sensors, the cell constants obtained by the proposed expression are intended to be valid for any sensor implementation scenario. This was ensured by studying most significant geometrical features of the sensor in a wide set of calibration solutions. This embedded-sensor approach is intended to be applicable for RE measurements obtained both using potential step voltammetry (PSV, used in the INESSCOM sensor for corrosion rate measurement) and alternating current methods. In this regard, we present a simple protocol to reliably determine RE, and therefore resistivity, from PSV measurements. It consists in adding a very short potentiostatic pulse to the original technique. In this way, we are able to easy monitor resistivity along with corrosion rate through a single sensor, an advantage which is not usual in structural health monitoring.

Single\u2010cell transcriptomic landscape reveals the differences in cell differentiation and immune microenvironment of papillary thyroid carcinoma between genders

BackgroundPapillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the main pathological type of thyroid carcinoma (TC). Gender is a prominent background parameter for patients with PTC. Here, we aimed to delineate the differences in cell clusters and immune microenvironment in relation to gender in PTC.Methods We generated 6720, 14,666, and 33,373 single-cell transcriptomes that were pooled from the tissues of four male patients with PTC, seven female patients with PTC, and three patients with nodular goiter, respectively. We performed single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) based on BD Rhapsody and characterized the first single-cell transcriptomic landscape of PTC involving gender. The differential cell clusters and their gene profiles were identified and analyzed via a multi-resolution network in male and female patients. The interactions of fibroblasts and endothelial cells with malignant epithelial cells and the difference in the immune infiltration of B and T lymphocytes according to gender were assessed.ResultsMalignant epithelial cells were divided into two distinct subsets in male and female patients with PTC. Moreover, significant differences involving inferred copy-number variations (CNVs), gene profiles, and cell differentiation were detected between male and female patients. Regarding the interactions of fibroblasts and endothelial cells with malignant epithelial cells, members of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) family and their receptors were considered as typical in female patients with PTC, while transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1) and its receptors were typical of male patients with PTC. The characteristics of B cells, including cell clusters, cell differentiation, and dominant gene sets, were significantly different between genders.ConclusionsOur data revealed the detailed differences in cell clusters and immune microenvironment in PTC according to gender at the single-cell level, which provided new insights into the understanding of the impact of gender on PTC.

Rheological behaviour of shear thickening fluid of graphene oxide and SiO2 polyethylene glycol 400-based fluid with molecular dynamic simulation

ABSTRACT This study presents the influences of shear values and temperature effects on shear thickening fluids by using the non-equilibrium molecular dynamic simulations. For this, the fluids were simulated with a low value of shear under constant temperature (300 K) and then the shear value increases to prepare thickening condition of the fluid. We calculate the viscosity of fluids with precise atomic arrangement via molecular dynamic approaches. In these methods, each atomic structure is represented by C, Si, O, and H atoms and an interatomic force field is implemented to describe their interactions. Molecular dynamic results show that, by increasing the inserted shear value, the viscosity of fluids increases and then decreases dramatically. The SiO2 atomic ratio variation shows that by increasing this physical parameter to 49.5%, the jamming viscosity reaches to 132.54 Pa.s. Furthermore, the temperature of the simulated system is a prominent parameter on the viscosity of the fluid and the jamming viscosity decreases to 37.24 Pa.s by increasing the temperature to 375 K. By increasing pressure in simulated structures, the jamming viscosity occurs with smaller rates. Finally, Rheological results show that, DREIDING and Universal force fields have the ability to simulate shear thickening fluids and correctly estimate their rheological behaviour.