Projection Package Research Articles

New Innovative Way to Verify Package Connectivity

The heterogeneous integration of multiple ICs in a single package along with high performance/bandwidth memory is critical for many high performance computing applications. Such designs result in complex connectivity with many hundreds of thousands of connections after everything has been heterogeneously integrated and packaged. Such designs make it extremely challenging to verify the correctness of the connections. The traditional way to verify the connections requires a lot of manpower and time and is either not exhaustive or too late in the process as its typically done after implementation is complete. This paper will introduce a new way to functionally verify the packaging connectivity using formal verification that can exhaustively verify all interconnections between the IC blocks. The flow is automatic for all steps from creating connectivity spec to verify packaging output connectivity. The automatic parallel algorithms on compute grid can verify huge numbers of connections in minutes even seconds. The script for the flow is simple and only takes a few minutes to setup. Once the script is ready, it can be reused for different packaging projects.

Identification and Mitigation of Risk Factors in the Implementation of the Probolinggo-Banyuwangi Toll Road Project Package 2

This study focuses on identifying and mitigating risks associated with constructing the Probolinggo-Banyuwangi Toll Road Project Package 2, a vital segment of Indonesia's Trans-Java Toll Network. The background highlights the project's significance in enhancing regional connectivity and supporting economic growth alongside the challenges it faces from technical, managerial, financial, social, and environmental factors. This research aims to identify critical risks and develop effective mitigation strategies. The methodology involves data collection through interviews, surveys, and document analysis, prioritizing risks based on their probability and impact. Key findings reveal that delayed delivery, rising material prices, and lack of skilled labor are the most significant risks, demanding targeted mitigation strategies. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of implementing real-time risk monitoring systems, improving logistics coordination, and fostering stakeholder collaboration, particularly with government agencies. By prioritizing critical risks and developing comprehensive mitigation strategies, this research contributes valuable insights for managing complex infrastructure projects, ensuring project sustainability and success.

Estimates of HIV Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality in China 2018.

A thorough and precise comprehension understanding of the HIV epidemic is crucial for effective HIV prevention and control. This study aimed to update the estimates of the overall HIV burden in China in 2018 and to assess the trends of HIV prevalence, incidence, and mortality from 1985 to 2018. The Estimation and Projection Package (EPP)/Spectrum software was utilized for estimation, a method highly recommended by UNAIDS. Data were collected from more than 1800 HIV sentinel surveillance sites, population-based seroprevalence surveys, and HIV screening of antenatal clinics and pre-marital medical check-ups across the country. Assumptions about age and sex were used to adapt the parameters of disease progression, including CD4 progression rates and mortality rates for individuals on and off antiretroviral therapy (ART). Joinpoint (version 4.7.0.0) was used to analyze the trends of prevalence, incidence, mortality, and fatality rates from 1985 to 2018. In 2018, the total number of people living with HIV (PLWH) adults in China was estimated to be 1.23 million, corresponding to approximately 106.5/100 000 in the country. A total of 71.8% of adult PLWH were men. Over half of PLWH (58.6%) were infected through heterosexual contact, about one-third (30.2%) through male-to-male transmission, 9.0% through IDU, and 2.3% due to former plasma donation. HIV incidence in adults reached its first small peak in 1992 with 52 400 new infections (95% confidence interval: 2700-920 000). After a brief period of rapid decline between 1992 and 1994, the annual number of new infections among adults increased again and remained relatively stable at 81 000 (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 60 000-105 000) in 2018. In recent years, the number of new infections through blood donation has been eliminated, and the number of infections through injecting drug use has been kept low. Sexual contact became the predominant transmission route, while casual sexual contact became increasingly common. Overall, HIV mortality has been steadily increasing and has recently begun to decline during the period of 2012-2018. The number of deaths from HIV/AIDS in 2018 was approximately 35 000 (95% UI: 30 000-41 000). The number of estimated PLWH in China has exceeded one million, due to the ongoing occurrence of new infections and longer survival rates. HIV transmission through blood products has been eradicated. Casual sex has become a significant mode of transmission. It is recommended to enhance the implementation of strategies and measures for sexual communication in the general population and to bolster multidisciplinary research.

System Dynamics Modeling: Technological Solution to Evaluating Cold-Chain Meat Packaging Scenarios

A cold-chain meat packaging project was developed for a meat product company in northwestern Mexico that moves high volumes of fresh meat into national and international markets. The objective of the present research is to evaluate the supply process for three types of thermo-shrinkable polyethylene bags to provide a technological solution for high-volume meat packaging based on a graphical user interface. A system dynamics (SD) methodology is developed in seven stages to generate a technological solution: (1) system mapping; (2) causal diagram construction; (3) stock, flow modeling, and equations; (4) model simulation; (5) model validation; (6) scenarios and multicriteria analysis; and (7) graphical user interface development. The main result for the company was a technological solution that could communicate with decision-makers and the proposed graphical user interface. Future optimistic and pessimistic scenarios were self-evaluated based on the current situation related to three thermo-shrinkable bags used for selling high volumes of fresh meat. In these solutions, previously simulated costs and savings can be implemented in a real situation. Quantitative graphical user interface data can be observed to adequately manage box and bag inventories and minimize costs. Using SD enables the development of technological solutions in complex environments with robust simulations and models that offer data to people interested in the system under study.

Innovative Exploration of Integrating Chinese Traditional Culture into University Curriculum Systems

Chinese traditional culture is the root and soul of our nation, containing rich moral and intellectual resources. Traditional culture encompasses a wide spectrum, including technology, literature, and philosophy, and serves as an effective pathway for guiding college students to form correct outlooks on life, values, and the world. By deeply exploring the contemporary value of traditional culture and integrating it into university curriculum systems through the medium of “curriculum project packages,” we can construct a new type of curriculum system of “traditional culture + project package” in higher education. This initiative holds significant practical importance for the inheritance of traditional culture, the promotion of curriculum reform, the enhancement of teaching effectiveness, and the improvement of students' overall qualities.

A holistic approach to address female genital schistosomiasis in Ghana and Madagascar: the FGS Accelerated Scale Together Package

Women and girls who have been infected with the blood fluke Schistosoma haematobium can experience the chronic form of urogenital schistosomiasis, called female genital schistosomiasis (FGS). Some FGS symptoms resemble sexually transmitted infections. As a result, women and girls seeking treatment are often misdiagnosed and stigmatized. The FGS Accelerated Scale Together (FAST) Package project implemented a holistic approach to address FGS combining proven interventions in training, mass drug administration, diagnosis, and treatment as well as community awareness to address FGS in four selected districts in Ghana and Madagascar. The FAST Package was supported by an FGS National Committee who provided guidance on integration at the national level. Using an implementation research design, researchers worked closely with government counterparts in the programs for neglected tropical diseases in both countries. Baseline cross-sectional surveys and qualitative methodologies collected information on schistosomiasis and FGS awareness, experience with health seeking behaviors and knowledge of schistosomiasis prevention amongst community members and teachers. FAST Package interventions included healthcare provider training delivered in online and in person formats; development of an Educators’ booklet to support schistosomiasis/FGS awareness creation among teachers, healthcare providers and community members; suspected FGS case detection; and advocacy for the provision of praziquantel in the primary health care system. Endline results included a cross-sectional survey and qualitative methodologies amongst community members and teachers, including Photovoice for women of reproductive health age exposed to FGS. This paper presents a description of the FAST Package project, the value of its holistic approach, and selected results from both countries. It discusses the lessons learnt highlighting some of the challenges and opportunities for integration within the health system.

Pengaruh Motivasi Kerja dan Lingkungan Kerja terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Karyawan

This research aims to: (1) determine the influence of work motivation on job satisfaction among employees of PT. Adhi Karya (Persero) Tbk., Tol Probowangi Project Package 1, (2) investigate the impact of work environment on job satisfaction among employees of PT. Adhi Karya (Persero) Tbk., Tol Probowangi Project Package 1, and (3) assess the combined effect of work motivation and work environment on job satisfaction at PT. Adhi Karya (Persero) Tbk., Tol Probowangi Project Package 1. The study utilizes a quantitative method with a descriptive analysis approach. Simple random sampling is employed for sample selection. Data collection is conducted through distribution of research questionnaires. The research findings indicate that: (1) work motivation has a positive and significant influence on job satisfaction among employees of PT. Adhi Karya (Persero) Tbk., Tol Probowangi Project Package 1, evidenced by t-value > t-table (2.108 > 1.99) and significance level 0.039 < 0.05, (2) work environment has a positive and significant influence on job satisfaction among employees of PT. Adhi Karya (Persero) Tbk., Tol Probowangi Project Package 1, evidenced by t-value > t-table (2.757 > 1.99) and significance level 0.007 < 0.05, and (3) it is found that there is a positive and significant impact from the combination of work motivation and work environment on job satisfaction among employees of PT. Adhi Karya (Persero) Tbk., Tol Probowangi Project Package 1, as indicated by F-value > F-table (6.898 > 3.12).

Feasibility of managing and organizing the problem of informal settlements a field study on informal areas in Najaf Governorate

The research aims to study the problem of informal housing in Najaf Governorate, present strategic scenarios to solve the problem, as well as choosing the low-cost construction strategy as an approved strategy in the research. The study included (9) areas in which informal housing units spread, namely (Al-Radhwiya, Al-Rahma neighborhood, Al-Najaf Sea depression, Al-Shawafi area, behind Al-Quds neighborhood, Al-Jadidah II slums, Al-Jadidah III slums, Tabuk neighborhood, Al-Barakiyah), affiliated to the Najaf Governorate Municipality Directorate. The researchers used the descriptive analysis method based on structured personal interviews in informal areas to identify the problem, in addition to using financial tools by calculating costs (fixed capital, working capital) and revenues to solve the problem by submitting a proposal to establish a low-cost residential complex. The study reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that efforts and procedures can be organized to reach a radical solution by choosing the optimal and fastest scenario, which is building low-cost housing units, and benefiting from the areas on which slums were built. The study recommended a set of recommendations, the most important of which is forming a government working group from the departments concerned with urban planning, the municipality, the Investment Authority, and departments related to infrastructure, to prepare a technical study and an action plan to establish a package of projects distributed across the governorate's areas. These projects are granted to the best investors in establishing low-cost housing units, and forming a subcommittee to evaluate the lands and re-use them in an optimal manner. In a way that achieves benefit for the city, whether by converting them into green spaces, parks, or investment projects that enhance commercial activity in the city.

Pengaruh Penggunaan Lapis Tipis Beton Aspal pada Lajur Tanjakan Preservasi Jalan

Asphalt, also known as bitumen, is a mixture of binders used as road preservation. On the BTS road preservation project package. Central Aceh/Nagan Raya – Lhok Seumot – Jeuram (MYC) uses a thin layer of Asphalt Concrete as a treatment for road damage. Asphalt concrete thin layer is a hot asphalt mixture that can be used as a surface layer on road pavement which functions as a road preservation layer. The problem raised and also a research is how the feasibility of a thin layer of asphalt concrete on an incline. The method used in this study is based on testing Job Mix Asphalt, Traffic Counting, and direct observation of asphalt work in the field as well as supporting data in the form of information from consultants or contractors. Asphalt concrete thin layers cannot be used on incline lanes because the asphalt road contains a very fine aggregate mixture. Comparison of thin layers of asphalt concrete with AC – BC using the Traffic Counting method explains that vehicles passing on roads using thin layers of asphalt concrete on the dominant incline lane are more vehicles unable to climb compared to vehicles passing on roads using asphalt AC – BC. The use of a thin layer of asphalt concrete cannot be used for incline lanes, but a thin layer of asphalt concrete is highly recommended for the use of asphalt roads in urban areas.

Pengaruh Penggunaan Lapis Tipis Beton Aspal pada Lajur Tanjakan Preservasi Jalan

Asphalt, also known as bitumen, is a mixture of binders used as road preservation. On the BTS road preservation project package. Central Aceh/Nagan Raya – Lhok Seumot – Jeuram (MYC) uses a thin layer of Asphalt Concrete as a treatment for road damage. Asphalt concrete thin layer is a hot asphalt mixture that can be used as a surface layer on road pavement which functions as a road preservation layer. The problem raised and also a research is how the feasibility of a thin layer of asphalt concrete on an incline. The method used in this study is based on testing Job Mix Asphalt, Traffic Counting, and direct observation of asphalt work in the field as well as supporting data in the form of information from consultants or contractors. Asphalt concrete thin layers cannot be used on incline lanes because the asphalt road contains a very fine aggregate mixture. Comparison of thin layers of asphalt concrete with AC – BC using the Traffic Counting method explains that vehicles passing on roads using thin layers of asphalt concrete on the dominant incline lane are more vehicles unable to climb compared to vehicles passing on roads using asphalt AC – BC. The use of a thin layer of asphalt concrete cannot be used for incline lanes, but a thin layer of asphalt concrete is highly recommended for the use of asphalt roads in urban areas.

Unpacking Ceramic History in Asia and Europe: Contribution to New Reusable Packaging Design

Written within the scope of a PhD research project that is being developed at the University of Aveiro (Portugal), this article is based on research for design, through design. The goal is to develop a proposal for a non-disposable modular packaging system for ceramic products, which can organize interior spaces, thus reducing waste. Its development relies on the partnerships of two companies in the distinctive areas of ceramics and textiles, namely: Grestel-Produtos Cerâmicos S.A. and Tintex Textiles S.A. A historical study of ceramic ware packaging was developed through a documental analysis of relevant moments of long-distance transport history, before disposable consumption habits. By gathering and analysing information that provides significant contributions based on historical facts, this study targeting a contemporary solution for a reusable packaging project. A proposal for a modular packaging system has already been designed and validated by the partner companies.

New HIV Infections Among Key Populations and Their Partners in 2010 and 2022, by World Region: A Multisources Estimation.

Previously, The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS estimated proportions of adult new HIV infections among key populations (KPs) in the last calendar year, globally and in 8 regions. We refined and updated these, for 2010 and 2022, using country-level trend models informed by national data. Infections among 15-49 year olds were estimated for sex workers (SWs), male clients of female SW, men who have sex with men (MSM), people who inject drugs (PWID), transgender women (TGW), and non-KP sex partners of these groups. Transmission models used were Goals (71 countries), AIDS Epidemic Model (13 Asian countries), Optima (9 European and Central Asian countries), and Thembisa (South Africa). Statistical Estimation and Projection Package fits were used for 15 countries. For 40 countries, new infections in 1 or more KPs were approximated from first-time diagnoses by the mode of transmission. Infection proportions among nonclient partners came from Goals, Optima, AIDS Epidemic Model, and Thembisa. For remaining countries and groups not represented in models, median proportions by KP were extrapolated from countries modeled within the same region. Across 172 countries, estimated proportions of new adult infections in 2010 and 2022 were both 7.7% for SW, 11% and 20% for MSM, 0.72% and 1.1% for TGW, 6.8% and 8.0% for PWID, 12% and 10% for clients, and 5.3% and 8.2% for nonclient partners. In sub-Saharan Africa, proportions of new HIV infections decreased among SW, clients, and non-KP partners but increased for PWID; elsewhere these groups' 2010-to-2022 differences were opposite. For MSM and TGW, the proportions increased across all regions. KPs continue to have disproportionately high HIV incidence.

Analysis Of Verdict Number 51/Pdt.G/2016/Pn.Kdi Concerning The Legitimacy Of Addendum Towards The Contract Of The Winner Company Tender Competitor Auction

Project problems in tender competitor auctions often occur due to several issues, one of which is the teamwork in the Raha-Tampo Shaft Road Improvement Project Package (EIB-I07) at Muna Island, Muna Regency, Southern Sulawesi. Breaking promises, whether intentional or unintentional, by a party. When a party does not experience justice in the implementation of the engagement and desires to change some of the agreement content, they can deliver a letter in the form of an addendum. The content of an addendum often contradicts the main agreement made in front of the notary. The aims of this writing are to discover and analyze the legitimacy of addendums made by parties under the hands due to the occurrence of broken promises in the certificate of cooperation agreement, and to discover and analyze the legal considerations made by the judge in determining the case 51/Pdt.Plw/2016/PN.Kdi. This research utilized the normative juridical approach, which is a method that relies on secondary data as the primary source of information. The secondary data is obtained through library research, specifically by reviewing legal regulations, documents, or books related to the researched topic. The result of this study mentions that, basically, an addendum can be added to an agreement as long as all parties agree. This is because adding an addendum allows for the addition, modification, or removal of a specific issue in the agreement, which is always related to the principal agreement. This is regulated in Article 1320 of the Civil Code, which concerns the conditions for an agreement to be valid. The agreement is valid because there is a mutual agreement among all parties involved, the parties have the ability to enter into a contract, and the subject matter of the agreement is legal. The main key of an addendum is the agreement between all parties, in accordance with Article 1320 of the Civil Code.

Comparative life cycle analysis of PHA-based consumer items for daily use

USABLE Packaging project has developed an innovative value chain based on mixed microbial cultures using organic wastes as feedstock to produce prototypes of PHA-based items that were compared to their commercial counterparts, so the expected better environmental performance can be checked. To do so, a cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment was carried out. The system was modeled integrating all available knowledge, from pilot-scale data to process simulators, and following upscaling frameworks. PHA-based items outperform their commercial counterparts since they show environmental benefits thanks to the avoided electricity obtained in the cogeneration heat and power unit within the PHA production; however, these environmental benefits are very sensitive to the substituted electricity environmental burdens. The different levels of development and market implementation are seen as critical and therefore attention should be paid on how upscaling affects the results and interpretation of the LCA while serving as a guide for process and product development.

A heuristic rule adaptive selection approach for multi-work package project scheduling problem

Effectively scheduling a project is crucial for its success, especially after generating work packages from the work breakdown structure during the planning phase. Nevertheless, solving project scheduling problems with multiple work packages is challenging due to the inefficient utilization of work package information in existing scheduling approaches. To address this issue, this paper proposes the Heuristic Rule Adaptive Selection (HAS) approach for the Multi-Work Package Project Scheduling Problem (MWPSP). This approach involves work package information and employs reinforcement learning (RL) for intelligent decision-making in scheduling. First, the MWPSP with the optimization objective of minimizing the Portfolio Delay (PDEL) and the Average Percent Delay (APD) is defined, and a scheduling environment is established that integrates information from both work packages and tasks. Second, a Double Deep Q-network (DDQN) is employed to train agents for adaptively selecting heuristic rules of tasks and work packages. The performance of the HAS approach is then evaluated using a case project and the newly created MWPSP dataset. The experimental results demonstrate that the HAS approach exhibits superior solution quality and computational efficiency in optimizing PDEL and APD compared to heuristics approaches, e.g., single-priority rule-based heuristics and genetic algorithms. This achievement sets the stage for the development of next-generation adaptive scheduling for construction projects.

Implementation of the Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC) Method on Erection Girder Work of South Japek II Toll Road Construction Project Package 3

The development of infrastructure is progressing rapidly, particularly for National Strategic Projects, such as the construction of the Jakarta-Cikampek Toll Road (Japek) South II Package 3, which is currently in progress. This toll road project also includes the construction of several interchanges that utilize girders in the process. The project commenced during a challenging time when Indonesia was facing the adverse effects of the Covid-19 pandemic, adding an additional obstacle to infrastructure work. Girder Erection Work, in particular, has recorded various types of accidents over the past few years. In response, the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing has issued Ministerial Regulation No. 10 of 2021, which provides guidelines for Construction Safety Management Systems (SMKK). By employing the Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control (HIRARC) method, it is anticipated that construction practitioners can effectively manage risks and reduce workplace accidents in this project. Additionally, the Probability Impact Matrix (PIM) will be utilized to identify the most likely hazards and risks that could significantly impact the project's implementation in the event of an accident. In this study, out of the 57 variables validated by experts, the respondents identified 17 risks classified as high-risk and determined 8 main/dominant risks in the girder erection work of the Jakarta-Cikampek Toll Road Japek South II Package 3 Project. Subsequently, control measures and mitigations are planned for these 8 main risks.

Application of the MELCOR for Fusion Code to the Transient Accident Analysis of the IFMIF-DONES Test Cell

According to the European Fusion Roadmap, to demonstrate the feasibility of fusion energy, it is necessary to build a comprehensive database of materials properties to be used in future fusion power plants. This is the objective of the IFMIF-DONES facility, which will drive a deuteron beam on a liquid lithium target to produce high energy neutron fluxes for irradiating candidate fusion materials. Among the several ongoing activities in the frame of the EUROfusion Early Neutron Source Work Package (WPENS) project, deterministic accident analyses play an important role, since they help identifying a set of reference accident scenarios and related safety class components. Some of these scenarios are being studied with the MELCOR-fusion code, an integrated engineering code which is able to perform thermal-hydraulic transient calculations. In this work, the MELCOR-fusion code has been applied to two potential accident scenarios involving the degradation of the primary lithium loop of IFMIF-DONES. A rupture in the Quench Tank and a break in the inlet nozzle to the Target Vacuum Chamber were postulated as the two initiating events followed by a lithium spill into the Test Cell room. The purpose of this study was to obtain different key metrics, such as the maximum pressure and temperature loads reached in the TC room, the amount of the leaked lithium mass, and the time for lithium solidification. The computed results will help identify the safety requirements to be applied to the final design of the TC room.

Estimation of HIV prevalence and burden in Nigeria: a Bayesian predictive modelling study

The cost of population-based surveys is high and obtaining funding for a national population-based survey may take several years, with follow-up surveys taking up to five years. Survey-based prevalence estimates are prone to bias owing to survey non-participation, as not all individuals eligible to participate in a survey may be reached, and some of those who are contacted do not consent to HIV testing. This study describes how Bayesian statistical modeling may be used to estimate HIV prevalence at the state level in a reliable and timely manner. We analysed national HIV testing services (HTS) data for Nigeria from October 1, 2020, to September 30, 2021, to derive state-level HIV seropositivity rates. We used a Bayesian linear model with normal prior distribution and Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach to estimate HIV state-level prevalence for the 36 states+1 FCT in Nigeria. Our outcome variable was the HIV seropositivity rates and we adjusted for demographic, economic, biological, and societal covariates collected from the 2018 Nigeria HIV/AIDS Indicator and Impact Survey (NAIIS), 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) and 2016-17 Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS). The estimated population of 15-49 years olds in each state was multiplied by estimates from the estimated prevalence to generate state-level HIV burden. Our estimated national HIV prevalence was 2.1% (95% CI: 1.5-2.7%) among adults aged 15-49 years in Nigeria, which corresponds to approximately 2 million people living with HIV, compared to previous national HIV prevalence estimates of 1.4% from the 2018 NAIIS and UNAIDS estimation and projection package PLHIV estimation of 1.8 million in 2022. Our modelled HIV prevalence in Nigeria varies by state, with Benue (5.7%, 95% CI: 5.0-6.3) having the highest prevalence, followed by Rivers (5.2%, 95% CI: 4.6-5.8%), Akwa Ibom (3.5%, 95% CI: 2.9-4.1%), Edo (3.4%, 95% CI: 2.9-4.0%) and Taraba (3.0%, 95% CI: 2.6-3.7%) placing fourth and fifth, respectively. Jigawa had the lowest HIV prevalence (0.3%), which was consistent with prior estimates. This model provides a comprehensive and flexible use of evidence to estimate state-level HIV seroprevalence for Nigeria using program data and adjusting for explanatory variables. Thus, investment in program data for HIV surveillance will provide reliable estimates for HIV sub-national monitoring and improve planning and interventions for epidemiologic control. This article was made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) under the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR).

The Bearing Capacity Analysis of Deep Foundation based on In-situ Dynamic Penetration Test Compared to Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA)

On road/ bridge construction, foundation stability analysis is carried out by reviewing the bearing capacity. At the planning stage, this aspect can be calculated based on empirical and numerical methods using In-situ Dynamic Penetration Test data. Meanwhile, at the implementation stage, the bearing capacity results are checked using Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA). Hereinafter, the bearing capacity result in the field is compared with the bearing capacity result at the planning stage whether they are appropriate or not. In this study, the results of bearing capacity based on empirical using Meyerhoff and Schmertmann and numerical methods using MIDAS GTS NX were compared with the results of the PDA test. This study takes an overview of the Semarang – Demak Toll Road Development Project Package 2 STA 16 + 075. The analysis was carried out based on three STA points. The results obtained show that the largest deviation value is when the PDA result is compared with the Schmertmann method, which is 0.59 and the smallest deviation is when comparing PDA with MIDAS 0.03. Both deviations are located on P 133F STA 16+711. This different deviation is due to the ultimate bearing capacity analysis based on empirical equations that only analyze single piles based on the original soil properties, while the MIDAS analysis also considers pile parameters and interface parameters. Moreover, in the PDA test, there are factors of environmental conditions.

Estimating the Cost of Strauss Pile Retaining Wall Works Using the Cost Significant Method

Cost estimation is an important element in a project. In the early stages of a project, information for estimates tends to be less accurate. Therefore, a cost estimation model is needed that can explain most of the projects based on the lack of information. The estimation method used is the Cost Significant Model. The aim is to determine the accuracy of the Strauss Mast Retaining Wall Work cost estimation model against the actual project cost. Data was collected using the sampling method, and 5 (five) similar project packages were obtained from 2019-2021. Produce 2 (two) Significant Cost Items that have cumulative costs (80%), namely Strauss Pile Work (X3) of 32% and Pile Work (X4) of 48%. Then it is analyzed to produce a regression equation formula using the SPSS application, and the equation is Y = 5696.59+5.270 X3-1,389X4 with a Cost Model Factor of 1.11. Estimated accuracy ranges from -7.3% to +8.4%. With an average of +0%. The accuracy rate is in class 1 of the International AACE classification, which has a lower limit of -3% to -10% and an upper limit of +3% to 15%. The estimation model is feasible to use to check the bid estimate.