Projective Image Research Articles

Rethinking scientific authority: Behavior genetics and race controversies

The controversy over the genetic explanation for racial differences in intelligence and behavior has been sustained by the platform the field of behavior genetics has offered race researchers. Explanations of this support have focused on political or scientific rationalities: behavior geneticists must support the claim that blacks are genetically less intelligent either for political reasons or they believe that conclusion is an unavoidable conclusion of objective science. These explanations do not withstand scrutiny given the field’s political diversity, self-image as a scientific endeavor, and skepticism about the scientificity of genetic racial explanations. Using qualitative data from interviews and the historical record, this article offers an alternate two-part explanation that focuses first, on the forces and struggles behavior geneticists faced as a field during the IQ and race controversy in the 1970s, and second, on the way sanctuary for race researchers has helped the field project images of strength to build scientific authority. The article offers a retheorization of scientific authority beyond the Weberian focus on legitimacy. It is shown to be first embedded in the relational structure of the field and second connected to the symbolic resources that provocative, though illegitimate, ideas can offer scientists.

Ambiguous Joint Chance Constraints Under Mean and Dispersion Information

We study joint chance constraints where the distribution of the uncertain parameters is only known to belong to an ambiguity set characterized by the mean and support of the uncertainties and by an upper bound on their dispersion. This setting gives rise to pessimistic (optimistic) ambiguous chance constraints, which require the corresponding classical chance constraints to be satisfied for every (for at least one) distribution in the ambiguity set. We demonstrate that the pessimistic joint chance constraints are conic representable if (i) the constraint coefficients of the decisions are deterministic, (ii) the support set of the uncertain parameters is a cone, and (iii) the dispersion function is of first order, that is, it is positively homogeneous. We also show that pessimistic joint chance constrained programs become intractable as soon as any of the conditions (i), (ii) or (iii) is relaxed in the mildest possible way. We further prove that the optimistic joint chance constraints are conic representable if (i) holds, and that they become intractable if (i) is violated. We show in numerical experiments that our results allow us to solve large-scale project management and image reconstruction models to global optimality. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2016.1583 .

GIFT: Towards Scalable 3D Shape Retrieval

Projective analysis is an important solution in three-dimensional (3D) shape retrieval, since human visual perceptions of 3D shapes rely on various 2D observations from different viewpoints. Although multiple informative and discriminative views are utilized, most projection-based retrieval systems suffer from heavy computational cost, and thus cannot satisfy the basic requirement of scalability for search engines. In the past three years, shape retrieval contest (SHREC) pays much attention to the scalability of 3D shape retrieval algorithms, and organizes several large scale tracks accordingly [1] – [3] . However, the experimental results indicate that conventional algorithms cannot be directly applied to large datasets. In this paper, we present a real-time 3D shape search engine based on the projective images of 3D shapes. The real-time property of our search engine results from the following aspects: 1) efficient projection and view feature extraction using GPU acceleration; 2) the first inverted file, called F-IF, is utilized to speed up the procedure of multiview matching; and 3) the second inverted file, which captures a local distribution of 3D shapes in the feature manifold, is adopted for efficient context-based reranking. As a result, for each query the retrieval task can be finished within one second despite the necessary cost of IO overhead. We name the proposed 3D shape search engine, which combines G PU acceleration and i nverted f ile ( t wice), as GIFT . Besides its high efficiency, GIFT also outperforms state-of-the-art methods significantly in retrieval accuracy on various shape benchmarks (ModelNet40 dataset, ModelNet10 dataset, PSB dataset, McGill dataset) and competitions (SHREC14LSGTB, ShapeNet Core55, WM-SHREC07).

‘A supplicacion for the Havon’: Sandwich, Civic Pageantry, and Queen Elizabeth i’s Visit of 1573

Though typically seen as occasions of royal performance, Elizabethan progresses were also opportunities for the cities visited by the English queen to fashion and project images of themselves to the reigning monarch. Unlike those created by Bristol (1574) and Norwich (1578), Sandwich’s 1573 entertainments feature few formal pageant devices and therefore appear to be much less elaborate. Nonetheless, the citizens of Sandwich did indeed “speak” to their queen over the course of her three-day visit, though they relied primarily on spatial and topographical performance. Everywhere Elizabeth went and everything she saw—the gate through which she entered, her route through the town, the location of her lodgings, the buildings and landmarks that she was shown—were part of a calculated attempt to assert Sandwich’s historical importance and continuing vitality. These messages sought both to refashion reality (Sandwich was in economic decline) and to shrewdly lay the groundwork for the town’s formal request for royal aid. This paper looks closely at sixteenth-century Sandwich’s layout, topography, buildings, and town records to provide a “close reading” of Elizabeth’s visit.

КВАДРАТИЧНОЕ КРЕМОНОВО СООТВЕТСТВИЕ ПЛОСКИХ ПОЛЕЙ, ЗАДАННОЕ МНИМЫМИ F-ТОЧКАМИ

Birational (Cremona) correspondences of two planes П, П' or Cremona transformations on the combined plane П = П' represent an effective tool for design of smooth dynamic curves and two-dimensional lines. The simplest birational correspondence is a quadratic map Ω of plane fields on one another. In the projective definition of the quadratic correspondence can participate two pairs of imaginary complex conjugate F-points set as double points of elliptic involutions on the lines associated with the third pair of F-points. In this case, the imaginary projective F-bundles cannot be used for generation of points corresponding in Ω. A generic constructive algorithm for design of corresponding points in a quadratic mapping Ω(П ↔ П'), set both by real and imaginary F-points is proposed in this paper. The algorithm is based on the use of auxiliary projective correspondence Δ between the points of the planes П, П' and Hirst’s transformation Ψ with the center in the one of real F-points. A theorem on the existence of an invariant conic common to Ω and Δ mappings has been proved. Has been demonstrated a possibility for quadratic mapping’s presentation as a product of collinearity and Hirst’s transformation: Ω = ΔΨ. Has been considered a solution for auxiliary problems arising during the generic constructive algorithm’s implementation: buildup a conic section, that is incident to imaginary points, and plotting the corresponding points in collinearity set by imaginary points. It has been demonstrated that there are two or four possible versions of collinearity for plane fields П, П', set by with participation of the imaginary corresponding points, due to an uncertainty related to the order of their relative correspondence. Have been completely solved the problem of mapping a straight line in a conic section within the quadratic Cremona correspondance of fields П ≠ П', set by a pair of real fundamental points, and two pairs of imaginary ones. It has been demonstrated that in general case the problem has two solutions. The obtained results are useful for the development of the geometric theory related to imaginary elements and this theory’s application in linear and non-linear descriptive geometry, operating projective images of first and second orders.

Accurate Depth Extraction Method for Multiple Light-Coding-Based Depth Cameras

Using multiple depth cameras can extend the field of view, which is beneficial to three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction. However, multiple active depth cameras would interfere with each other, which degrades the quality of depth images significantly. In this paper, we first present a depth extraction method based on sampling of the space at camera viewpoints to address the interference problem. Compared with the previous plane-sweeping method based on structured-light stereo and multiview stereo, depth images with less depth errors and better shape of objects are generated. Then, we analyze factors affecting depth accuracy for light-coding-based depth cameras and demonstrate the proposed depth extraction method also improves the accuracy of depth images by utilizing multiple projected patterns. Based on the analysis, subpixel-based matching (SPM) is finally applied to further improve the depth accuracy obtained by the depth extraction method. In the image matching process of our method, nearest neighbor interpolation is utilized to each projector's image plane to increase their resolution, which leads to the improved depth accuracy at subpixel level and avoids the drawbacks of changing parameters of light-coding-based depth cameras. Experimental results under simulated and real-world examples validate our analysis and show that the proposed method not only mitigates the impacts of interference effectively but also further improves the accuracy of depth images by using SPM.

Study on multi-density contrast agent fillers of duct casting based on CT three-dimensional reconstruction.

The three-dimensional visualization model of human body duct is based on virtual anatomical structure reconstruction with duct angiography, which realizes virtual model transferred from two-dimensional, planar and static images into three-dimensional, stereoscopic and dynamic ones repectively. In recent years, the multi-duct segmentation and division of the same specimen (or organ) is the focus of attention shared by surgeons and clinical anatomists. On the basis of 4.22 g/cm3 body bone density, this study has screened out metal oxide contract agent with different density for infusion and modeling, as well as compared and analyzed the effects of three-dimensional image of CT virtual bronchoscopy (CTVB), three-dimensional image of CT maximum intensity projection and three-dimensional model. This experiment result showed synchronously infusing multi-duct of same specimen (or organ) with contrast agent in different densities could reconstruct three-dimensional models of all ducts once only and adjust threshold to develop single or multiple ducts. It was easier to segment and observe the duct structure, anastomosis, directions and crossing in different parts, which was beyond comparison with three-dimensional image of CTVB. Although the existing three-dimensional duct reconstruction techniques still cannot be applied in living bodies temporarily, this study focused on a creative design of ducts segmentation in different density, which proposed a new experimental idea for developing multi-duct three-dimensional model in living body in the future. It will play a significant role in disease diagnosis and individual design in surgical treatment program. Therefore, this study observes the three-dimensional status of human duct with the application of contrast agent fillers in different density, combined with three-dimensional reconstruction technology. It provides an innovative idea and method for constructing three-dimensional model of digital multi-duct specimen, and the ultimate goal is to develop the digitized virtual human and precise medical treatment better and faster.

Ideal Guiding Catheter Position During Bilaterally Engaged Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Using a novel combined angiography computed tomography (CT) system, we evaluated the impact of the intra-aortic root position of a right coronary artery (RCA) catheter on its coaxiality. We retrospectively enrolled 19 patients who underwent CT scans during bilaterally engaged percutaneous coronary intervention. Coaxiality was defined as the angle between the RCA and the RCA catheter. The coaxiality was better when the RCA catheter was placed anterior to the left main coronary artery catheter (median 27.0° vs 53.7°, p=0.02). The position of the RCA catheter had a significant impact on the coaxiality of it, with a coaxiality improvement ratio of 0.506 (95% confidence interval 0.294 to 0.871, p=0.017). Three-dimensional reconstructed CT images of the right anterior oblique projection could determine the position of catheters in all cases. In conclusion, the RCA catheter should be placed anterior, rather than posterior, to the left main coronary artery catheter for better coaxiality during bilaterally engaged percutaneous coronary intervention. The right anterior oblique projection is useful for determining the catheter position.

A new method for accurate, high-throughput volume estimation from three 2D projective images

ABSTRACTIn this article, a new method for estimating the volume of selected fruits and vegetables, using information obtained from three orthogonal images of the object is proposed. The method was based on a novel lower bound on this volume, combined with an application of a well-known upper bound. The lower bound was obtained by calculating the volume of an artificial object created from the intersection of the three object silhouettes. The method was applied to a significant range of food products and simple geometric objects, and it was found that the method estimated volume with approximately 11.9% error, generally, and 2%, for rounded objects, specifically.

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in malignant obstructive jaundice

Objective Theaim of this study was to assess the role of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in the diagnosis of malignant biliary obstruction. Background MRCP is an established technique for the evaluation of intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts in patients with known or suspected hepatobiliary disease. It is considered a reliable, noninvasive alternative to diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Patients and methods This study was conducted on 43 patients (28 male and 15 female) with malignant obstructive jaundice. Their ages ranged between 30 and 85 years with a mean age of 56.86 years. MRCP protocols applied for imaging of the hepatobiliary system were as follows: T2-weighted fast spin echo sequence on the axial and coronal planes; three-dimensional, fat suppressed, heavily T2-weighted fast spin echo sequence with multislab acquisition mode; two-dimensional thick single slab projectional images; and three-dimensional reconstruction algorithms. Results Among the patients, jaundice and biliary colic were the most common clinical complaints. MRCP detected different pathologic entities, including cholangiocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, distal common bile duct stricture, periampullary carcinoma, gallbladder carcinoma, lymphoma, metastasis, and suprarenal carcinoma. The MRCP diagnosis was compared with the final diagnosis reached using histopathologic data, tumor marker, and follow-up imaging. Conclusion MRCP provides a safe, noninvasive, accurate diagnostic tool in the detection of the cause, level of biliary obstruction, and lymph node spread.

Diversity Regularized Latent Semantic Match for Hashing

Hashing based approximate nearest neighbors (ANN) search has drawn considerable attraction owing to its low-memory storage and hardware-level logical computing which is doomed to be greatly applicable to quantities of large-scale and practical scenarios, such as information retrieval, computer vision and natural language processing. However, most existing hashing methods concentrate either on images only or on pairwise image-texts (labels, short documents) and rarely utilize more common sentences. In this paper, we propose D iversity R egularized L atent S emantic M atch for H ashing (DRLSMH), a new multimodal hashing method that projects images and sentences into a shared latent semantic space with label-supervised semantic constraints to proceed on multimodal retrieval. Notably, soft orthogonality is induced as a novel regularizer to preserve diverse hashing functions for compact and accurate representations; what's more, this kind of regularization also benefits the derivations of closed-form solutions with some proper relaxations under iterative optimization framework. Extensive experiments on two public datasets demonstrate the advantages of our method over some state-of-the-art baselines under cross-modal retrieval both on image-query-image, image-query-text and text-query-image tasks.

Charge-coupled device based on optical tomography system in detecting solid and transparent objects in non-flowing crystal clear water

Tomography is a method to capture a cross-sectional image based on the data obtained by sensors, distributed around the periphery of the analyzed system. Optical tomography is one of the tomography methods which are non-invasive and non-intrusive system, consisting of emitter with detectors. Most of the available detectors systems are intrusive where sensors or probes need to be placed within the analyzed processes and this will create disturbances in the current processes. This research are conducted in order to analyze and proved the capability of laser with Charge Coupled Device in an optical tomography system for detecting difference type of opacity object exist in crystal clear water. Experiments in detecting static solid, transparent objects and moving air bubbles are conducted. The images of captured data are reconstructed based on filtered image of Linear Back Projection with Hybrid algorithms. As a conclusion, this research have successfully developed an optical tomography system that capable to capture the image of high to low opacity objects in a non-flowing crystal clear water.

A computation of modular forms of weight one and small level

We report on a computation of holomorphic cuspidal modular forms of weight one and small level (currently level at most 1500) and classification of them according to the projective image of their attached Artin representations. The data we have gathered, such as Fourier expansions and projective images of Hecke newforms and dimensions of space of forms, is available in both Magma and Sage readable formats on a webpage created in support of this project.

Three-dimensional ocular kinematics underlying binocular single vision.

We have analyzed the binocular coordination of the eyes during far-to-near refixation saccades based on the evaluation of distance ratios and angular directions of the projected target images relative to the eyes' rotation centers. By defining the geometric point of binocular single vision, called Helmholtz point, we found that disparities during fixations of targets at near distances were limited in the subject's three-dimensional visual field to the vertical and forward directions. These disparities collapsed to simple vertical disparities in the projective binocular image plane. Subjects were able to perfectly fuse the vertically disparate target images with respect to the projected Helmholtz point of single binocular vision, independent of the particular location relative to the horizontal plane of regard. Target image fusion was achieved by binocular torsion combined with corrective modulations of the differential half-vergence angles of the eyes in the horizontal plane. Our findings support the notion that oculomotor control combines vergence in the horizontal plane of regard with active torsion in the frontal plane to achieve fusion of the dichoptic binocular target images.

Analysis and Compensation for Lateral Chromatic Aberration in a Color Coding Structured Light 3D Measurement System.

While color-coding methods have improved the measuring efficiency of a structured light three-dimensional (3D) measurement system, they decreased the measuring accuracy significantly due to lateral chromatic aberration (LCA). In this study, the LCA in a structured light measurement system is analyzed, and a method is proposed to compensate the error caused by the LCA. Firstly, based on the projective transformation, a 3D error map of LCA is constructed in the projector images by using a flat board and comparing the image coordinates of red, green and blue circles with the coordinates of white circles at preselected sample points within the measurement volume. The 3D map consists of the errors, which are the equivalent errors caused by LCA of the camera and projector. Then in measurements, error values of LCA are calculated and compensated to correct the projector image coordinates through the 3D error map and a tri-linear interpolation method. Eventually, 3D coordinates with higher accuracy are re-calculated according to the compensated image coordinates. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified in the following experiments.

Calcium imaging of dopaminergic projections to dorsal striatum with single-axon resolution in behaving animals

Calcium imaging of dopaminergic projections to dorsal striatum with single-axon resolution in behaving animals

Spectral K-edge subtraction imaging of experimental non-radioactive barium uptake in bone

PurposeTo evaluate the feasibility of using non-radioactive barium as a bone tracer for detection with synchrotron spectral K-edge subtraction (SKES) technique. MethodsMale rats of 1-month old (i.e., developing skeleton) and 8-month old (i.e., skeletally mature) were orally dosed with low dose of barium chloride (33mg/kg/day Ba2+) for 4weeks. The fore and hind limbs were dissected for imaging in projection and computed tomography modes at 100μm and 52μm pixel sizes. The SKES method utilizes a single bent Laue monochromator to prepare a 550eV energy spectrum to encompass the K-edge of barium (37.441keV), for collecting both ‘above’ and ‘below’ the K-edge data sets in a single scan. ResultsThe SKES has a very good focal size, thus limits the ‘crossover’ and motion artifacts. In juvenile rats, barium was mostly incorporated in the areas of high bone turnover such as at the growth plate and the trabecular surfaces, but also in the cortical bone as the animals were growing at the time of tracer administration. However, the adults incorporated approximately half the concentration and mainly in the areas where bone remodeling was predominant and occasionally in the periosteal and endosteal layers of the diaphyseal cortical bone. ConclusionsThe presented methodology is simple to implement and provides both structural and functional information, after labeling with barium, on bone micro-architecture and thus has great potential for in vivo imaging of pre-clinical animal models of musculoskeletal diseases to better understand their mechanisms and to evaluate the efficacy of pharmaceuticals.

EP 78. Probabilistic imaging of motor projections of dentate nucleus as target structure for deep brain stimulation in tremor

Objective As previously described ( [Coenen et al., 2014] , [Coenen et al., 2011] ), deep brain stimulation of dentate-rubro-thalamo-(cortical) (DRT(C)) pathway, efferent motor projection of dentate nucleus, leads to improvement of tremor symptoms. Visualization of DRT (C), as proposed by several authors ( [Coenen et al., 2011] , [Keser et al., 2015] ), reconstructs connections between dentate nucleus (DN) and ruber nucleus (RN) using deterministic diffusion tensor tractography. However tracer primate studies show that motor projections read spread more than classically described pathway in ruber nucleus ( Dum and Strick, 2003 ). Well known is also that tremor suppressing effects are seen after deep brain stimulation of caudal zona incerta ( Fytagoridis et al., 2012 ) (cZI), which is dorsolateral to RN. We propose alternative way of DRT visualization with probabilistic connectivity evaluation between DN and anatomically defined ROI of hand and leg projection of primary motor cortex (PMC) on the ipsilateral side. Materials and methods We included MRI data of 16 Patients with essential tremor. DTI Imaging with 30 directions as well as 3D turbo spin echo and 3D mprage sequences produced on 1,5T Siemens Avanto scanner. Manual segmentation of seed regions of interest (ROI) in DN and in PMC was done as start–end landmarks of DRT (C). Reconstruction of pyramidal tract is done using PMC-ROI and medulla oblongata ROI. Reconstruction of probabilistic tractography maps was done in FSL Software (FMRIB, Oxford, UK). Tractography results transferred to standard MNI152 space, and mean images calculated (NPM, Mricron Software). Tractography result was analyzed using MNI152 based atlas tools. Results Connectivity maps showed high connectivity values inside of DRT (C), demonstrating similar path distribution and course in brainstem and thalamus. Tractography was able to visualize little connectivity to the contralateral motor cortex because of low resolution to depict fibers in decussation of upper cerebellar peduncle, as already reported from other authors ( Jbabdi et al., 2015 ). Crossed fibers located anterolatheral of those, which not cross. Fiber course differed from other tractography results in additional fibers going laterally from rubber nucleus. Conclusions Probabalistic tractography can reconstruct motor projections of DN. Even if more sophisticated to produce, probabilistic connectivity maps provide quantitative connection probability, hotspot of which can be used for stereotactic target planning. Further studies to compare deterministic and probabilistic approach to map DRT(C) are needed.

Division polynomials and intersection of projective torsion points

Given two elliptic curves, each of which is associated with a projection map that identifies opposite elements with respect to the natural group structure, we investigate how their corresponding projective images of torsion points intersect.

Analisis Variasi Ketebalan Kepala pada pemeriksaan Mastoid Proyeksi Axiolateral Metode Schuller terhadap Gambaran Anatomis

Background: Axiolateral projection of mastoid examination with Schuller method using angle range of 25°-30° caudad according to Bontrager (2010). The difference thickness of the human’s head will cause range of angles of axiolateral projection of mastoid examination using Schuller projection. The inappropriate angle will affect the different anatomical information. Axiolateral projection of mastoid examination using Schuller projection in Radiology Installation of dr. Soetomo Hospital used an angle that is 25° for all patients with different thickness of the head. This study aims to determine the differences in anatomical image clarity on radiographic image of axiolateral projection of mastoid examination using Schuller method with an angle that is 25° with variations of head thickness between 12 to 14.5 cm.Methods: This research was a quantitative research with an experimental approach. Subjects of this reearch were 10 respondents. Data analyzed statistically by Kruskal Wallis test and Mann Whitney test.Results: The results showed that there was difference in anatomical image of axiolateral projection of mastoid examination with Schuller method with 25° angle. Result of statistical test to get optimal radiographic image of mastoid using Schuller method showed the significant value, which was 0,000. Differences in anatomical image was also shown on the assessment results from 10 respondents which most of respondents assess anatomical features on a 14.5 cm head thickness was very good.Conclusion: There were differences anotomical information of mastoid radiograph using schuller method with thickness variaton of head. Head thickness of 14.5 cm can show anatomical image of the mastoid air cells, bony labirinth, condyle mandible, temporomandibular joint (TMJ), Aacousticus the external meatus (MAE) and tegmen tympani. The CR angle should be considered based on head thickness.