Proliferation Of Small Arms Research Articles

Urban Peace-Building through Community-Based Initiatives to Control SALWs in Libya

In post-revolution Libya, the proliferation and trafficking of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) became pervasive due to the ongoing political and armed conflict that succeeded the fall of Qaddafi. The continuing state of insecurity and weakness of central state authorities has led local and community-based actors to develop their own peacebuilding initiatives, some of which included homegrown measures to control or reduce the proliferation of SALW. Drawing on insights collected in the cities of Az-Zāwiyah, Bayda, and Tobruk, this policy commentary discusses the mechanisms leading to the emergence of such initiatives, the methods of their implementation, and their strengths and weaknesses. Although these local initiatives did not result in building lasting and comprehensive peace at the national level, they offer a preliminary set of lessons learned that can help inform prospective peacebuilding and SALW control efforts in Libya. <strong>Arabic version:</strong> The Arabic version of this article is available and can be downloaded at <a href="https://doi.org/10.31389/jied.57.s1" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.31389/jied.57.s1</a>

Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALWs) in the North West Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria: An Overview

The paper relied on content analysis to examine the nature, dynamics and drivers of small arms and light weapons proliferation in North West Nigeria. It argued that proliferation of SALWs undermines human security, fuels violent crimes and terrorist activities. It argued that the factors that encouraged the proliferation of SALWs in North West Nigeria included frequent conflict, poverty and porous borders. The herders/farmers resource conflict was identified as the main cause of violent conflicts and driver of SALWs proliferation in the region. Two main effects of SALWs proliferation included social and economic effects. Troop deployment and peace negotiation were some of the initiatives of government to curb SALWs proliferation. The main policy recommendation was the need to expedite action on the implementation of the National Livestock Transformation Plan, which was approved in January 2019 in Abuja so as to permanently resolve the herders/farmers conflicts.

AN OVERVIEW OF THE GENESIS, SOURCES, MANIFESTATIONS AND IMPACT OF SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS (SALW) IN NORTHERN NIGERIA

The protracted proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) across the globe to Africa and specifically in Northern Nigeria has led to the explosion of social crises which culminated in insecurity situation in the region for more than a decade now. Armed conflicts emanated from the effects of the spread of SALW across the three geopolitical zones in the North which manifested in the Boko Haram insurgency in the Northeast, farmers-herders conflict in the Northcentral, armed banditry in the Northwest and ethnoreligious conflicts in addition to kidnappings in the region. The objective of this study is a critical and thorough investigation of the SALW in exacerbating armed conflicts in general in the Northern part of Nigeria. The problem is the scenario in which the armed conflicts are threatening to entirely destabilised the region and the manner in which the SALW are increasing despite the global efforts to contain their spread for security reasons. This research used a qualitative method of data collection and analysis. Both the primary and secondary sources were used. The primary source was the interview conducted with selected informants in the relevant area of study. The secondary source was the use of available literature on the subject matter of study and the discussions were made using thematic analytical interpretations. The research discovered that the rampant armed conflicts in Northern Nigeria is the reminiscent of the spread of SALW in the region which tantamount to the present critical security situation. Also, weak policy and political institutions contributed to the spread of SALW which means there is a need for a strong policy approach. The work recommends among other numerous suggestions that efforts should be intensified in intelligence gathering to detect the networking of the racketeers in the armed business and contain them appropriately as well as total blockage of the weapons’ route.

Farmers-Herdsmen Conflict in Africa: The Case of Nigeria

General population growth and an increase in the number of farmers, environmental degradation, disruption of conditions for resolving land and water disputes, and the proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) in the Sahel and West Africa have exacerbated the struggle for the survival and security of economic livelihoods, and in particular negatively affected relationships between shepherds and farmers in several communities in Africa. This kind of conflict between farmers and herdsmen mainly applies to Nigeria, but is also present in other African countries, especially in Mali, Burkina Faso, Chad, Senegal, Cameroon, and Côte d’Ivoire. Such conflicts are not triggered by a single reason, but are driven by a set of multi-causal factors, such as scarce resources in the face of greater need, reprisal attacks, land and climate change, etc. Obviously, in case of Nigeria this kind of conflicts have a disintegrative impact, as they lead to the inimical effects to the country’s unity. The need for fostering value reorientation and restoring earlier interactive ties between herdsmen and farmers seems vital today, so that Nigerians can learn to appreciate the values that unite them more than those that separate the society.

Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) and Transnational Crime in Africa

This paper analyses the role of the arms trade in the growth and spread of transnational crime in Africa. The work shows that the proliferation and ready availability of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) on the continent is contributing in no small measure to political, economic and social insecurity in Africa. Major transnational crimes that the work identifies in Africa include drug trafficking, human and people trafficking, environmental crimes, arms trafficking and stolen vehicle trafficking. The work uses qualitative research methodology, which involves the extensive collection, collation and analysis of secondary data, to capture the essence and scope of the impacts of SALW on the growth and spread of transnational crime on the continent. A major and significant contribution of the work is the crucial connection that it establishes between the proliferation of SALW and the high incidence and recurrence of transnational crime in Africa. The work shows the destabilizing impacts of the proliferation of SALW in Africa and how these is contributing to the recurrence of conflicts and criminal activities on the continent. In its conclusion, the work recommends that in order for states on the continent to be able to proactively tackle transnational crime and the proliferation of SALW, they will have to do the following: carry-out an extensive and critical survey to create a database that will identify the nature of the different transnational crime that is carried-out in each regions; create (where it does not exist) and, strengthen and implement (where it exist) legislations and laws designed to tackle transnational crime; and encourage interagency cooperation and coordination among the affected states in the regions.

The Supply of Small Arms and Light Weapons to Conflict Zones: The Bane of Onset, Intensity and Duration of Armed Conflict in Africa

Small arms fuel violence and intensify human suffering in conflict situations across the globe. The illicit trafficking, proliferation and misuse of small arms have grave impacts on human security, development and human rights. They hamper conflict resolution, peace-building and commercial activities in various parts of the world, affecting the lives of millions. In recent years, attention has come to focus on the ways in which the increased availability of low-cost small arms and light weapons contributes to the likelihood, intensity and duration of armed conflict. This paper has examined the full range of sources of small arms in Africa region. It recognizes the importance of large international transfers in weapons sourcing to conflict zones; at the same time, however, it reinforces lesser-known findings regarding the role of production, government stockpiles, and the so-called ant trade in the fuelling conflict. For more emphasis, the paper is anchored on the combination of three different theories; the theory of relative autonomy of state, conflict theory and failed state theory. In developing a more comprehensive approach to conflict sourcing, the role of politics must not be overlooked. Small arms proliferation is essentially a political issue, as the politically motivated leakages from military stockpiles and state-sponsored transfers in the region. The paper further reveled that government stockpiles is an important source of weapons in many conflict zones, through corruption, theft, seizure, distribution, and sales. In some conflicts, they are even the main source of small arms for all combatants. As observed, in the long run, persistent smaller shipments of small arms can be more significant in terms of volume than occasional large-scale trafficking of guns. Where the ant trade is important, policy responses become more complicated. Therefore, to control brokering, streamlining end-user certificates, and establishing arms embargoes, an effective policy also needs to tackle corruption and make the control of border regions and of the border itself more effective. In addition, policies must be tailored to individual states. While regional and international approaches are useful, their limitations must also be clearly understood. Keywords : Small Arms, Light Weapons, Proliferation, Arms supply, Armed Conflict, Africa DOI: 10.7176/IAGS/88-01 Publication date: November 30 th 2020

Natural Resources, Conflict and Security Challenges in Africa

This article evaluates the impact of natural resource conflicts on Africa’s security. This study is qualitative and based on secondary data that were analysed textually. Hinged on the greed and grievance theory, the study argues that the mismanagement of resources, greed and grievance have had immeasurable negative implications on national security, national growth and development. The issues that have come to the fore in resource management in some selected African countries include rancorous intergroup relations, militancy, the proliferation of small arms and light weapons, leadership ineptitude, corruption, warlordism and money laundering. The article recommends that effective resource management strategies in Africa are key in curbing the plaguing security challenges and conflicts ensuing from resource ownership in the continent.

Nigeria’s Contemporary Security Challenges: Herders – Farmers Conflict and Banditry

Banditry and the violent conflicts between herders and farmers in Nigeria have become potentially dangerous in recent time resulting in humanitarian emergencies as thousands have been killed and many more uprooted from their homes while both the Federal and State government appears clueless on how best to contain the conflicts. The spread of the conflict to southern states of the country is aggravating the fragile relations among ethnic nationalities and religious groups. President Buhari, a Muslim and Fulani, has been accused of allowing the attacks to continue, and his Vice President, Professor Osibanjo, a Christian, has been faulted for failing to speak out. At the heart of the conflicts are dispute over grazing on farmlands and cattle rustlings; expansion of agriculturist population and cultivated land at the expense, deteriorating environmental condition such as desertification; breakdown in traditional conflict resolution mechanisms of land and water disputes, drug abuse, proliferation of small arms and outright criminality, all of which points to a national security failure. The loss of faith in the national security architecture which assumes the form of creation of Special Security Forces, resort to self-help by state governments and citizens’ groups, anti-grazing laws against ECOWAS protocol that allows unrestricted movement of animals for grazing across the countries in the sub-region and the culture of impunity. This paper examines the fundamental issues surrounding banditry and the Herders – Farmers conflict in Nigeria with a view to highlight its implications for national security in contemporary times. It is argued here that considering the seeming intractability of these conflicts and violence, it appears that the security architecture of the country has been hijacked and the Nigerian state has ceased to be in full control and command of the national security situation especially as the safety of life and property can no longer be guaranteed. The security regime has been hijacked, undermined, and compromised by non-state actors who operate confidently with reckless abandon and little decency and respect for human life. Keywords: Herders-Farmers conflict, Banditry, Ethic nationalities, Small arms, Security challenges, and Criminality. DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/10-17-04 Publication date: October 31 st 2020

Impact of Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in North-Central Nigeria

This study was funded by the Nigeria Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund), in respect of years 2011 – 2014 TETFund Research grant. The authors thank and appreciate the Management of TETFund, and the Federal Polytechnic Idah Kogi Nigeria, for making this research work a reality Abstract There have been increased security challenges across the globe over the years and several measures have been initiated to curb these challenges but it seems not to have been brought to a standstill. This study on the proliferation of small arms and light weapons is carried out to examine the economic and health challenges bedeviling North-Central Nigeria. The study adopts research survey design and the respondents are victims and other stake-holders in selected internal displaced persons (IDPS) camp in North-Central, Nigeria. The total population is 34870 but a sample size of 380 was adopted using the Cochran sample size determination technique. However, out of the total respondents numbering 380 reached, only 352 respondents was used in analyzing data which is 93% retrieval rate. The respondents were reached using structured questionnaire and a five point’s likert scale as well as mean was adopted in analyzing data. More so, the hypotheses were tested using regression. The research revealed that, there is a significant positive relationship between proliferations of small arms and light weapons, economic lives and health care services to the citizens of North-Central Nigeria. Based on the findings, the study recommends that economic stimulus packages be integrated and vigorously implemented by government as well as other critical stakeholders. Finally, the study recommends that special intervention funds be provided to address the health challenges resulting from the proliferation of small arms and light weapons. This measure will go a long way to assuage the effects of arms proliferation on the citizens of North-Central Nigeria. Keywords: Arms, Proliferation, Economic, Health, Weapons. DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/10-18-02 Publication date: September 30 th 2020

Social Impact of Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in North-Central Nigeria

This study was funded by the Nigeria Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund), in respect of years 2011 – 2014 TETFund Research grant. The authors thank and appreciate the Management of TETFund, and the Federal Polytechnic Idah Kogi Nigeria, for making this research work a reality. Abstract Proliferation of small arms and light weapons have threatened the peace and harmonious co-existence of states across the globe considering the fact that such increases crimes and heightened insecurity. This study is conducted to examine the social and legal implications of the proliferation of small arms and the light weapons in North-central Nigeria. The study adopts descriptive research survey design. The population of the study is 34,618 from selected internal displaced persons (IDP) camps in Benue, Plateau States and Federal Capital Territory (FCT). However, the study obtained a sample size of 3491, using the godden sample size statistical technique. More so, the study used a structured questionnaire as its research instrument. Out of the total of 3491 questionnaire distributed, only 2814 were duly completed and returned given 80% retrieval rate. The study analyzed data using frequencies and percentages for demographic information of respondents, while research questions were analyzed using a five point’s likert scale with mean criteria of 3.00 as the minimum value for acceptance. In addition, the hypotheses were tested using linear regression. The study revealed that a significant positive relationship exist between proliferation of small arms, light weapons and social, legal effects on the victims in North central Nigeria. Therefore, the study recommends that social institutions be strengthened to encourage and sustain social integration. Finally regulatory framework bordering on arms proliferation be strengthened to enable culprits be sanctioned appropriately. Keywords: Small arms, light weapons, proliferation. DOI: 10.7176/JESD/11-18-07 Publication date: September 30 th 2020

Arms Proliferation and Militancy in Rivers State, Nigeria: A Comparative Study of Amaechi and Wike’s Administrations

This research examined the nature of arms proliferation and militancy in the administrations of Governors Chibiuke Rotimi Amaechi and Ezenwo Nyesom Wike in Rivers State, Nigeria. The objectives were to determine the nature of arms proliferation and militancy in Rivers State in the two administrations. This research became necessary owing to the increasing rate of insecurity in Rivers State. The inability of security agencies to mitigate the security challenges confronting the State and the politicisation of the security of the State makes this research inevitable. Two key areas of concerns were discernable. First, the proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) in the State has led to militancy of destructive proportion. Second, arms proliferation and militancy have undermined socio-economic and political development of the people of the State. The security challenges arising, therefore, have created an inhabitable state triggered by fear, intimidation, armed robbery, assassinations, cultism, kidnapping for ransom, arms smuggling, political thuggery, electoral violence, intimidation and destruction of lives and property across the 23 local government areas of the State. The Frustration-Aggression theory and the Realist Theory were used to establish a correlation between arms proliferation and militancy, on one hand, and deprivation, marginalisation, environmental degradation and lack of physical and human capital development for sustainable livelihood of the people of Rivers State which triggered arms proliferation and militancy in the state, on the other hand. This study used descriptive research design to examine the nature and justification, through psychological approach of comparison, of arms proliferation and militancy in both Amaechi and Wike’s administrations. A trend analysis, through historical investigation, was also used to determine the nature of arms proliferation and militancy prior to Amaechi’s administration in 2007. Secondary data were mostly used. Through content analysis and review of relevant literature, this research observed that the upsurge of arms proliferation and militancy in Rivers State started as part of the agitation for resource control and self-determination of the Niger Delta people. Redistribution of arms to political thugs and cultists after the 2009 Federal Government’s Amnesty which has made elections in Rivers State nasty, bloody and brutal, and lives useless and short, instigated the new waves of arms proliferation and militancy in Rivers State under Amaechi and Wike’s administrations. This research concluded that unless there are conscious efforts by the State Actors to comprehensively mop-up of arms and ammunition in Rivers State and bring pepertrators of these heinous crimes to book, the search for peace, stability, and security of lives and property of Rivers State people and residents alike would be too far to realise.

The Role of ECOWAS in the Fight against the Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in West-Africa Sub-Region

The Role of ECOWAS in the Fight against the Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in West-Africa Sub-Region

AN OVERVIEW OF THE GENESIS, SOURCES, MANIFESTATIONS AND IMPACT OF SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS (SALW) IN NORTHERN NIGERIA

The protracted proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) from around the globe to Africa, specifically in Northern Nigeria, had led to a plethora of social crises that have culminated to the insecurity across the region for more than a decade. Armed conflicts that resulted from the effects of the spread of SALW across the three geopolitical zones in the North had subsequently led to the Boko Haram insurgency in the Northeast, farmers-herders conflict in the Northcentral, armed banditry in the Northwest, and ethnoreligious conflicts and mass kidnappings in the region. The objective of this study is a critical and thorough investigation of the SALW in exacerbating armed conflicts, in general, in the Northern part of Nigeria. The main problems identified in this study are the armed conflicts that have threatened to entirely destabilize the region, and the increased distribution of SALW across the region despite the global efforts to contain their spread for security reasons. This study used a qualitative method of data collection and analysis. Both primary and secondary sources were employed in this study. The primary sources were the interviews conducted with selected informants in the relevant area of study. The secondary sources were the use of available literature on the subject matter. Discussions were carried out by using thematic analytical interpretations. The research discovered that the rampant armed conflicts in Northern Nigeria is the reminiscent of the spread of SALW in the region, which subsequently led to the present critical security situation. Furthermore, weak policies and political institutions had contributed to the spread of SALW, indicating a need for a strong policy approach. This study recommends, among other numerous suggestions, that efforts should be intensified in intelligence gathering to detect the networking of the racketeers in the armed business and contain them appropriately, as well as total blockage of the weapons’ distribution routes.

TERRORISM AND HUMAN DISPLACEMENT: AN IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF ADAMAWA STATE INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS HOSTED IN DURUMI IDP CAMP, ABUJA

Terrorism has been in existence from time immemorial and has become a global phenomenon that needed the concerted effort of all countries for the menace to be eradicated. Terrorism has also been evident in the African continent, especially in Nigeria where the act of terrorism is at its climax and has led to the heavy displacement of citizens in Nigeria. Despite the terrorism prevention act promulgated by the parliament in 2011, and amended in 2013, the acts of terrorism still persist in Nigeria. It is against this backdrop that this study examined the impact of terrorism on the indigenes of Adamawa State, also examined the causes of terrorism, and the strategies that have been helpful in combating terrorism and the endemic human displacement ravaging Adamawa State. This study adopted the hybrid methods, that is, the combination of both primary and the secondary source of data collection as interviews and focus group discussion (FGD) are adopted as a tool for data collection, while other data are retrieved from readymade works of scholars. This study after the field survey, realized that the terrorism in Adamawa State has had a great negative impact on the citizens of Adamawa State, many indigenes have been killed and thousands displaced. The study finds out that the causes of terrorism in Adamawa State are illiteracy and poverty, and that the strategies that have been helpful in containing the crisis are counter-terrorism and the establishment of IDP camps across the country where IDPs from Adamawa State are catered for. This study, therefore, recommends that the government of Nigeria should endeavor to give the basic needs of lives especially education and massive employment and strategize a way of economically reviving the victims of terror attacks and those displaced in Adamawa State. This study also recommends that the military should be strengthened by sending them abroad regularly for specialist training, in order for them to be able to effectively tackle terrorism and tackle the menace of the proliferation of small arms and light weapons in Nigeria.

Proliferation of Small Arms &amp;amp; Light Weapons (SALWs) and Ethno-Religious Conflicts in Kaduna State, Nigeria (2012 to 2018)

Hardly a year passes without a media report of deadly ethnoreligious conflicts in various parts of Nigeria which results in the wanton destruction of lives and property of the citizens. In the mainstream discourse, the use of small arms and light weapons (SALWs) has been variously attributed, as the trigger for the recurring ethno religious conflicts. However, this paper attempts to unravel, using evidence from primary and secondary sources, which builds upon the fragile-state theoretical framework of analysis, the phenomenal recurring incidences of ethno religious conflicts in Nigeria, with particular emphasis on Kaduna state where the phenomenon was most endemic, from 2012 to 2018. The study adopted a time-series survey research design. A multi-stage purposeful sampling technique was adopted in selecting three hundred and thirty-seven (337) respondents from the three local government areas in the study area. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Though our research question was: ‘did the proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALWs) precipitates the recurring ethnoreligious conflicts in Kaduna state during the period 2012 to 2019?’; the findings, however, reveal that a multicollinearity of factors, notably, high-level of illiteracy, endemic poverty, unemployment, inequality and widespread drug-abuse among the youths, concomitantly explains the behavior of our dependent variable, i.e., the recurring ethno-religious conflicts in Kaduna state during the period 2012 to 2018. To mitigate and possibly annihilate this ever-recurring social anathema in Nigeria, the Nigerian government, should, as a matter of urgency, address the multifaced vices of poverty, unemployment, social and economic inequality as well as endemic illiteracy bedeviling the society in Nigeria in general, but particularly in Kaduna state.

SMALL ARMS PROLIFERATION, ETHNO-COMMUNAL CONFLICT, AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT: OKE-OGUN AREA OF OYO STATE, NIGERIA IN FOCUS

Small arms proliferation and ethno-communal conflict is growing social menace in Nigeria, which has resulted to severe loss of lives (especially, children and women), destruction of properties and unstable socio-economic environment needed for rapid economic development in the country. Against this background, this study examined the relationship between small arms proliferation, ethno-communal conflict and underdevelopment. The study adopted survey research design. The strain theory by Robert K. Merton was adopted as theoretical guide. Data were gathered from both primary and secondary sources. Stratified and purposive sampling technique was adopted in selecting one thousand, one hundred and fifty two (1152) respondents from the three local government areas in the study area. The obtained data were statistically analysed using linear regression. The result obtained from the analysis of data indicates that, there is a significant relationship between proliferation of small arms (such as AK-47, double barrel, G-3, AKM) ethno-communal conflict and, underdevelopment. The Federal Government of Nigeria and other stakeholders in conflict management should adopt preventive approach in handling conflict in the country. Article visualizations:

Challenges in combating the proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALW) in Nigeria : a human security perspective

Challenges in combating the proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALW) in Nigeria : a human security perspective

Challenges in Controlling Proliferation of Small Arms in Nepal

The paper aims to study and present the status of proliferation of small arms in Nepal. Nepal has been facing the problems of illicit weapons and this needs proper response from the government so that long-lasting solution can be probed. There is risk of misusing those weapons against anyone. A program to destroy the illegal arms should immediately be launched.

Electoral Violence and Arms Proliferation in Nigeria: Causes, Consequences and Way Forward

One of the greatest challenges facing governance and political systems in Africa is the violence that ensues whenever elections are conducted. The main objective of the study was to examine the relationship between electoral violence and arms proliferation in Nigeria. It also examines the causes and implications of electoral violence on the electorate, entire community and Nigeria’s political system. The adopted research methodology is desktop research, where information was obtained from journals, textbooks, conference papers and others. The findings of the study revealed a link between small arms and electoral violence, and it was discovered that illicit proliferation of small arms is a major cause of electoral violence in Nigeria. The study established the lack of trust of the politicians on the electoral process which is a challenge to the nation’s nascent democracy and sustainability of peace and security. The study therefore, recommended that security agencies that are involved in the electoral system should be trained on electoral security system, in order to improve the level of security in the country. The study also posits that the control of small arms is very essential in curtailing the high level of illicit flow of arms in the country before and during elections.

An Assessment of Challenges Faced by Security Agencies in Fighting Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Kano State, Nigeria

Prevention and management of crime is one of the core mandate responsibilities of security agencies who are peoples that are trained to oversee the internal security system in Nigeria. These agencies includes Nigeria Police Force, Nigeria Security and civil Defense Corps, Nigeria Immigration Service, Nigeria Customs Service, Directorate of State Security Service(DSSS) and to some certain extend when the level of internal security is over raising Nigeria Militaries, both Land Armies, Air Force and Navy gives intervention hand to curtail the situations. The widespread of small arms and light weapons in Kano State has it is genesis from both locally manufactured and the imported ones that mostly passed from various porous or illegal borders that are located in the neighboring states of Kastina and Jigawa State. SALW are the primary tools that trigger both ethnic and internal conflict and other related violent crimes that poses a threat to internal security, democracy and the operation of good governance not only in Kano State but in Nigeria. SALW is one of the key major factor s that generate to various categories of crime like armed robbery, kidder napping, community violent conflict, insurgent attacks and the host of many other crimes. The paper uses the failed state theory to explain the gap how state as an institution fails in its responsibilities and also the paper is empirical in nature by conducting interviews and administering questionnaire to some selected respondent populations from security personnel’s, academicians, traditional institutions and Community Based Organization’s CBO’s. The paper was on the position that for democracy and good governance to be truly functional the internal security must be guaranteed by empowering security agencies in terms of increasing their number, effective training, enough working tools, good condition of service and providing policies that will address the level of poverty and unemployment in the society as well as prosecuting any member of elite that either imported the arms or given arms to youth for achieving his political interest.