Application Of Proline Research Articles

Hydrogen sulfide alleviates cadmium stress in germinating carrot seeds by promoting the accumulation of proline

Carrot (Daucus carota L.), a widely cultivated economically vegetable from the Apiaceae family, is grown globally. However, carrots can be adversely impacted by cadmium (Cd) pollution in the soil due to its propensity to accumulate in the fleshy root, thus impeding carrot growth and posing health hazards to consumers. Given the potential of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to improve plant resistance against Cd stress, we treated germinating carrot seeds with varying concentrations of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), aiming to alleviate the toxic impacts of Cd stress on carrot seed germination. The results revealed that carrot seeds treated with a concentration of 0.25 mM NaHS displayed better seed germination-associated characteristics compared to seeds treated with NaHS concentrations of 0.1 mM and 0.5 mM. Further investigation revealed a rise in the expression levels of L-cysteine desulfhydrase and D-cysteine desulfhydrase, along with enhanced activity of L-cysteine desulfhydrase and D-cysteine desulfhydrase among the NaHS treatment group, thereby leading to H2S accumulation. Moreover, NaHS treatment triggered the expression of pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase and promoted the accumulation of endogenous proline, while the contents of soluble sugar and soluble protein increased correspondingly. Interestingly, since the application of exogenous proline did not influence the accumulation of endogenous H2S, suggesting that H2S served as the upstream regulator of proline. Histochemical staining and biochemical indices revealed that NaHS treatment led to elevated antioxidant enzyme activity, alongside a suppression of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide generation. Furthermore, high performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed that NaHS treatment reduced Cd2+ uptake, thereby promoting germination rate, seed vitality, and hypocotyl length of carrot seeds under Cd stress. Overall, our findings shed light on the application of NaHS to enhance carrot resistance against Cd stress and lay a foundation for exploring the regulatory role of H2S in plants responding to Cd stress.

Effect of Foliar Boron and Proline Applications on Physiological and Biochemical Properties in Soybean (Glycine max L.)

Effect of Foliar Boron and Proline Applications on Physiological and Biochemical Properties in Soybean (Glycine max L.)

Simultaneous Application of Ascorbic Acid and Proline as a Smart Approach to Mitigate the Adverse Effects of Salt Stress in Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Simultaneous Application of Ascorbic Acid and Proline as a Smart Approach to Mitigate the Adverse Effects of Salt Stress in Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Use of Proline to Induce Salt Stress Tolerance in Guava.

Guava is a fruit tree with high potential in the semi-arid region of northeast Brazil. However, qualitative and quantitative water scarcity is a limiting factor for the expansion of irrigated agriculture. Thus, it is necessary to use techniques to mitigate the effects of salt stress, such as foliar application of proline. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of proline as a mitigator of salt stress effects on the morphophysiology of guava cv. Paluma. The experiment was carried out under field conditions at the 'Rolando Enrique Rivas Castellón' Experimental Farm in São Domingos, PB, Brazil, using a randomized block design in a 5 × 4 factorial scheme referring to five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water, ECw (0.8, 1.5, 2.2, 2.9, and 3.5 dS m-1) and four concentrations of proline (0, 8, 16, and 24 mM). Salinity above 0.8 dS m-1 compromised gas exchange, photosynthetic pigment synthesis, photochemical efficiency, and growth of guava plants at 360 days after transplanting. Foliar application of proline at a concentration of 24 mM mitigated the effect of salt stress on the relative water content, stomatal conductance, and carotenoid contents in plants irrigated with 3.6 dS m-1 water. Meanwhile, a proline concentration of up to 18 mM resulted in higher transpiration, CO2 assimilation rate, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, and absolute growth rate in stem diameter under ECw of 0.8 dS m-1. Proline concentration of up to 24 mM increased the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments and the relative growth rate in stem diameter of guava in the period from 190 to 360 days after transplanting.

Exogenous proline suppresses endogenous proline and proline-production genes but improves the salinity tolerance capacity of salt-sensitive rice by stimulating antioxidant mechanisms and photosynthesis

Salinity is a critical environmental stress factor that significantly reduces crop productivity and yield. A mutant B-type response regulator gene (hst1) has been shown to promote salinity tolerance in the YNU genotype. Previous studies on the hst1 gene showed a higher proline production capacity under salt stress. Using almost identical genetic backgrounded salt-tolerant (YNU) and salt-sensitive (Sister line) rice genotypes, we tested the function of proline in the hst1 gene salinity-tolerance mechanism by applying exogenous proline under control and salt-stress conditions. Morpho-physiological, biochemical, and molecular analysis of ST and SS plants was performed to clarify the salinity tolerance mechanism mediated by the exogenous proline. The ST and SS genotypes accumulated exogenous proline, and the ST genotype has higher proline levels than the SS genotype. However, exogenous proline improved salt tolerance only in the SS genotype. Exogenous proline promotes plant and root growth by stimulating photosynthetic pigments and photosynthesis. The exogenous proline has a reductive effect on MDA, and H2O2 protects plants against ROS. Interestingly, exogenous proline lowers Na+ and raises K+ accumulations under salt stress. In the SS genotype, exogenous proline increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and APX) to protect against salinity-induced damage. The exogenous proline application down-regulates proline-synthesis genes (OsP5CS1 and OsP5CR) and up-regulates proline-degradation genes. Also, exogenous proline increases the expression of the OsSalT and OsGRAS29 genes, improving salinity tolerance in the SS genotype. Our study has demonstrated that proline plays a significant role in conferring salt tolerance with the salinity-tolerance-related hst1 mechanisms.

Exogenous proline regulates pectin demethylation by rescuing pectin methylesterase functioning of cell wall from Cr(VI) toxicity in rice plants

BackgroundPlants are equipped with several sophisticated mechanisms to deal with heavy metals (HMs) toxicity. Cell walls, which are rich in pectin, are important in the sequestration and compartmentalization of HMs. Pectin demethylation is carried out by pectin methylesterase (PME), which is a crucial activity in cell walls for the adsorption of HMs. This study focused on the factors that contribute to chromium (Cr) adsorption in rice plants exposed to Cr(VI) treatments without proline (Pro) “Cr(VI)” and with Pro “Pro + Cr(VI)” application.ResultsThe results exhibited that when rice plants were treated with Cr(VI), their PME activity decreased, because Cr(VI) was bound to certain isoforms of PME and prevented the demethylation of pectin. The application of Pro increased PME activity by promoting the transcription of several PME-related genes. These genes were recognized on the basis of their similarity with PME genes in Arabidopsis. Gene expression variation factors (GEVFs) between the “Cr(VI)” and “Pro + Cr(VI)” treatments revealed that OsPME7 and OsPME9 have the highest positive GEVF values than other OsPME genes of rice. In addition, Pro application increased pectin content significantly in rice plants exposed to Cr(VI) stress. Proline application also leads to an increased concentration of Cr in rice roots compared with “Cr(VI)” treatments alone.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that Pro increased Cr(VI) adsorption in cell walls of rice plants by enhancing the PME activity and pectin content when exposed to “Cr(VI)” treatments, mainly regulated by OsPME7 and OsPME9.Graphical

A REVIEW ON IMPROVEMENT OF SALT TOLERANCE IN RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L) BY INCREASING ANTIOXIDANT DEFENCE SYSTEMS USING EXOGENOUS APPLICATION OF PROLINE

Rice (Oryza sativa L) stands as a staple food crop globally particularly in the regions with warm climates. However, its cultivation faces significant challenges from abiotic stresses like salinity, which hinder crop growth and productivity. Salinity stress disrupts essential physiological processes, leading to reduced yields and compromised food security. In response to this pressing concern, this review investigates the potential of exogenous proline application to enhance salt tolerance in rice. The study delves into the intricate mechanisms underlying salinity stress in rice plants, highlighting its detrimental effects on growth, ion balance, and cellular metabolism. Salinity-induced oxidative stress, characterized by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), exacerbates cellular damage, impairing plant growth and development. Proline, an amino acid known for its multifaceted roles in stress mitigation, emerges as a promising candidate for enhancing salt tolerance in rice. Exogenous application of proline demonstrates significant improvements in rice growth, yield and physiological attributes under saline conditions. The study elucidates the impact of exogenous proline on various aspects of rice physiology, including seed germination, water relations, and oxidative stress mitigation. By enhancing nutrient uptake, maintaining ion homeostasis, and fortifying antioxidant defences, proline offers a promising avenue for sustainable rice production in the face of escalating salinity stress. In conclusion, this study underscores the pivotal role of exogenous proline in augmenting salt tolerance in rice, offering insights into novel strategies for mitigating the adverse effects of salinity stress on crop yields.

Proline Spray Relieves the Adverse Effects of Drought on Wheat Flag Leaf Function.

Drought stress is one of the key factors restricting crop yield. The beneficial effects of exogenous proline on crop growth under drought stress have been demonstrated in maize, rice, and other crops. However, little is known about its effects on wheat under drought stress. Especially, the water-holding capacity of leaves were overlooked in most studies. Therefore, a barrel experiment was conducted with wheat at two drought levels (severe drought: 45% field capacity, mild drought: 60% field capacity), and three proline-spraying levels (0 mM, 25 mM, and 50 mM). Meanwhile, a control with no stress and no proline application was set. The anatomical features, water-holding capacity, antioxidant capacity, and proline content of flag leaves as well as grain yields were measured. The results showed that drought stress increased the activity of catalase and peroxidase and the content of proline in flag leaves, lessened the content of chlorophyll, deformed leaf veins, and decreased the grain yield. Exogenous proline could regulate the osmotic-regulation substance content, chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme activity, water-holding capacity, and tissue structure of wheat flag leaves under drought stress, ultimately alleviating the impact of drought stress on wheat yield. The application of proline (25 mM and 50 mM) increased the yield by 2.88% and 10.81% under mild drought and 33.90% and 52.88% under severe drought compared to wheat without proline spray, respectively.

Exogenous application of nano-silicon, potassium sulfate, or proline enhances physiological parameters, antioxidant enzyme activities, and agronomic traits of diverse rice genotypes under water deficit conditions

Water deficit is a critical obstacle that devastatingly impacts rice production, particularly in arid regions under current climatic fluctuations. Accordingly, it is decisive to reinforce the drought tolerance of rice by employing sustainable approaches to enhance global food security. The present study aimed at exploring the effect of exogenous application using different biostimulants on physiological, morphological, and yield attributes of diverse rice genotypes under water deficit and well-watered conditions in 2-year field trial. Three diverse rice genotypes (IRAT-112, Giza-178, and IR-64) were evaluated under well-watered (14400 m3/ha in total for the entire season) and water deficit (9170 m3/ha) conditions and were exogenously sprayed by nano-silicon, potassium sulfate, or proline. The results showed that drought stress substantially decreased all studied photosynthetic pigments, growth traits, and yield attributes compared to well-watered conditions. In contrast, antioxidant enzyme activities and osmoprotectants were considerably increased compared with those under well-watered conditions. However, the foliar application of nano-silicon, potassium sulfate, and proline substantially mitigated the deleterious effects of drought stress and markedly enhanced photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzyme activities, growth parameters, and yield contributing traits compared to untreated stressed control. Among the assessed treatments, foliar spray with nano-silicon or proline was more effective in promoting drought tolerance. The exogenous application of proline improved chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids by 21.4, 19.6 and 21.0% followed by nano-silicon treatment, which enhanced chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids by 21.1, 17.6 and 9.5% compared to untreated control. Besides, the application of proline demonstrated a superior improvement in the content of proline by 52.5% compared with the untreated control. Moreover, nano-silicon exhibited the maximum enhancement of catalase and peroxidase activity compared to the other treatments. The positive impacts of applied exogenously nano-silicon or proline significantly increased panicle length, number of panicles/plant, number of grains/panicle, fertility percentage, 1000-grain weight, panicle weight, and grain yield, compared to untreated plants under water deficit conditions. In addition, the physiological and agronomic performance of evaluated rice genotypes significantly contrasted under drought conditions. The genotype Giza-178 displayed the best performance under water deficit conditions compared with the other genotypes. Consequently, the integration of applied exogenously nano-silicon or proline with tolerant rice genotype as Giza-178 is an efficient approach to ameliorating drought tolerance and achieving agricultural sustainability under water-scarce conditions in arid environments.

Unlocking Triticum aestivum L. resilience: Exogenous proline's remarkable role in mitigating lead stress, and delving into the secrets of TaGSK1 gene expression

The application of proline as foliar spraying has emerged as a promising solution to combat lead-induced crop stress. This study highlights the effectiveness of external proline in enhancing wheat crop health under lead stress. We reveal how lead stress negatively impacts key factors like biomass, chlorophyll levels, and crop yield, particularly in 100-grain weight. Gas exchange parameters, including stomatal conductance, CO2 levels, photosynthesis, water-use efficiency, and transpiration, also suffer under lead stress. Significantly, exposure to lead stress triggers the activation of antioxidant enzymes and elevates levels of proline, calcium, and protein. Nonetheless, the application of foliar proline proves highly effective in alleviating these detrimental effects by reducing reactive oxygen species and enhancing proline and protein levels in wheat. Additionally, our findings demonstrate a significant upregulation of TaGSK1 gene expression at different proline concentrations. Compared to controls, TaGSK1 expression increases by 1.7-fold under 50 mM proline stress and an impressive 4.7-fold under 200 mM proline stress in wheat. This finding holds promise in alleviating the adverse effects of lead stress and strengthening crop resilience for a more secure and sustainable future in wheat cultivation amid various stressors.

<em>In Vitro</em> Effect of PEG and Proline on Callus Growth and Minerals Values in Basmati Rice (<em>Oryza sativa</em>)

Purpose: Drought is a universal issue that disturbs photosynthetic system, adversely affecting quality and crop yield. The study was conducted to determine response of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as stressing agent alone or combination with proline on four fine rice genotypes for callus components as well as biochemical parameters like Chromium (Cr), Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Phosphorus (P).Research Method: Callus was induced on media having 4.43g/L MS + 4mg/L 2, 4-D (2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) + 30g/L sucrose + 1.76g/L phytagel with different levels of PEG “1.25g/L and 2.5g/L” with and without 1ml/L proline.Findings: Callus was used for different analyses after 30 days and results showed that PEG treatments have a negative effect on callus fresh weight, callus dry weight, days to callus induction, callus percentage, and mineral nutrients like K, Cr, Mg, Mn, Fe, P. PEG 2.5g/L showed a greater decrease as compared to PEG 1.25g/L. Proline significantly raises callus growth alone or in combination with PEG but less than control whereas callus dry weight, K, and Ca contents increased more than control when proline applied alone or with PEG combination.Originality/value: Exogenous proline application improves callus growth rate as well as macro- micro elements by mitigating the effect of PEG.

Proline-mediated redox regulation in wheat for mitigating nickel-induced stress and soil decontamination

Nickel (Ni) is known as a plant micronutrient and serves as a component of many significant enzymes, however, it can be extremely toxic to plants when present in excess concentration. Scientists are looking for natural compounds that can influence the development processes of plants. Therefore, it was decided to use proline as a protective agent against Ni toxicity. Proline (Pro) is a popularly known osmoprotectant to regulate the biomass and developmental processes of plants under a variety of environmental stresses, but its role in the modulation of Ni-induced toxicity in wheat is very little explored. This investigation indicated the role of exogenously applied proline (10 mM) on two wheat varieties (V1 = Punjab-11, V2 = Ghazi-11) exposed to Ni (100 mg/kg) stress. Proline mediated a positive rejoinder on morphological, photosynthetic indices, antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress markers, ion uptake were analyzed with and without Ni stress. Proline alone and in combination with Ni improved the growth, photosynthetic performance, and antioxidant capacity of wheat plants. However, Ni application alone exhibited strong oxidative damage through increased H2O2 (V1 = 28.96, V2 = 55.20) accumulation, lipid peroxidation (V1 = 26.09, V2 = 38.26%), and reduced translocation of macronutrients from root to shoot. Application of Pro to Ni-stressed wheat plants enhanced actions of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total soluble protein (TSP) contents by 45.70, 44.06, 43.40, and 25.11% in V1, and 39.32, 46.46, 42.22, 55.29% in V2, compared to control plants. The upregulation of antioxidant enzymes, proline accumulation, and uptake of essential mineral ions has maintained the equilibrium of Ni in both wheat cultivars, indicating Ni detoxification. This trial insight into an awareness that foliar application of proline can be utilized as a potent biochemical method in mitigating Ni-induced stress and might serve as a strong remedial technique for the decontamination of polluted soil particularly with metals.

The protective role of exogenous proline in pepper callus exposed to long- term cold stress

Cold stress is one of the main abiotic stress factors which restricts pepper growth and development. Thus, identifying alternative strategies is critical to reduce cold damage in peppers. This study evaluated the effect of exogenous proline in reducing cold stress damage in pepper callus. For this purpose, callus was obtained from the hypocotyl explants of germinated seedlings under in vitro conditions. 0,12 and 24 mM proline were applied to the callus and developed under the same photoperiodic settings at 4?C, 8?C, 16?C and 24?C. Low temperatures increased H2O2 and MDA production with the highest H2O2 and MDA amounts determined at 4?C. Proline applications decreased the content of H2O2 at low temperatures, whereby 24 mM proline caused a significant decrease in the amount of H2O2 at 4?C. The lowest MDA accumulation was determined in the 12 mM proline application. The data indicated that the total phenolic content of pepper callus decreased with decreasing temperatures. However, the application of proline increased the total phenolic amounts with the increase in its concentration. DPPH radical scavenging activity, FRAC and total protein content decreased with decreasing the temperature to 4?C and 8?C. However, both exogenous proline applications increased DPPH radical scavenging activity, FRAC and total protein at 4?C and 8?C. The results indicated that the metabolic pathways are triggered by the application of exogenous proline.

Exogenous application of proline and glucose on saline-stressed cucumber seedlings

Exogenous application of proline and glucose on saline-stressed cucumber seedlings

Alleviating the Effects of High-Temperature Stress on Parsley Plants by Foliar Application of Proline, Glycine Betaine, and Salicylic Acid

Alleviating the Effects of High-Temperature Stress on Parsley Plants by Foliar Application of Proline, Glycine Betaine, and Salicylic Acid

Identification of the Key Genes Involved in Proline-Mediated Modification of Cell Wall Components in Rice Seedlings under Trivalent Chromium Exposure.

Chromium (Cr) toxicity exerts a detrimental effect on various physiological, biochemical, and molecular attributes of plants including the structure and functions of cell walls. On the other hand, the exogenous application of proline (Pro) is a beneficial strategy to overcome Cr toxicity. Therefore, it is a novel strategy to find the key genes associated with cell wall composition in rice under trivalent Cr with/without Pro application. A total of 203 genes were activated in the four cell wall biosynthesis pathways under chromium stress, namely cellulose (60), hemicellulose (57), lignin (35), and pectin (51). Based on the expression abundance of microarrays, the number of differentially expressed genes, and the expression level of genes, the lignin pathway was a crucial pathway in response to Cr treatments, followed by the cellulose pathway. Through the estimation of gene expression variation factors between 'Cr' and 'Cr+Pro' treatments, OsUGP1, OsBGLU24, OsBGLU29, OsBGLU33, OsBMY1, and OsBMY2 in the cellulose pathway; OsXTH9, OsXTH10, OsXTH16, OsGAUT3, OsGAUT19, OsGAUT28, OsXTH1, OsGAUT12, and OsGAUT21 in the hemicellulose pathway; OsPAL3, OsPAL3, OsPOX1, and OsPRX77 in the lignin pathway; and OsPME25, OsPGL27, OsPME26, OsPGL9, and OsPLL12 in the pectin pathway are the key genes involved in cell wall modification during Cr exposure with exogenous Pro application. The Pro-mediated activation of these genes could be crucial players in modifying the cell wall structure and composition of rice plants under Cr stress, which needs to be further clarified.

Foliar application of salicylic acid and proline to mitigate water deficit impact on purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench.)

The effects of foliar spraying of salicylic acid and proline on Echinacea purpurea under different soil moistures were investigated in the field conditions in the Southwest of Iran (2017–2019). The experiment treatments were the foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) and proline (both at 1 mM concentration) and 2 irrigation frequencies (6 and 10 every day based on 75–80% and 40–45% field capacity, respectively). The field experiment was set as a complete randomized block design with 3 replications. The volatile oils were analyzed using GC-FID and GC-MS. Germacrene D, p-cymene, β-caryophyllene, α-pinene, and β-bisabolene were detected as the main constituents. Deficit irrigation decreased the growth parameters of the plants; however, it improved the contents of the volatile oil and the major compounds of volatile oil. In addition, the maximum values of the volatile oil content and the main constituents of volatile oil were extracted from the plants under SA × water deficit treatment. In conclusion, the foliar spraying of SA under water deficit conditions was an applicable strategy to maintain and stabilize the growth and yield of E. purpurea.

Integrative application of silicon and/or proline improves Sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata) production and antioxidant defense system under salt stress condition

Silicon (Si) and/or proline (Pro) are natural supplements that are considered to induce plants' stress tolerance against various abiotic stresses. Sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata) production is severely afflicted by salinity stress. Therefore, two field tests were conducted to evaluate the potential effects of Si and/or Pro (6mM) used as seed soaking (SS) and/or foliar spray (FS) on Sweet corn plant growth and yield, physio-biochemical attributes, and antioxidant defense systems grown in a saline (EC = 7.14dS m−1) soil. The Si and/or Pro significantly increased growth and yield, photosynthetic pigments, free proline, total soluble sugars (TSS), K+/Na+ratios, relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), α-Tocopherol (α-TOC), Ascorbate (AsA), glutathione (GSH), enzymatic antioxidants activities and other anatomical features as compared to controls. In contrast, electrolytes, such as SS and/or FS under salt stress compared to controls (SS and FS using tap water) were significantly decreased. The best results were obtained when SS was combined with FS via Si or Pro. These alterations are brought about by the exogenous application of Si and/or Pro rendering these elements potentially useful in aiding sweet corn plants to acclimate successfully to saline soil.

Modulating the antioxidant defense systems and nutrients content by proline for higher yielding of wheat under water deficit

Numerous plant metabolites, especially amino acids, are accumulated as a result of stress. These amino acids are crucial for plant metabolism and development and have historically been viewed as the building blocks of proteins. Several studies suggested that there is a link between proline buildup and exposure plants to stress. Proline performs important functions under stress in addition to be a great osmolyte, antioxidant enzyme, acts as an antioxidant defense and signaling molecules. Two field trials were during two successive winter seasons (2020/2021 and 2021/2022). The effects of proline foliar application (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg L−1) and irrigation water levels (irrigation by 100, 80 and 60% of crop water requirements, CWR, CWR100, CWR80 and CWR60, respectively) on plant pigments, antioxidants activity, yield traits and nutrient contents of wheat were assessed. The experiment was designed in a split-plot involving 4 replicates. Drought stress (CWR80 and CWR60) led to reductions in photosynthetic pigments, and yield components. Under severe water stress (CWR60), proline 200 and 300 mg L−1 recorded the highest values of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total pigments. Application of proline 300 mg L−1 was the potent practice for enhancing the antioxidant activity% (DPPH radical scavenging) and phenols content under CWR100 and CWR80. Indole acetic acid (IAA) possessed the maximum values with proline 200 mg L−1 under all irrigation patterns. Under severe deficit water (CWR60), without proline spraying (for super oxide dismutase), 200, 300 or 400 mg L−1 proline (for peroxidase) and 200 or 400 mg L−1 proline (for polyphenol oxidase) recorded the highest values. Spraying proline 300 mg L−1 achieved the highest values of grain number spike−1, weight of 1000 grains and grain yield ha−1 under different irrigation regimes. In conclusion, proline is considered a good mitigator for drought stress, due to it increased wheat plant tolerance to water deficiency throughout improving plant physiology and consequently yields quantity and quality. The most efficient concentrations of proline for coping the adverse impact of drought were 200 and 300 mg L−1.

Enhancing maize growth and mitigating salinity stress through foliar application of proline and glycine betaine

Enhancing maize growth and mitigating salinity stress through foliar application of proline and glycine betaine