Inclusive Project Research Articles

Black Diamond Queens: African American Women and Rock and Roll by Maureen Mahon

Reviewed by: Black Diamond Queens: African American Women and Rock and Roll by Maureen Mahon Kamilla Arku Black Diamond Queens: African American Women and Rock and Roll. By Maureen Mahon. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2020. 408 pp. Black Diamond Queens: African American Women in Rock and Roll is a "project of recovery and inclusion … and a consideration and critique of the workings of power and genre in the recording industry" (27). In this authoritative 2020 monograph, cultural anthropologist Maureen Mahon seeks to complicate rock and roll history by emphasizing the presence and influence of African American women on the genre. Arguing against prevailing narratives that center young white men as rock's protagonists, she posits that not only did her subjects exist, but that their voices mattered. Mahon insists that Black women shaped the history of rock and roll in ways that historians, institutions, musical gatekeepers, and the public have systematically erased, rendering her subjects' voices inaudible. Mahon utilizes a wealth of historical and ethnographic sources to bring her subjects to life. Drawing from not only fellow ethnomusicologists but also feminist scholars, historians, poets, musicologists, music journalists, and musicians, Mahon's interdisciplinary research allows her to represent her subjects and their eras in all of their complexities and contradictions. Her interviews with living subjects (including musicians Merry Clayton, the Shirelles' Beverly Lee, and the late Betty Davis) are especially compelling, as they not only present the artists as authors of their own narratives but also offer a glimpse into the research process of the contemporary scholar (Mahon's equally comical and compelling interview with a reticent Betty Davis is a standout). Black Diamond Queens is particularly indebted to other women scholars working at the intersection of race, gender, and popular music, especially Susan Fast, Jacqueline Warwick, and Daphne Brooks. Mahon's text seems to commune with Brooks's research in particular, notably Liner Notes for the Revolution: The Intellectual Life of Black Feminist Sound and "The Write to Rock: Racial Mythologies, Feminist Theory, and the Pleasures of Rock Music Criticism" (for this journal)1; like Mahon, Brooks interrogates the simultaneous centrality and marginalization of Black women in popular music. The influence of Black feminist scholars and writers working outside of music also permeates the text. Mahon invokes Audre Lorde, bell hooks, Kimberlé [End Page 180] Crenshaw, and the Combahee River Collective to illuminate and fete her subjects. From Big Mama Thornton to Tina Turner, Mahon's "Black Diamond Queens" express their feminine power through their artistry and creativity, channeling the "open and fearless underlining of [the] capacity for joy" Lorde describes in "Uses of the Erotic: The Erotic as Power."2 In her frequent comparisons of the experiences of African American women with those of white women and Black men in the music industry, Mahon also invokes the intersectional work of bell hooks, whose Ain't I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism3 she describes as a "watershed" (27). Throughout, Mahon firmly reminds us that Black women were oppressed both by the racism of white people and the sexism of patriarchal forces across the racial divide. Each of Mahon's chapters focuses on a woman or group of women whose labor shaped the history of rock and roll, tracing their personal and professional trajectories with both admiration and a keen critical eye. Mahon positions each of her subjects in their artistic, economic, and social milieus, and she reveals how they internalized, capitalized on, or challenged the music industry and the public's conceptions of Black women and Black femininity. Chapter 1 discusses Willa Mae "Big Mama" Thornton, whose "rags to rags" career "encapsulates the blend of presence and obscurity that is emblematic of black women in rock and roll" (29). As a performer Thornton challenged conceptions of gender through her assertive vocals and disruptive lyrics, influencing artists like Elvis Presley and Janis Joplin. Mahon paints a vivid portrait of a musical powerhouse, focusing on Thornton's technical and expressive artistry and her skills as an improviser and composer. She also gives space to Thornton's critical consciousness, citing interviews from the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s in which Thornton asserts her ownership over her work and accomplishments, and reveals...

Social problems exacerbated by the Covid-19 pandemic of 2020

This paper describes housing, food, and health insecurities exacerbated by the 2020 Covid-19 Pandemic. It explores the problems large cities face while managing information, distributing aid, and providing for isolated citizens. Inclusive housing, cooperative projects and incentives to curtail gentrification and favelization within cities, will be explored as well as new forms of vigilantism and social action.

Tracing the lineage of international inclusive education practices in Kenya

ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to trace the academic lineage of models of inclusive education in Kenya, as some large international development organisations look to the region as a guide for disability inclusive education programs and projects. With the current focus on developing sustainable inclusive education systems in low-resourced countries in the global South, it is critical to situate this work within the constellation of inclusive education research that came from scholars, from both the global North and South, collaborating in Kenya. In this article, we highlight Kenya as a leader in inclusive education in low-resourced contexts, and we cite recent policies, laws, and research that make this disability inclusive development work innovative and progressive. Specifically, we describe foundational inclusive education teacher training modules and provide appendices with steps for how we applied this work to schools in rural western Kenya.

A Counterfactual Baseline for Assessing Future Environmental Impact: A Case Study of the Belt and Road Initiative

The impact of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) on the environment is an important but controversial topic. But assessing it faces a significant challenge for separating its policy impact from the overall effect of economic development that will also have environmental impacts. This paper attempts to provide an evolutionary and counterfactual baseline to evaluate the environmental impact of BRI, based on the distribution dynamics approach and the mobility probability plots (MPPs). Our estimation results suggest that while the majority of BRI economies will lower their emission levels compared with the world average, there are significant differences between BRI and non-BRI countrie’s emission patterns and dynamics. The majority of non-BRI economies will have lower emission levels than their BRI counterparts in the absence of BRI policy, indicating that the difference in future emissions between BRI and non-BRI countries should not be completely attributed to the environmental impact of BRI. Instead, BRI should take measures to prevent certain countries from moving upwards energy intensity paths through policy intervention, international cooperation, and an inclusive project assessment process.

Development of Digital Health Messages for Rural Populations in Tanzania: Multi- and Interdisciplinary Approach.

BackgroundHealth workers have traditionally delivered health promotion and education to rural communities in the Global South in paper leaflet formats or orally. With the rise of digital technologies, health promotion and education can be provided in innovative and more effective formats, which are believed to have a higher impact on disease prevention and treatment.ObjectiveThe aim of this tutorial is to illustrate how a multi- and interdisciplinary approach can be applied in the design process of digital health messages for use in the Global South.MethodsThe multi- and interdisciplinary team of the Non-discriminating access for Digital Inclusion (DigI) project digitalized and customized available government-approved paper-based health promotion messages into a screen-suitable format. The team worked closely together and used its diverse expertise to develop digital health messages with disease-specific content in Tanzania’s national language (Swahili) as well as English. The development process included the following phases: a local needs assessment; identification of government-approved health promotion materials in a nondigital format; identification of key health messages; creation of a practical and engaging story, easy to understand for the general public; drafting of a storyboard for an animated video with review, feedback, and revisions; forward and backward translation; audio recording of the story in both languages; finalization and presentation of the animations; development of relevant questions related to the health messages in each domain; and development of web and mobile apps to access the digital health messages.ResultsBetween 2017 and 2019, we developed key health messages, quizzes, and animated health videos to address HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, Taenia solium cysticercosis and taeniasis, and anthrax, all of which are of public health importance in Tanzania. Feedback from local stakeholders and test users was included in various phases of the process. The 4 videos and other content are available in local information spots on a digital health platform (DigI platform), established by the DigI project, in both Tanzanian Swahili and English.ConclusionsOur methodological multi- and interdisciplinary approach ensures that the digital health messages for the public are clear, high quality, and align with the government’s objectives for health promotion. It also demonstrates the diversity of scientific disciplines required when collaborating on a digital health project. We recommend this approach to be applied to the development of other digital health messages for a wide range of diseases.International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)RR2-10.2196/25128

Review: Black Diamond Queens: African American Women and Rock and Roll, by Maureen Mahon

Review: <i>Black Diamond Queens: African American Women and Rock and Roll</i>, by Maureen Mahon

MÉTODOS DE LA GESTIÓN DEL GOBIERNO Y EMPRESARIAL

The fifth volume and second number of 2021 of the Cuban Journal of Public and Business Administration includes original articles, good practices and case studies, highlighting the issues of government and business management with their approaches, methods and applications. The topics are addressed: Balanced Scorecard of government management, inclusion project of the environmental assessment of transport, tax culture, innovation in the rice agroecosystem and in the pharmaceutical value chain, salary and socialist business development, management of the quality in projects, economic and commercial cooperation, market research and documentation of human resource process management.

What do people want in a smart city? Exploring the stakeholders’ opinions, priorities and perceived barriers in a medium-sized city in the United States

ABSTRACT Many cities in the United States are pursuing agendas to implement ICT-based solutions to tackle urban challenges, thus achieving the ‘smart city’ label. While the discussion on this urban development paradigm has revolved around the intensive use of technologies, the academic literature increasingly calls for shifting the focus to the people living in the cities. This paper argues that to achieve a people-centred smart city, cities should include the perspectives of all the local stakeholders. Under this assumption, this paper provides the views of the local stakeholders in a medium-sized city in Tennessee, Chattanooga. Particularly, this study explores their perceived smart city concept, the ethical standards that should guide smart city projects, the desired future projects in their community, and the barriers to implementing them. The data was collected using a combination of participatory budgeting, five focus groups, and twenty-eight interviews with city dwellers, entrepreneurs, university faculty, non-profit members, and government officials. The results suggest that, far from the image of a highly technological city, the stakeholders envision a city dedicated to improving the quality of life and environmental sustainability. Furthermore, to achieve this smart city, the projects need to be based on full transparency and the promotion of social inclusion. In contrast to the dominant trend towards the privatization of urban space, this study finds that the stakeholders prefer public based smart city projects such as ICT-based public transport services. However, its successful implementation will have to overcome the barriers caused by funding constraints, public acceptance, and political interests. Cities may use the results of this study to design more responsible smart city projects that strike an optimal point between citizen engagement and technological applications and innovations while supporting all stakeholders’ needs. Highlights Stakeholders’ opinions on smart city projects in Chattanooga were examined Chattanooga can be considered an example of a medium-sized smart city Public-based, transparent and socially inclusive projects are preferred Preferences on smart city projects varied across groups of stakeholders Including all city stakeholders’ visions can reduce social cleavages

Aphasia and labour inclusion: therapy, biopower, and encuentros

ABSTRACT Background: This is a qualitative case study of Sara, a 32-year-old black woman with nonfluent aphasia. Aims: Based on critical disability theory and poststructuralist approaches, we analyse the relationship between speech-language therapy and labour inclusion as founded in normalcy expectations. Methods and Procedures: The data were collected mainly at home and during therapy. The participants included Sara, her mother, her father, a speech-language pathologist, and a possible employer. Main Contributions: Sara’s interactions are structured in spatial repertoires that assemble diverse elements into communication and not only linguistic structures. However, these assemblages do not represent accepted adult ways of communication, and therapy is focused on repairing broken linguistic skills for normalization as a requirement for labour inclusion. Sara’s therapy is a biopower practice that limits her possibilities for labour inclusion and life projects. Conclusions: We reconceptualize the therapy as encuentros for collective dialogue and imagined communities’ emergence. This reconceptualization is a must for changing the field and participation patterns of people with aphasia in the society.

Legibility Zones: An Empirically-Informed Framework for Considering Unbelonging and Exclusion in Contemporary English Academia

This article introduces a new, empirically-derived conceptual framework for considering exclusion in English higher education (HE): legibility zones. Drawing on interviews with academic employees in England, it suggests that participants orientate themselves to a powerful imaginary termed the hegemonic academic. Failing to align with this ideal can engender a sense of dislocation conceptualised as unbelonging. The mechanisms through which hegemonic academic identity is constituted and unbelonging is experienced are mapped onto three domains: the institutional, the ideological, and the embodied. The framework reveals the mutable and intersecting nature of these zones, highlighting the complex dynamics of unbelonging and the attendant challenge presented to inclusion projects when many apparatuses of exclusion are perceived as fundamental to what HE is for, what an academic is, and how academia functions.

Analysing and forecasting the diffusion of electronic payments system in Nigeria

ABSTRACT The electronic payments system is among recent service innovations that have transformed access to finance in developing and emerging economies. This paper analyses and forecasts the diffusions of four major electronic payment technologies in Nigeria, namely, ATM, PoS, Mobile and Web payments. Diffusion was measured by the volume of financial payments transacted on these technologies. First, we applied two growth models to evaluate the diffusion and to forecast the future trajectories of these payment technologies. Second, we applied the logistics substitution model to evaluate how these technologies compete in the Nigerian payments market. The findings show that like many technological innovations the diffusions of electronic payment technologies are characterised by growth, maturity, saturation, and decline. In addition, the mobile payment system was forecast to emerge as the most diffused payment technology given the volume of financial exchange that will occur on this platform. These findings have implications for innovators, regulators and service providers within the Nigerian payment ecosystems. The findings also have practical implication for achieving the cashless economy and the financial inclusion projects of the Nigerian state which rely on the successful diffusions of these technologies.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and the Family Inclusive Airport Design Experience.

The literature on air travellers with psychiatric disorders is limited. This perspective article highlights various travel-related aspects of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The airport experience can be stressful for families of children with autism spectrum disorder (FwASDs). The aim of this study was to explore the airport experience of FwASDs using the value co-creation process approach to assist airport managers in designing improved experiences for this specific passenger segment. This study responds to the current climate in which airports are developing awareness programmes in relation to children who require special assistance at airports. The prevalence of children with ASD is 1/68. While a number of airports throughout the world have adopted procedures addressing the needs of those with cognitive impairment, these advances are far from universal. As part of an academic–industry collaboration between Vueling airlines and the Spanish airport operator Aena, 25 FwASDs took part in an inclusive airport research project in the city of Barcelona from November 2015 to April 2016. Employing a qualitative methodology that incorporated focus groups, ethnographic techniques, and post-experience surveys, the study contributes to extending the body of knowledge on the management of the value co-creation process for challenging passenger segments within the airport context. The study explains how ensuring adequate resource allocation to this passenger segment can improve the family-inclusive design of the airport experience and offers managerial recommendations.

Justice as a spiritual quest

ABSTRACT This essay is based on the assumption that retributive justice fails to capture the immense riches of the human condition. Exploring the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), it argues that restorative justice must be seen as complementary to the retributive and other conceptions of justice. Restorative justice is presented here as a spiritual journey, one that is best grasped through the prism of Benjamin’s spiritual elements of class struggles. Nelson Mandela understood, like Georg Friedrich Hegel, that even the Absolute Spirit, powerful as it is, achieves its goal through cunning. Spiritual quest is, however, much more than the cunning of the spirit; it is also love and human flourishing understood as inclusive projects.

Social innovation and accessibility in museum: the case of “SoStare al MANN” social inclusion project

In recent years, the function of museums has changed from focusing on protecting cultural heritage to reach out to a wider audience and proposing a series of new methods to promote and display its collections and contribute towards collective cultural and social development. In this new vision, accessibility acquires a central role, asking to enable people who otherwise would have been excluded, be it because of physical disabilities or because suffering from behavioural and/or cognitive disorders, to enjoy the benefits of culture. Accordingly, some museums have developed a number of new approaches for people with special needs affected by autism spectrum disorder. At the same time these new activities are designed leveraging new competences and knowledge that museums only rarely own, but they can get access to them engaging local stakeholders in a process that starts from analysing the local area’ needs to develop new ways to visit the collections that can be seen as a social innovation. This work is concerned with analysing a project undertaken by the Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli (National Archaeological Museum of Naples) with some of its stakeholders, aiming to understand whether, by altering the perspective of analysis, museums can introduce totally novel ways to approach their collections, so that they are more inclusive and welcoming for people affected by behavioural and/or cognitive disorders. Negli ultimi anni, la funzione del museo e cambiata, passando dalla mera tutela del patrimonio culturale alla sua valorizzazione, tramite diversi e nuovi servizi rivolti a un piu ampio pubblico, con il fine di essere un soggetto attivo per la crescita culturale e sociale della collettivita. Al centro di questa funzione vi e l’accessibilita, che richiede di ampliare la fruizione del servizio alle persone affette da disabilita motorie e a quelle che presentano disordini comportamentali e/o cognitivi, tanto che alcuni musei hanno sviluppato nuovi approcci rivolti alle necessita delle persone affette da disordini dello spettro autistico. Allo stesso tempo queste nuove iniziative necessitano di competenze e conoscenze che solo raramente i musei hanno internamente, ma che possono essere ottenute coinvolgendo attivamente i portatori di interesse dell’organizzazione museale in un processo che parta dall’analisi delle necessita del contesto per sviluppare nuove modalita di fruizione che possono essere ritenute una forma di innovazione sociale. In questo lavoro si analizza un progetto che il Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli ha avviato insieme ad alcuni stakeholder per comprendere come sia possibile sviluppare nuove modalita per valorizzare le proprie collezioni, rendendole piu inclusive nei confronti delle persone affette da disordini comportamentali e/o cognitivi.

Preventing School Exclusion of Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) through Reducing Discrimination: Sustainable Integration through Contact-Based Education Sessions

Students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are discriminated against and stigmatized by the school community. The objective of this study is to analyze the school inclusion process of students with ASD by reducing discrimination and stigmatization through contact-based education sessions. This can be achieved through school projects. In the present study, discrimination and stigmatization toward children with ASD were analyzed in high school students (N = 141) through Haghighat’s standardized stigmatization questionnaire (SSQ1). In the active group, a student diagnosed with ASD also participated in the awareness activities of the problems faced by the students with ASD and the contact-based education (CBE) sessions carried out in the classroom. The results showed significant differences in reducing discrimination and stigmatization in high school students, both in the control group and especially in the active group. It was observed that the development of CBE (inclusion of the student with ASD in activities) led to the creation of a supportive school community, demonstrating that the activities carried out within the SucCESS Project achieved their purpose. The SSQ1 can be applied to high school students, and together with CBE activities, it can be used in school inclusion projects for children with ASD or mental disabilities.

Technologies for an inclusive robotics education.

The H2020 project "INBOTS: Inclusive Robotics for a Better Society" (2018--21) has worked in different disciplines involved in the acceptance and uptake of interactive robotics, including the promotion of accessible and multidisciplinary education programs. In INBOTS, educational robotics is considered as a learning tool that can bring robotics into school classrooms and benefit all children regardless of their future educational or professional orientation. Aiming to make robotics education inclusive, INBOTS has introduced a paradigm shift inspired by sound pedagogies (Papert's constructionism) and emerging educational trends (the maker movement) and focused on creativity and other 21 st-century skills. However, the realisation of this new paradigm requires appropriate curricula and technologies at both hardware and software levels. This paper addresses several questions and dilemmas related to the technologies currently in use in robotics education and the kind of technologies that can best support the proposed paradigm. This discussion results in specific criteria that robotics technologies must fulfil to foster the new paradigm. Based on these criteria, we review some representative technologies in both hardware and software. Then, we identify and discuss some technological solutions that exemplify the kind of technologies that can best support inclusive robotics education and make the proposed paradigm feasible. Finally, we show how some of these technologies can be combined to design a creative and inclusive project consistent with the criteria set in this paper.

Capacity building for quality care and education for children with severe to profound intellectual disabilities in South Africa.

In the South African context, children with severe to profound intellectual disabilities are not accommodated in the compulsory education system, although steps are being taken in this direction in acknowledgement of their right to education. Critical to this development is the training of educators and caregivers. There is a paucity of studies from South Africa addressing the training of educators and caregivers. The Teacher Empowerment for Disability Inclusion (TEDI) project developed a course on the education and care of children with severe to profound intellectual disabilities to facilitate and empower teachers to provide quality education for these learners. This paper explores, through a qualitative analysis, the ways in which 30 participants attending this course developed professionally and personally. The findings show that there was personal as well as professional learning in the areas of disability approaches, collaboration, advocacy, self-care, and confidence. These findings are discussed and future implications are addressed.

Financial untouchability: a polysemic narrative of digital financial inclusion in Modi’s India

ABSTRACT India’s post-GFC digital financial inclusion project has been conveyed by an officially constructed polysemic narrative that connotes three distinctive semantic fields: (a) post-colonial Indian developmental policies; (b) post-GFC financialising neoliberal financial inclusion programmes; and (c) traditional Hindu religious values of money and wealth. By assembling a semiological conceptual toolbox from the works of Barthes, Eco, and Ricouer we analyse this specific phenomenon of polysemy in India’s financial inclusion narrative. Based on our findings we develop an argument for a connotative approach to economic discourses as a possible alternative to metonymic understanding of the relationship between language and things in studying markets, economy, and neoliberal policies.

Representing What? Gender, Race, Class, and the Struggle for the Identity and the Legitimacy of Courts

Abstract In 1935, when the U.S. Supreme Court’s new building opened and displayed the phrase “Equal Justice Under Law,” racial segregation was commonplace, as were barriers limiting opportunities for men and women of all colors to participate in economic and political life. The justices on the Court and the lawyers appearing before them reflected those facts; almost all were white men. Today, the Supreme Court’s inscription has become its motto, read as if it always referenced an understanding of equality that has become central to the identity and the legitimacy of courts. The judiciary “looks” somewhat different than it did and, in a sense, has become more “representative” of the range of people appearing in courts. Given the role that courts had played in sustaining discrimination, the impression that courts ought to welcome everyone is a major achievement. Yet, to assess the impact of new judicial demographics requires analysis of other major alterations in U.S. courts—the influx of diverse litigants newly entitled to pursue legal claims; the economic barriers facing many claimants; the emergence of judiciaries as agency-like promoters of agendas; and the displacement of public adjudication through the privatization of dispute resolution. Studies of women as judges focus mostly on their rulings, but probing the “difference that difference makes” requires looking beyond judicial opinions. Courts in the United States have developed structural capacities to propose rules and legislation, create education programs, commission research and task forces, and lobby for resources. When women of all colors and men of color became lawyers and judges, they created affinity organizations and pressed courts to research court-based bias and to revise rules of ethics, doctrine, and practice. Those changes are part of the impact of diversification within the legal profession, as is the backlash against affirmative efforts to reform practices. Another difference of the last decades is that new rights have brought into court many claimants with limited means. Participatory participation (“equal justice under law”) remains elusive, while the “justice gap” (shorthand for the lack of sufficient governmental help for under-resourced litigants) is pervasive. Worse yet, in some jurisdictions, courts have served as “revenue centers,” using court-imposed assessments as income. Failure to pay “legal financial obligations” can result in suspension of driver’s licenses, the loss of voting rights, and other sanctions levied disproportionately on people who are poor and of color. Instead of being seen as fonts of fairness, courts are coming to be identified as sites of inequality. In addition, many courts have embraced alternative forms of dispute resolution that make both processes and outcomes less visible to the public. Through doctrine and rules, U.S. courts have shifted their own practices as well as enforced mandates imposed on consumers and employers that push them out of court and out of class or joint actions. In sum, the new faces on the bench ought not to obscure that the project of representation, inclusion, and equality is far from complete. The vivid inequalities in courts are problems for courts because such disparities undermine their ability to be places of justice.

Representing What: Gender, Race, Class, and the Struggle for the Identity and Legitimacy of Courts

This symposium addresses the relationship of diversity and pluralism to the judiciary. The phrase “Equal Treatment Under Law” was carved in the stone above the steps of the U.S. Supreme Court building, which opened in 1935. At the time, many schools were segregated by race, dozens of laws barred women from full participation in economic and political life, and discrimination based on gender identity was commonplace. The justices who sat on the Court and almost all the lawyers who argued before them were white. Today, the Supreme Court’s stone inscription has become its motto. That phrase is read as if it always referenced an understanding of equality that has become central to the identity and the legitimacy of courts. Reducing the descriptive discrimination of prior eras, the judiciary now “looks” different than it did, and in that sense has come to be more “representative” by its partial reflection of the range of people appearing in courts. Given judiciaries’ history of supporting legal discrimination, the sense that courts ought to belong to everyone is a major achievement. But to assess the impact of that shift requires analysis of three other major alterations in U.S. courts — the influx of a host of litigants newly entitled to pursue legal claims, the limited resources of many claimants, and the development of judiciaries’ institutional agenda, including supporting shifts away from public adjudication to more private forms of dispute resolution. Research about diversification of judges has yet to look at the interaction among these changes. Much of the research has sought to tease out whether judges’ decisions in cases have changed in the wake of the entry of women judges. However, the “difference that difference makes” needs to be analyzed at institutional levels as well as by aggregating the decision-making of individuals. During the last century, judiciaries developed structural capacities to speak about the “administration of justice.” They gave meaning to this phrase through setting their own priorities, proposing new rules and legislation, developing education programs, and commissioning research and task forces on specific topics. Moreover, judiciaries honed their skills at lobbying for resources. As I detail, the entry of women and men of color into the legal profession affected these agendas. The affinity organizations they founded pressed courts to inquire into their own history and practices of bias and to respond through revising rules of ethics, doctrine, and practice. Furthermore, a focus on a newly and partially diversified judiciary needs to be coupled with attending to other participants — disputants, lawyers, and the processes that courts use. That fuller picture makes plain that because so many people in courts have limited means, the aspiration that disputants have participatory participation remains illusive. The “justice gap” has become a shorthand for the point that courts and the social order in which they sit have yet to take steps sufficient to help under-resourced litigants. Worse yet, in some jurisdictions, courts have served as “revenue centers,” using court-imposed fines and fees as sources of income. Failure to pay “legal financial obligations” can result in suspension of driver’s licenses, the loss of voting rights, and other sanctions, levied disproportionately on people who are poor and of color. Instead of being seen as fonts of fairness, courts are coming to be identified as sites of inequality. In addition, many courts have embraced alternative forms of dispute resolution that make both processes and outcomes less visible to the public, which has a place as of right in courts. Through doctrine and rules, U.S. courts have shifted their own practices and mandated enforcement of clauses imposed on consumers and employers that push them out of court and out of class or joint actions. In sum, the new faces on the bench ought not obscure that the project of representation, inclusion, and equality is far from complete. The vivid inequalities in courts are problems for courts because such disparities undermine their ability to be places of justice.