Projection Patterns Research Articles

NFTracer: Tracing NFT Impact Dynamics in Transaction-flow Substitutive Systems with Visual Analytics.

Impact dynamics are crucial for estimating the growth patterns of NFT projects by tracking the diffusion and decay of their relative appeal among stakeholders. Machine learning methods for impact dynamics analysis are incomprehensible and rigid in terms of their interpretability and transparency, whilst stakeholders require interactive tools for informed decision-making. Nevertheless, developing such a tool is challenging due to the substantial, heterogeneous NFT transaction data and the requirements for flexible, customized interactions. To this end, we integrate intuitive visualizations to unveil the impact dynamics of NFT projects. We first conduct a formative study and summarize analysis criteria, including substitution mechanisms, impact attributes, and design requirements from stakeholders. Next, we propose the Minimal Substitution Model to simulate substitutive systems of NFT projects that can be feasibly represented as node-link graphs. Particularly, we utilize attribute-aware techniques to embed the project status and stakeholder behaviors in the layout design. Accordingly, we develop a multi-view visual analytics system, namely NFTracer, allowing interactive analysis of impact dynamics in NFT transactions. We demonstrate the informativeness, effectiveness, and usability of NFTracer by performing two case studies with domain experts and one user study with stakeholders. The studies suggest that NFT projects featuring a higher degree of similarity are more likely to substitute each other. The impact of NFT projects within substitutive systems is contingent upon the degree of stakeholders' influx and projects' freshness.

Analysis on the Classification and Pattern of Marine Environment Remediation and Restoration Projects in China

Comprehensive improvement of the marine environment, as one of the important measures for ecological restoration of national land space, is the inheritance and development of ecological restoration. By integrating the perspective of marine ecosystem service functions and comprehensively applying various restoration measures, we are committed to optimizing the development pattern of blue national land space, improving the efficiency of natural resource utilization and improving the quality of the ecological environment, in order to collaboratively achieve the ultimate goal of intensive and efficient production space, livable and moderate living space, and beautiful ecological space. This study collected data on marine environment remediation and ecological restoration projects implemented by the country from 2010 to 2015, and through the analysis-combination-induction model, initially established a project classification system suitable for the current status of marine environment remediation and ecological restoration work in China.

Meet the authors: Hanchuan Peng, Peng Xie, and Feng Xiong

In a recent paper at Patterns, Hanchuan Peng, Peng Xie, and Feng Xiong from Southeast University describe a deep learning method to characterize complete single-neuron morphologies, which can discover neuron projection patterns of diverse cells and learn neuronal morphology representation. In this interview, the authors shared the story behind the paper and their research experience. This interview is a companion to these authors' recent paper, "DSM: Deep sequential model for complete neuronal morphology representation and feature extraction."1.

Bilateral and symmetric glycinergic and glutamatergic projections from the LSO to the IC in the CBA/CaH mouse.

Auditory space has been conceptualized as a matrix of systematically arranged combinations of binaural disparity cues that arise in the superior olivary complex (SOC). The computational code for interaural time and intensity differences utilizes excitatory and inhibitory projections that converge in the inferior colliculus (IC). The challenge is to determine the neural circuits underlying this convergence and to model how the binaural cues encode location. It has been shown that midbrain neurons are largely excited by sound from the contralateral ear and inhibited by sound leading at the ipsilateral ear. In this context, ascending projections from the lateral superior olive (LSO) to the IC have been reported to be ipsilaterally glycinergic and contralaterally glutamatergic. This study used CBA/CaH mice (3-6 months old) and applied unilateral retrograde tracing techniques into the IC in conjunction with immunocytochemical methods with glycine and glutamate transporters (GlyT2 and vGLUT2, respectively) to analyze the projection patterns from the LSO to the IC. Glycinergic and glutamatergic neurons were spatially intermixed within the LSO, and both types projected to the IC. For GlyT2 and vGLUT2 neurons, the average percentage of ipsilaterally and contralaterally projecting cells was similar (ANOVA, p = 0.48). A roughly equal number of GlyT2 and vGLUT2 neurons did not project to the IC. The somatic size and shape of these neurons match the descriptions of LSO principal cells. A minor but distinct population of small (< 40 μm2) neurons that labeled for GlyT2 did not project to the IC; these cells emerge as candidates for inhibitory local circuit neurons. Our findings indicate a symmetric and bilateral projection of glycine and glutamate neurons from the LSO to the IC. The differences between our results and those from previous studies suggest that species and habitat differences have a significant role in mechanisms of binaural processing and highlight the importance of research methods and comparative neuroscience. These data will be important for modeling how excitatory and inhibitory systems converge to create auditory space in the CBA/CaH mouse.

Single axonal characterization of trigeminocerebellar projection patterns in the mouse.

The cerebellar projection from the trigeminal nuclear complex is one of the major populations of the cerebellar inputs. Although this projection is essential in cerebellar functional processing and organization, its morphological organization has not been systematically clarified. The present study addressed this issue by lobule-specific retrograde neuronal labeling and single axonal reconstruction with anterograde labeling. The cerebellar projection arose mainly from the interpolaris subdivision of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (Sp5I) and the principal trigeminal sensory nucleus (Pr5). Although crus II, paramedian lobule, lobule IX, and simple lobule were the major targets, paraflocculus, and other lobules received some projections. Reconstructed single trigeminocerebellar axons showed 77.8 mossy fiber terminals on average often in multiple lobules but no nuclear collaterals. More terminals were located in zebrin-negative or lightly-positive compartments than in zebrin-positive compartments. While Pr5 axons predominantly projected to ipsilateral crus II, Sp5I axons projected either predominantly to crus II and paramedian lobule often bilaterally, or predominantly to lobule IX always ipsilaterally. Lobule IX-predominant-type Sp5I neurons specifically expressed Gpr26. Gpr26-tagged neuronal labeling produced a peculiar mossy fiber distribution, which was dense in the dorsolateral lobule IX and extending transversely to the dorsal median apex in lobule IX. The projection to the cerebellar nuclei was observed in collaterals of ascending Sp5I axons that project to the diencephalon. In sum, multiple populations of trigeminocerebellar projections showed divergent projections to cerebellar lobules. The projection was generally complementary with the pontine projection and partly matched with the reported orofacial receptive field arrangement.

High-fidelity tomographic additive manufacturing for large-volume and high-attenuation situations using expectation maximization algorithm

Tomographic volumetric additive manufacturing (VAM) is an emerging technology that employs patterns projected from all angles surrounding the build volume to tomographically reconstruct a three-dimensional (3D) exposure dose distribution and subsequently photopolymerize the entire target structure. However, the exposure dose distribution reconstructed using the tomographic projection method inherently includes fuzzy boundaries and high background dosages. Consequently, achieving high-fidelity printing using this technique is challenging, particularly when printing large volumes or using high-attenuation materials. The computational algorithm for generating projection patterns plays a significant role in reconstructing high-quality 3D exposure dose distributions and achieving a high-fidelity print. In this study, an expectation-maximization-based method that is more suitable for situations with large volumes or high attenuation is developed. The simulation and printing results reveal that the proposed method can achieve improved reconstruction and high-fidelity printing when printing large volumes or using high-attenuation materials. The proposed method can therefore improve the reliability and robustness of 3D printing technology, particularly in challenging scenarios.

From Individual to Population: Circuit Organization of Pyramidal Tract and Intratelencephalic Neurons in Mouse Sensorimotor Cortex.

The sensorimotor cortex participates in diverse functions with different reciprocally connected subregions and projection-defined pyramidal neuron types therein, while the fundamental organizational logic of its circuit elements at the single-cell level is still largely unclear. Here, using mouse Cre driver lines and high-resolution whole-brain imaging to selectively trace the axons and dendrites of cortical pyramidal tract (PT) and intratelencephalic (IT) neurons, we reconstructed the complete morphology of 1,023 pyramidal neurons and generated a projectome of 6 subregions within the sensorimotor cortex. Our morphological data revealed substantial hierarchical and layer differences in the axonal innervation patterns of pyramidal neurons. We found that neurons located in the medial motor cortex had more diverse projection patterns than those in the lateral motor and sensory cortices. The morphological characteristics of IT neurons in layer 5 were more complex than those in layer 2/3. Furthermore, the soma location and morphological characteristics of individual neurons exhibited topographic correspondence. Different subregions and layers were composed of different proportions of projection subtypes that innervate downstream areas differentially. While the axonal terminals of PT neuronal population in each cortical subregion were distributed in specific subdomains of the superior colliculus (SC) and zona incerta (ZI), single neurons selectively innervated a combination of these projection targets. Overall, our data provide a comprehensive list of projection types of pyramidal neurons in the sensorimotor cortex and begin to unveil the organizational principle of these projection types in different subregions and layers.

Geographic proximity and homophily effects drive social interactions within VGI communities: an example of iNaturalist

ABSTRACT Social interactions among online community members contributing to volunteered geographic information (VGI) are a key element and often crucial to VGI project success. Existing studies on VGI lack investigations into the patterns of social interactions within VGI communities and the drivers that may have shaped these patterns. This study bridges this gap by analyzing social interaction patterns in the iNaturalist citizen science project and exploring potential driving factors through social network analysis. The relationships between potential drivers of social interactions in iNaturalist (i.e. geographic distance, species taxon composition similarity, and land cover composition similarity) and the establishment, intensity, and clustering of interactions were examined. The results revealed that geographic proximity, common interests in species taxon categories, and shared preferences in observation environments are major drivers of inter-contributor species identification interactions in iNaturalist. These findings are supported by theories that explain the social forces behind social link formation. Geographic distance represents physical proximity, whereas species taxon composition similarity and land cover similarity reflect homophily effects. iNaturalist and many other VGI communities are spatially embedded social networks. The discovered interaction drivers in iNaturalist generally align with those in spatial social networks and are expected to be generalizable to VGI communities beyond iNaturalist.

Robust structured light 3D measurement method based on polarization-encoded projection patterns.

Fringe projection profilometry (FPP) is widely used in 3D vision measurement because of its high robustness and measurement accuracy. In the case of HDR objects, due to the problem of surface reflectivity, the obtained image will be overexposed. This will cause the sinusoidality of the fringes projected on the surface of the object in the acquired image to be interfered, resulting in a phase error in the calculated wrapped phase. Therefore, a polarization-encoded sinusoidal structured light is proposed to enhance the sinusoidality of the fringe. The phase information contained in the polarized sinusoidal structured light fringe is only related to the polarization state, not to the light intensity. A polarization coding assisted structured light measurement strategy (PASM) is proposed. This method uses polarization coding assisted polarization phase-shifting fringes for phase unwrapping. The angle of the linear polarizer is set to zero in this method, and it does not require rotating the polarizer. It only needs a single exposure to improve the fringe quality and obtain a more stable unwrapping phase. The experimental results show that the obtained polarization fringes have better sinusoidality, and the phase unwrapping can be more accurate. The reconstructed 3D point cloud also does not appear missing and has better accuracy. It is a reliable method for vision measurement of HDR objects.

Assessing Potential Evapotranspiration Methods in Future Drought Projections across Canada

abstract Recently, concerns have arisen as to whether temperature-based proxy methods used to estimate potential evapotranspiration (PET) are reliable when examining future drought severity, especially in the context of a warmer climate. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of different PET approaches, focusing on proxies for radiation and humidity, on future Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) calculations across Canada. Using output from 22 CMIP6 global climate models (GCMs), seasonal and annual SPEI comparisons were carried out between the physically-based Penman-Monteith (PM) method and two approaches that incorporate temperature proxies to calculate radiation and/or humidity. These included the temperature-based Hargreaves (HG) approach and a PM method with derived humidity (PM-m). Results revealed that although the general patterns of SPEI projections across Canada were consistent among the methods, notable spatial and temporal differences were apparent. Specifically, both median and extreme SPEI projections based on the two temperature proxy methods revealed less annual and summer drying in much of central, eastern, and northern regions of Canada when compared to the physically based SPEI-PM. In extreme western regions (British Columbia, Yukon) these two methods, particularly HG, projected drier conditions. Differences of using temperature derived radiation and humidity were also most apparent in spring (and to a lesser degree, autumn), where the HG approach overestimated spring drying (and autumn wetting) over large regions of the country. Overall, differences tended to be more pronounced for the fully temperature-based HG approach during all periods considered. Results from this study strongly suggest that when possible, a physically-based approach be used when estimating PET to assess future drought projections. If a temperature proxy is used, the differences to a physically-based method should be understood and resultant implications be evaluated.

One out of ten independent components shows flipped polarity with poorer data quality: EEG database study.

Independent component analysis (ICA) is widely used today for scalp-recorded EEG analysis. One of the limitations of ICA-based analysis is polarity indeterminacy. It is not easy to find detailed documentations that explains engineering solutions of how the polarity indeterminacy is addressed in a given implementation. We investigated how it is implemented in the case of EEGLAB and also the relation between the outcome of the polarity determination and classification of independent components (ICs) in terms of the estimated nature of the sources (brain, muscle, eye, etc.) using an open database of n = 212 EEG dataset of resting state recordings. We found that (1) about 91% of ICs showed positive-dominant IC scalp topographies; (2) positive-dominant ICs were more associated with brain-originated signals; (3) positive-dominant ICs showed more radial (peaked at 10-30 degrees deviations from the radial axis) dipolar projection pattern with less residual variance from fitting the equivalent current dipole. In conclusion, using the EEGLAB's default ICA algorithm, one out of 10 ICs results in flipping its polarity to negative, which is associated with non-radial dipole orientation with higher residual variance. Thus, we determined EEGLAB biases toward positive polarity in decomposing high-quality brain ICs.

Health-related quality of life of children from low-income families: the new patterns study

BackgroundChild poverty has been gradually rising, and about 12% of all Norwegian children are living in a state of relative poverty. This study was part of the New Patterns project, which recruits low-income families requiring long-term welfare services. Included families receive integrated welfare services, with the help of a family coordinator. The current study objectives were to explore the associations between HRQoL, demographic variables (age, gender, immigration status) and leisure activities in children and adolescents in low-income families.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted among low-income families. Participating families had children (N = 214) aged 8–18 years.The family had a household income below 60% of the equivalized median population income for three consecutive years and needed long-term welfare services. HRQoL was measured using the KIDSCREEN-27 self-report instrument. Descriptive statistics, including means, standard deviations, and proportions, were calculated, and ordinary least squares regressions were performed, clustering standard errors at the family level.ResultsCompared with boys, girls reported lower HRQoL on only one out of five dimensions, physical wellbeing. In the regression analysis we found statistically significant positive associations between migrant status and HRQoL on all five dimensions: physical wellbeing, psychological wellbeing, parents and autonomy, peers and social support, and school environment. In addition, age was associated with school environment, and age, gender and participation in leisure activities was associated with better physical wellbeing.ConclusionsBaseline results regarding HRQoL among children and adolescents in low-income families indicate that they have overall good HRQoL, though some participants had low HRQoL scores, especially on the physical and social support dimensions. Children with an immigrant background report higher HRQoL than do children without an immigrant background.

Mapping the Retina onto the Brain.

Vision begins in the retina, which extracts salient features from the environment and encodes them in the spike trains of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the output neurons of the eye. RGC axons innervate diverse brain areas (>50 in mice) to support perception, guide behavior, and mediate influences of light on physiology and internal states. In recent years, complete lists of RGC types (∼45 in mice) have been compiled, detailed maps of their dendritic connections drawn, and their light responses surveyed at scale. We know less about the RGCs' axonal projection patterns, which map retinal information onto the brain. However, some organizing principles have emerged. Here, we review the strategies and mechanisms that govern developing RGC axons and organize their innervation of retinorecipient brain areas.

Climate change influences global distribution of alien tube worms

Alien tube worms have been introduced outside their original distribution areas via international shipping and have become invasive in these areas. Climate change has been acknowledged to redistribute both native and alien species; however, the effect of climate change on the global distribution of alien tube worms is unknown. This study predicts the global distribution patterns of alien tube worms (Hydroides elegans, Sabella spallanzanii, and Ficopomatus enigmaticus) and projects how climate change influences these patterns using species distribution modelling. Sea surface temperature, salinity, primary productivity, phosphate, nitrate, and current velocity are selected as the predictors. The models predict species occurrences well, with AUC values greater than 0.95. Under the present climate scenario, the occurrence probability of alien tube worms is high (>0.9) within the temperate Atlantic Ocean, Persian Gulf, Sea of Japan, Yellow Sea, Southern China, and Southern Australia. The probability of occurrence is expected to increase across oceans by 2100, suggesting that alien tube worms will be more common in the future. Increases in occurrence probability are also projected at higher latitudes (e.g., Barents Sea) by 2100, indicating poleward shifts of these species. This study highlights the urgency of incorporating climate change into the management of alien invasive species.

A Monocular Projector-Camera System Using Modular Architecture.

This paper presents a monocular projector-camera (procam) system using modular architecture based on relay optics. Conventional coaxial procam systems cannot support (1) online changes to lens settings (zoom and focus) and (2) wide-angle projection mapping. We develop design guidelines for a proposed procam system that would solve these restrictions and address the proposed system's unique technical issue of crosstalk between the camera and projector pixels. We conducted experiments using prototypes to validate the feasibility of the proposed framework. First, we confirmed that the proposed crosstalk reduction technique worked well. Second, we found our technique could achieve correct alignment of a projected image onto a moving surface while changing the zoom and focus of the objective lens. The monocular procam system also achieved radiometric compensation where a surface texture was visually concealed by pixel-wise control of a projection color based on the captured results of offline color pattern projections. Finally, we demonstrated the high expandability of our modular architecture, through the creation of a high dynamic range projection.

VPCFormer: A transformer-based multi-view finger vein recognition model and a new benchmark

In the past decade, finger vein authentication garners significant interest. However, most existing databases and algorithms predominantly focused on single-view finger vein recognition. The current projection of vein patterns actually maps a 3D network topology into a 2D plane, which inevitably leads to 3D feature loss and topological ambiguity in 2D images. Additionally, single-view based methods are sensitive to finger rotation and translation in practical applications. So far, there are currently few dedicated studies and public databases on multi-view finger vein recognition. To address these issues, we first establish a benchmark for future research by constructing the multi-view finger vein database, named Tsinghua Multi-View Finger Vein-3 Views (THUMVFV-3V) Database , which is collected over two sessions. THUMVFV-3V provides three types of Regions of Interest (ROIs) and includes unified preprocessing operations, catering to the majority of existing methods. Furthermore, we propose a novel Transformer-based model named Vein Pattern Constrained Transformer (VPCFormer) for multi-view finger vein recognition, primarily composed of multiple Vein Pattern Constrained Encoders (VPC-Encoders) and Neighborhood-Perspective Modules (NPMs). Specifically, the VPC-Encoder incorporates a novel Vein Pattern Attention Module (VPAM) and an Integrative Feed-Forward Network (IFFN). Motivated by the fact that the strong correlations veins exhibit across different views, we devise the VPAM. Assisted by a vein mask, VPAM is meticulously designed to exclusively extract intra- and inter-view dependencies between vein patterns. Further, we propose IFFN to efficiently aggregate the preceding attention and contextual information of VPAM. In addition, the NPM is utilized to capture the correlations within a single view, enhancing the final multi-view finger vein representation. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority of our VPCFormer. The THUMVFV-3V database is available at https://github.com/Pengyang233/THUMVFV-3V-Database.

Hysteropathological Correlation in Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in a Tertiary Care Hospital in South India.

Abnormal uterine bleeding is a common problem mainly encountered in reproductive age group and post-menopausal women. Hysteroscopy is a safe, simple, well tolerated and reliable procedure for the diagnosis of AUB across all age groups. The aim of the study is to determine the association of hysteroscopy and histopathologic examination (HPE) findings in abnormal uterine bleeding. The secondary objective of the study are to enumerate the hysteroscopy findings in patients with AUB and to evaluate the pattern of AUB. Observational cross-sectional study among 60 women in reproductive and post-menopausal age group presenting with features/symptoms suggestive of abnormal uterine bleeding were studied. All patients reporting in the outpatient department (OPD) and who are eligible to participate were included in the study, after obtaining written informed consent. Detailed history, Clinical examination, Ultrasound pelvis and endometrial thickness assessment is done. Hysteroscopic findings were compared against histopathological findings. The various patterns of bleeding documented in our study population were menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, menometrorrhagia, polymenorrhea, and post-menopausal bleeding. Out of these patterns, the commonest was menorrhagia at 50.0% and post-menopausal bleeding at 26.67%. In our study population, the various hysteroscopy findings were strawberry, tongue-shaped projections, pebble stones, polypoidal patterns, and cerebroid patterns. Out of these, the most common was a polypoidal pattern, strawberry pattern, and tongue-shaped projections with 45%, 31.67%, and 26.7%, respectively. The most common histopathology finding was secretory and proliferative constituting 35% and 26.67%, respectively. Carcinoma endometrium constitutes about 6.67% of the study population. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of strawberry appearance in hysteroscopy in comparison with secretory changes in histopathology were 52.38%, 79.49%, 57.89%, and 75.61%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of tongue-shaped projections appearance in hysteroscopy in comparison with HPE findings was 60%, 76.36%, 18.75%, and 95.45%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of polypoidal pattern in hysteroscopy in comparison with Endometrial hyperplasia in histopathology was 66.67%, 56.14%, 7.41%, and 96.97%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of cerebroid appearance in hysteroscopy in comparison with carcinoma endometrium in histopathology were 75.0%, 100%, 100%, and 98.25%, respectively. This correlation of cerebroid pattern with carcinoma endometrium was highly significant. Among all correlations, the highly reliable was in Carcinoma endometrium followed by endometrial polyps. Hysteroscopy has high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing intrauterine pathology especially endometrial cancer followed by endometrial polyps. Among the various patterns of abnormal uterine bleeding, menorrhagia was the most common. A combination of hysteroscopy and endometrial sampling was found to increase diagnostic accuracy in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding and will effectively guide us in planning the appropriate management for these patients.

PATTERN of Open Science in Croatia

The PATTERN project, officially known as "Piloting open and responsible Activities and Trainings Towards the Enhancement of Researchers Networks," is a comprehensive initiative funded by the European Commission under the Horizon Europe programme. Its primary focus is to advance open and responsible research and innovation (Open RRI) across Europe through training for researchers to enhance their capacity for effectively addressing societal challenges while promoting transparency and inclusivity in research. The project spans 42 months and involves a total of 19 organisations and institutions from 13 European countries, including the Ruđer Bošković Institute in Croatia, contributing to the development and implementation of training programs tailored for researchers at allcareer stages.PATTERN's training modules cover a diverse range of topics vital to open RRI, including open access, FAIR data management, citizen science, research integrity, gender equality, non-discrimination, inclusion in research, dissemination and exploitation of results, science communication, and management and leadership skills. By addressing these crucial aspects, the PATTERN project aims to equip researchers with the knowledge and skills necessary to excel in today's dynamic research landscape. The project’s implementation began by systematic mapping and comprehensive analysis of contemporary educational opportunities for researchers on Open RRI, after which comes the development of innovative curricula, with an emphasis on inclusivity and fairness in the modules.Implementation and testing are integral components of PATTERN's strategy. The project intends to test its training modules through a variety of tailored activities conducted by nine core partners and five associated institutions, which will act as pilot institutions across Europe. PATTERN's expansive network includes Croatia, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Turkey. This network, encompassing OpenAIRE members and National Open Access Desks (NOADs), ensures a broad and diverse reach for the project's training curricula.Crucially, PATTERN will establish a digital platform, where all training materials will be openly accessible, providing a solution for hosting and disseminating freely available training modules. This platform will not only facilitate knowledge sharing but also mobilise and moderate the research and innovation community. It will serve as a valuable resource for relevant bodies and institutions responsible for educating researchers, disseminating project results, and promoting OS practices in multiple languages. Based on the accumulated knowledge and insights, a series of policy recommendations will be designed and developed, targeting European Union bodies, national entities, higher education stakeholders, and research institutions, ultimately promoting open and responsible research practices at a systemic level.There is an ongoing demand for training and promotion of open science (OS) topics in Croatia among researchers, with a notable deficiency in formal OS education within Croatian higher education institutions. To bridge this gap and promote OS practices effectively, PATTERN leverages a wealth of expertise accumulated through EU projects that have laid the groundwork for comprehensive training programs designed to enhance researchers' competencies. The PATTERN project represents a pioneering effort to advance open and responsible research and innovation practices in Europe. With active participation from institutions such as the Ruđer Bošković Institute, PATTERN aspires to empower researchers and institutions alike. By developing comprehensive training modules, creating a collaborative platform, and providing policy guidance, PATTERN is poised to contribute significantly to the advancement of science and society in the European Research Area.

Projection of bioclimatic patterns via CMIP6 in the SoutheastRegion of Türkiye: A guidance for adaptation strategies for climatepolicy.

Over the past three decades, global urbanization and climate change have caused significant differences in climate conditions between urban and rural environments. The effects of global warming affect the climatic values in the urban area. The bioclimatic comfort in an area effectively chooses a site regarding the urban quality of life and activities. This study aims to predict the temporal and spatial changes of the bioclimatic comfort zones of Gaziantep province in terms of climate comfort in the context of long-term global scenarios. The future climate simulation maps were produced and analyzed comparing comfort conditions according to Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) 245 and 585 scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) Phase 6 (CMIP6). Spatio-temporal changes in temperature, humidity, and bioclimatic comfort areas were analyzed to inform these efforts according to Thom's discomfort index (DI) and effective temperature-taking wind velocity (ETv). The current situation of bioclimatic comfort areas to examine their synergy under extreme hot weather throughout the province and their possible concerns in 2040, 2060, 2080, and 2100 were modeled using ArcGIS 10.8 software. SSP585/2100 will create hot (84%) areas, according to DI, and warm (29%) areas, according to ETv. The spatial results of the research are discussed, and some strategies are produced in terms of urbanplanning, design, and engineering.

Combinatorial quantification of distinct neural projections from retrograde tracing

Comprehensive quantification of neuronal architectures underlying anatomical brain connectivity remains challenging. We introduce a method to identify distinct axonal projection patterns from a source to a set of target regions and the count of neurons with each pattern. A source region projecting to n targets could have 2n-1 theoretically possible projection types, although only a subset of these types typically exists. By injecting uniquely labeled retrograde tracers in k target regions (k < n), one can experimentally count the cells expressing different color combinations in the source region. The neuronal counts for different color combinations from n-choose-k experiments provide constraints for a model that is robustly solvable using evolutionary algorithms. Here, we demonstrate this method’s reliability for 4 targets using simulated triple injection experiments. Furthermore, we illustrate the experimental application of this framework by quantifying the projections of male mouse primary motor cortex to the primary and secondary somatosensory and motor cortices.