Gland Prolapse Research Articles

Surgical Treatment of Nictitans Membrane Eversion in Dogs

The presented study is the first retrospective evaluation of the scrolling of the third eyelid in a total of 44 dogs referred to the Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Surgery between 2012 and 2021 with a sudden onset of an ocular mass in the medial canthus with epiphora and conjunctival hyperemia. The clinical appearance of the patients, the treatment procedures applied, and the results were examined. A complete ophthalmological inspection revealed the cartilage eversion of the nictitating membrane in sixteen patients (24 eyes) due to the scrolling of the third eyelid and cartilage eversion accompanied by a prolapsed gland in twenty-eight patients (32 eyes). Cartilage eversion was treated by the resection of the defected cartilage portion. In cases with prolapse of the nictitans gland accompanying cartilage eversion, the Morgan pocket method was applied to reposition the prolapsed gland by resectioning the rotating cartilage. In conclusion, -taking into account the potential effect of breed, age, and gender predispositions- the therapeutic approach followed revealed satisfactory results in maintaining the functional capacity of the third eyelid in dogs with cartilage eversion of the nictitating membrane and hyperplasia of the nictitans gland.

A rare report on 18-month survival of a dog born with multiple anomalies including atresia ani

Long term survival of animals with major congenital anomalies is very rare. This report documents the 18-month survival of a dog with multiple anomalies including atresia ani. An 18-month-old black Cocker Spaniel bitch was presented for evaluation of prolapsed glands of the third eyelid involving both the eyes. Clinical examination revealed a single perineal opening, fecal matter in the vestibule, distended abdomen, hypoplastic vulva, and the absence of a tail without any neurological deficits. Abdominal contrast radiography revealed a distended colon with fecal stasis, rectovestibular fistula, termination of the rectum as a blind pouch, lumbar scoliosis due to block vertebrae, and the presence of only two hypoplastic coccygeal vertebrae. The case was diagnosed as atresia ani type II with rectovestibular fistula, hypoplastic vulva, lumbar scoliosis, and anury, in the global context of a caudal regression syndrome. The wide aperture fistula, connected to the vestibule, undamaged spinal cord and sacrum without any neurological deficits were the favorable prognostic factors that maintained continence and allowed the dog to survive to adult life with these anomalies. Thus, an appropriate bowel management program and specialty care can improve the quality of life and longevity of this animal.

Treatment of prolapsed gland and cartilage deformity of the nictitating membrane with pocket technique and chondrectomy alone, or combined with a wedge conjunctivectomy: 132 dogs (1998-2018).

To evaluate the results obtained using Morgan pocket technique and chondrectomy (MPTC) alone, or combined with a wedge conjunctivectomy (MPTC+WC) for the treatment of prolapsed gland associated with cartilage deformity of the nictitating membrane (PGCD) in dogs. Medical records of dogs diagnosed with PGCD that received a MPTC or MPTC+WC were reviewed between 1998 and 2018. Success rate was defined by lack of recurrence of the prolapsed gland with a minimum of 6months follow-up. Histological examination of the excised cartilage was performed in 13 eyes. A total of 132 dogs (181 eyes) met the inclusion criteria. Median follow-up time was 25months (range, 6-166months). MPTC was used in 131 eyes with 91.6% success rate. MPTC+WC was used in 50 eyes with 100% success rate. Postoperative complications occurred in 6.9% and 4%, respectively, for MPTC and MPTC+WC, including lacrimal cysts (8 eyes) or corneal erosion (3 eyes). Recurrence and complications rates were significantly lower using MPTC+WC compared with MPTC in the giant breed dogs (P=.019 and P=.002, respectively), but not in the overall study population (P=.328 and P=.290, respectively). Histological cartilage anomalies were noted in 2/13 specimens from chronic PGCD. MPTC+WC offers a good therapeutic option for giant breed dogs with PGCD. The combined technique provides a good apposition and mobility of the nictitating membrane onto the ocular surface and potentially reduces the risk of recurrence in these giant canine breeds.

Surgical Treatment of Prolapse of the Third Eyelid Gland in Dogs using Modified Morgan Pocket Technique

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the clinical outcome, complications, recurrence rate, and results of the pocket technique in the treatment of prolapse of the third eyelid gland, cherry eye namely. Thirty eyes of 26 dogs diagnosed with prolapse of the third eyelid gland were included the study. Conjunctivitis and ocular discharges were noticed in the affected eyes. The four cases were (15%) bilateral and twenty-two (85%) were unilateral. Of the dogs with unilateral disease, the affected eye was on the left side in 10 (45%) dogs and the right side in 12 (55%). Eighteen dogs were male and eight were female. Twenty-six dogs, 30 eyes with protrusion of the third eyelid gland were treated using Modified Morgan’s pocket technique. In the postoperative period, the dogs were controlled 3 times with 7 day intervals and no clinical problem was detected. Modified Morgan pocket technique was used with 96.1 percent success rate for the re-positioning of prolapsed gland of the third eyelid in dogs.

Nova abordagem cirúrgica para o tratamento do prolapso da glândula da terceira pálpebra em cães: Estudo retrospectivo

At this clinical study twelve dogs, 13 eyes, presenting the prolapse of the third eyelid gland, received surgical treatment in a new technical approach. After a complete eye exam and pre-surgery laboratory exams, the surgical treatment of the prolapse of the third eyelid gland was performed through an incision, using a surgical laser on the caudal side of the base of the third eyelid; a tunnel was created by divulsion the mucosa using a Halsted-Mosquito forceps. The prolapsed gland was replaced by performing two Wolf's sutures with absorbable thread trespassing the third eyelid and its inner mucosa. This procedure was enabled to retain the prolapsed gland inside the mucosa of the caudal face of the third eyelid. The two sutures were sufficient to prevent the gland from reprofiling itself. All patients were evaluated after seven, fourteen and twenty-one days post- surgery, none of them presented recurrence of prolapse or even inflammation of the gland, conjunctiva or alteration in their lacrimal production.

Is an Anchoring or Pocket Technique Best for Surgical Repair of Cherry Eye in Dogs?

<strong>PICO question</strong><br /><p>In dogs undergoing surgery for repair of a prolapsed gland of the third eyelid (cherry eye), is a pocket technique superior to an anchoring technique in preventing recurrence?</p><strong>Clinical bottom line</strong><br /><p>For surgical treatment of a prolapsed gland of the third eyelid (cherry eye), there is currently no evidence to suggest that either an anchoring technique or a pocket technique is significantly better than the other when comparing recurrence rates. In practice, and until randomised controlled trials are carried out, veterinary surgeon preference and previous experience would be the relevant factors in choosing which operation to perform.</p><br /> <img src="https://www.veterinaryevidence.org/rcvskmod/icons/oa-icon.jpg" alt="Open Access" /> <img src="https://www.veterinaryevidence.org/rcvskmod/icons/pr-icon.jpg" alt="Peer Reviewed" />

Variation in the Reported Management of Canine Prolapsed Nictitans Gland and Feline Herpetic Keratitis

Treatment variation in medicine may be driven by evidence gaps, clinician factors, and patient preferences. Although well-documented in human medicine, variation in clinical management is relatively unexplored in veterinary practice. Clinical vignette questionnaires were administered to a cross section of general practitioners (GPs) and veterinarians with postgraduate training in ophthalmology (PGs) to survey recommended management of canine prolapsed nictitans gland (“cherry eye”, PNG) and feline herpesvirus (FHV-1) keratitis. The majority of veterinarians (96.2%) suggested surgical replacement of cherry eye, with a pocketing technique being the most frequently nominated procedure. GPs were more likely to suggest gland excision in the event of surgical failure, while PGs more frequently nominated techniques incorporating a periosteal anchor for salvage repair. Most respondents managed FHV-1 keratitis with topical antibiotics (76.4%), with a minority suggesting topical antivirals (32.2%). GPs favoured topical acyclovir whilst PGs more frequently recommended topical trifluorothymidine. A significantly larger proportion of PGs nominated systemic famciclovir and lysine supplement for FHV-1 keratitis. This survey revealed moderate treatment variation for these conditions, both between and within practitioner groups. Additional research is needed to assess the reasons for this variation, particularly for conditions in which high quality evidence is scant.

Morgan's pocket technique for the surgical management of cherry eye in dogs: A report of 14 cases

The study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the pocket technique for the treatment of prolapsed third eyelid gland in dogs. In 14 cases of protruded third eyelid gland, Morgan’s pocket technique was used. Duration of protrusion ranged from 7 days to 6 months. The affected dogs were of 6 months to 2 years. In four dogs the cherry eye was bilateral. Nine dogs were male and 5 were female. Eighteen protruded third eyelid glands were surgically treated with success in 15 eyes. Pocket technique was successfully used for repositioning of prolapsed gland of the third eyelid in dogs.

Canine Perineal Hypospadias

Background: Hypospadias is a congenital malformation, rarely reported in dogs, caused by a failure of the urogenital folds to fuse during fetal development resulting in incomplete formation of the penile urethra. The inadequate production of fetal androgens is believed to be the etiology of this condition. It is characterized by urethra and corpus spongiosum defciency, often accompanied by penile underdevelopment, and cryptorchidism. Classifcation is based on anatomical location of the urethral meatus opening as glandular, penile, perineal, anal, and scrotal. The aim of this paper is to report a case of perineal hypospadias in a male, six-month old French bulldog, describing the therapeutic approach. Case: A six month old male French bulldog, weighing 14.3 kg, was presented for a veterinarian appointment at the Department of Veterinary Medicine (Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil) due to a prolapsed nictitans gland and abnormalities of its genitalia. The medical records included recurrent urinary infection, presence of ectoparasites (thick) and ehrlichiosis, previously treated with doxycycline for 28 days (5 mg/kg/BID). During physical examination, the patient was bright and alert showing a good overall body condition. Temperature, pulse, respiration, thoracic auscultation and lymph nodes were within normal limits. Abdominal palpation was unremarkable. Inspection of the external genitalia was conclusive for bifd scrotum containing both testicles, incomplete fusion of the distal penile urethra, a vestigial penis, and an incomplete preputial cover. The urethral meatus was located ventral to the anus, in the perineal region between the testicles. It was also observed the presence of fecal material in the region where the urethra was opened, predisposing the animal to bacterial infections. However, no macroscopic sign of bacterial infection was noticed at the time of the appointment. Complementary exams such as complete blood count (CBC), urinalysis, two projections of contrast radiography, and abdominal ultrasound were requested. Orchiectomy and penile amputation were undertaken. Postoperative Enrofloxacin and Ketoprofen were prescribed. The dog returned for reevaluation and showed excellent recovery. Discussion: French bulldog seems to be more affected than other breeds by several congenital diseases, including hypospadias. The reported hypospadias was classifed as perineal, that is considered the most common type of hypospadias among dogs. Urinary infection was related by the tutor and that most likely occurred due to the urethral meatus opening location, which facilitates contamination by fecal coliforms. The CBC showed an absolute lymphopenia probably caused by the infection previously diagnosed. Urinalysis showed no alterations. The contrast radiography showed that there was not penile urethra, which one was ending ventral to the anus. The detailed examination was important to establish a defnitive diagnosis, to choose the best surgical technique and the most effective therapy. Both testicles and penis were nonfunctional, leading to the choice of orchiectomy and penile amputation, avoiding dryness and/or injuries due to penile and preputial mucosa exposure. Urethrostomy was not performed given the location of the urethra and the fact that he did not expressed signs of dysuria, not justifying the use of this technique. Although it is rare, hypospadias is a pathological condition that must be properly diagnosed and treated because it interferes not only in the animal esthetics, but also in its health and quality of life, as it predisposes the occurrence of infections and other possible complications. Keywords: malformation, penis, prepuce, canine

Pocket technique or pocket technique combined with modified orbital rim anchorage for the replacement of a prolapsed gland of the third eyelid in dogs: 353 dogs.

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the results obtained in 353 dogs (420 eyes) using two different surgical techniques for correction of a prolapsed gland of the third eyelid: the Morgan's pocket technique and a technique combining Morgan's approach with a slightly modified periosteal anchoring technique of Stanley and Kaswan. The pocket technique was used in 234 eyes and the combined technique in 186 eyes. Successful repositioning was obtained in 95% of all cases, with recurrence occurring in 5%. The recurrence rate in large breed dogs such as the English Bulldog and Boxer was lower with the combined technique than with the pocket technique.

Top tips for rabbits: imaging and surgery

How to flush a rabbit’s tear duct, tips on spaying and dacryocrystography, and using CT to detect a prolapsed gland of the third eyelid.

Suture anchor placement technique around the insertion of the ventral rectus muscle for the replacement of the prolapsed gland of the third eyelid in dogs: 100 dogs

To evaluate a rapid and efficacious procedure to anchor the prolapsed gland of the third eyelid in dogs. This is a retrospective study of 100 affected dogs (122 eyes) with third eyelid gland prolapse that were surgically anchored with a nonabsorbable suture around the insertion of the ventral rectus muscle. Hundred dogs (122 eyes) were included in this study. Twenty-three pure-bred and several mixed-breed dogs were represented with the right eye affected in 60 cases and the left eye in 62 cases. Thirty-four eyes (27.9%) were previously operated on at another facility prior to referral. The average age of the patients was 2.2 years (57 days to 11 years). No recurrences of gland prolapse were observed over the course of study. Minor intraoperative conjunctival perforations were observed and easily repaired at the time of the surgery in 21 cases (17.2%). Five cases demonstrated preexistent keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), and all had improved Schirmer tear test following surgical correction and medical therapy. The suture anchor placement technique provides a cosmetic, rapid, and successful replacement of the prolapsed gland of the third eyelid in dogs. No recurrences were noted. Complications were easily addressed.

Repairing nictitans gland prolapse in dogs

THE nictitans gland is responsible for about 40 per cent of the aqueous part of the precorneal tear film. Its prolapse is very commonly seen in veterinary ophthalmology and it...

Clinical evaluation of the pocket technique for replacement of prolapsed gland of the third eyelid in dogs

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome and complications of the pocket technique in the repositioning of the prolapsed third eyelid gland in dogs. From 28 dogs, 38 eyes with protrusion of the third eyelid gland were treated using the pocket technique. Of the dogs, 22 (79%) were less than 1 year of age when the prolapse was first noted by the owner. Protrusion of the glands in both eyes was found in 10 of the dogs (36%). The success rate of surgical replacement was 97% (37 eyes). The complication rate was 13.15%. The pocket technique does not alter tear production or the morphology of the third eyelid gland ducts; therefore, this procedure can be used on the prolapse of the third eyelid gland without damaging the gland’s duct system. Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that the pocket technique can be considered as a reliable procedure for the repositioning of a prolapsed gland of the third eyelid.

Intranictitans tacking for replacement of prolapsed gland of the third eyelid in dogs

To evaluate a new procedure for fixation of prolapsed nictitans glands to the cartilage of the nictitans that will not interfere with the mobility of the nictitating membrane. A prospective clinical trial utilizing a nonabsorbable suture to anchor the prolapsed gland to the cartilage of the third eyelid was undertaken. Fifteen eyes of 10 dogs were included in the study. A 4-0 nylon suture was passed from the anterior surface of the third eyelid through the base of the cartilage to the posterior aspect and then tunneled circumferentially beneath the conjunctiva over and around the prolapsed gland. The suture was then passed through the cartilage again to the anterior face of the third eyelid. The gland was replaced into its normal position as the suture was slowly tightened and then tied on the anterior aspect of the nictitans. Over a period of several weeks, the glands reduced in size and took on a normal appearance. All glands but one remained in place for the length of follow-up, which ranged from 2 weeks to 33 months. This procedure results in acceptable cosmetic effects with the return of the gland to its normal position posterior to the nictitating membrane. The advantage of this technique over traditional tacking to the orbital rim is that the third eyelid retains its normal mobility and, thus, its protective functions. The procedure once mastered is very quick and can be performed in less time than many of the traditional replacement techniques.

PROLAPSO DE GLÂNDULA DE TERCEIRA PÁLPEBRA EM CÃES: AVALIAÇÃO CITO E HISTOPATOLÓGICA

No presente trabalho dez cães apresentandoglândulas da terceira pálpebra prolapsadasforam submetidos à excisão cirúrgica e avaliaçãocito e histopatológica. A idade dos cães varioude dois meses a dez anos, sendo das raças Beagle(20%), Teckel (10%), Pinscher (10%), Poodle (10%)e SRD. As glândulas removidas foram aspiradaspor agulha fina para o exame de citologia aspirativae a seguir, fixadas em formalina a 10% e coradaspor HE. Aos cortes histológicos foi possívelobservar infiltrado inflamatório predominantementemononuclear focal na conjuntiva e região periacinar.Observou-se dilatação no lúmen dos ductos emetaplasia. No exame citológico, notou-se infiltradoinflamatório semelhante ao histopatológico. Asglândulas apresentaram uma adenite crônica. Aausência de mudanças cito e histopatológicas notáveisdemonstrou um tecido glandular funcional nomomento da excisão cirúrgica.

Clinical and histologic evaluation of the prolapsed third eyelid gland in dogs

Summary Eighteen prolapses of the gland of the third eyelid in 17 Beagles were randomly allocated to 3 groups, which included nontreated (group 1, n = 6), excised (group 2, n = 4), and surgically repositioned (group 3, n = 8) glands. A Schirmer tear test (STT) was performed on affected and normal (control) eyes for 5 consecutive days on weeks 0 (baseline), 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 18, 20, and 24. All prolapsed third eyelid glands were excised and examined histologically. Ten female and 7 male Beagles were used in the prospective study. Mean age at prolapse was 35.1 weeks (range, 6 to 89 weeks). Control STT data revealed a population mean of 22.2 ± 2.1 mm/min. Complications developed in 4 of 6 eyes when the gland was allowed to remain in a prolapsed position. Complications for group-1 eyes were significantly (P < 0.005) greater than those for eyes in groups 2 and 3 (0 of 12). Comparison of affected and control eye baseline data revealed decreased STT values for eyes with prolapsed glands (P < 0.01). Mean differences between affected and control eyes were 2.2, 2.0, and 3.4 mm/min for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. A significant (P < 0.001) decrease in lacrimation (0.2 to 3.1 mm/min) in group-2 eyes was detected after removal of the gland. Tear production for affected eyes of nontreated dogs fluctuated above and below that of control eyes prior to excision of the prolapsed gland of the third eyelid; however, with time, affected and control eye STT values were not significantly different. Despite an increase in lacrimation after treatment of group-3 eyes, comparison of affected and control eye STT values revealed a persistent decrease in lacrimation (0 to 2.2 mm/min); however, reduction of lacrimation after surgical repositioning was less than that which resulted if the prolapsed gland of the third eyelid was excised (P < 0.02). Histologic changes in the gland of the third eyelid were mild, and significant differences were not detected among the 3 groups.

Lacrimal Gland Prolapse in Craniosynostosis Syndromes and Poor Function Congenital Ptosis

Lacrimal gland prolapse is an important, though uncommon, feature found in craniofacial abnormalities as well as in cases of poor function congenital ptosis. It occurs secondary to a number of conditions, including increased posterior pressure secondary to decreased orbital volume; also, supportive structures of the gland often may be weak in conjunction with a poor function ptosis or as a result of trauma at the time of major reconstruction. Recognition of the prolapsed gland and its replacement into the lacrimal gland fossa in craniosynostosis syndromes, as well as in cases of poor function congenital ptosis in general, allows the temporal eyelid to approach a more normal position, yielding an improved functional and cosmetic result.