GLOBE Project Research Articles

Organizasyonel Kültür ve Globe Kültür Unsurları Arasındaki Etkileşim

Culture and organizational culture is a complex issue. There are many definitions of culture, too. The most comprehensive research project about culture is GLOBE Project so far. The GLOBE researchers identifies nine “cultural dimensions” by using the similarities and differences among various societal and organizational cultures as independent variables. In this article are researched and studied interaction of GLOBE cultural dimensions through fuzzy DEMATEL methodology. The article, tests a suggested hypothesis by using fuzzy DEMATEL after theory research on culture, organizational culture, measurement of culture and GLOBE Project and explanation of fuzzy DEMATEL methodology and its implementation. According to the results of fuzzy DEMATEL, while Institutional Collectivism, Humanistic Orientation, Performance Orientation, Future Orientation, Gender Equality are determined as the influencing cultural factors, respectively, Performance Orientation and Avoiding Uncertainty, Intra-Group Collectivism, Self-Confidence / Entrepreneurship and Power Distance were determined as the affected cultural elements.

How do cultural values influence entrepreneurial behavior of nations? A behavioral reasoning approach

Despite an abundance of research, still there is a gap in understanding the underlying cultural mechanisms behind entrepreneurial behavior of nations in the literature. This study contributes to the debate through a new perspective of analysis based on behavioral reasoning theory (BRT). Specifically, this research analyses the role cultural values play in formation of the reasoning behind entrepreneurial behavior. The data and variables are taken from the GLOBE project and the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) for a multiple regression analysis spanning from 2007 to 2017 for 50 countries. The results show that, with the exception of Institutional Collectivism, all of GLOBE’s cultural dimensions affect the reasoning justifications behind entrepreneurial intentions in various countries. Thus, the novel contribution of the present research is the application of BRT in explaining entrepreneurial intentions. This contribution is substantial to the international entrepreneurship field through clarification of the role of cultural values in the reasoning processes behind entrepreneurial activities of nations. Some findings are surprising with regard to the conventional understandings. These findings are fully discussed in the concluding sections.

Growing up Healthy in Families Across the Globe: Cross-Cultural Harmonisation of Childhood Risk-Factors Using Longitudinal Studies from Ireland, Scotland and New Zealand

The Growing Up Healthy in Families Across the Globe project is an international collaboration examining the potential for harmonised analysis using five longitudinal studies (from New Zealand, Ireland and Scotland). All five studies follow the lives of children, are interested in the dynamics of family change and work to inform policy to potentially improve population well-being across the life-course. Comparative analysis from harmonised longitudinal studies, where change over time is emphasised, provides a unique view to determine how and why environments change, which environments are supportive and which are not. This paper discusses the challenges and tasks involved when preparing and conducting harmonised analysis, and initial findings from the Growing Up Healthy project are discussed. The studies were, from New Zealand, Te Hoe Nuku Roa, the Pacific Island Families Study and Growing Up in New Zealand, and from Scotland and Ireland Growing Up in Scotland and Growing Up in Ireland. Post hoc data harmonisation of measures resulted in the identification of several closely aligned variables. The harmonised descriptive variables from the five studies highlight many similarities across the studies. A risk factor model to predict child development outcomes (using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) was developed and resulted in very similar patterns of risk in New Zealand, Ireland and Scotland. Risks included: maternal relationship status, maternal education, smoking in pregnancy, maternal self-reported health and maternal long-standing illness. The insights will be of interest to all those concerned with child development in contemporary New Zealand, Ireland, Scotland and other similar countries.

"Word of mouth" na internetu - analiza kroskulturnih razlika

Development of the Internet and the technology of user generated content, allowed informal online communication between consumers (word of mouth). As the intensity of word of mouth on the Internet is growing, in terms of customers' comments, reviews on the products and services, and its potential influence on customer behaviour, this has become a contemporary topic in the literature. The topic of this paper is cross-cultural differences in generating word of mouth on the Internet. This paper aims to reveal main national cultural dimensions, in regard to Hofstede's and Globe project's methodology, that influence generating electronic word of mouth, on the sample of 15 European countries. The Western Balkans' and the East Europe's countries are included in the research, which was hard to find in different cross-cultural studies. The results show that members of individualistic cultures, where there is high uncertainty avoidance, as well as the members of cultures with high institutional collectivism, more often generate eWOM, in comparison to the members of collectivistic cultures, especially those with high in-group collectivism.

The Cultural Practices that Influence on the Entrepreneurial Activity: An Empirical Study from the Globe Project Cultural Dimensions

There are few empirical studies focused on the culture, as one of the informal factors that influences business development in a region. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the perception of a society about its cultural practices based on cultural dimensions that are related to entrepreneurial activity. Through literature review, five cultural dimensions that would be closely related to entrepreneurship were identified, which has been corroborated in previous empirical studies. For this research, the city of Medellin (located in Colombia, developing country), which has been characterized by its high rate of business activity at the national level, is taken as context for the fieldwork. The findings show that the society under study perceives that its regional culture is characterized by a high level of assertiveness, hence its competitive nature and propensity to take risks, to boost the entrepreneurial activity.

GLOBE Phase 4: Improving Culture Dimension Measures and Measuring Trust Across Cultures

The GLOBE project (Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness) is a continuing multi-phase, multi-method, and multi-country research program examining interrelationships between so...

Augmented Reality in Education, AR Globe Project Assessment in Actual Teaching-Learning Environment

Over the years, technology has revolutionized our world and the utilization of advanced technologies in any industry has recorded better results. The usability of cutting-edge technologies in the teaching-learning process is redefining the role of educators and reshaping learning experiences. Augmented Reality (AR), a technology that augments the real world with realistic virtual information, in various form of multimedia content, provides new possibilities for the educational domain. The information delivery with Augmented Reality (AR) engages most of the sensory channels that intensifies the effectiveness of teaching-learning process and creates a more appealing learning environment. This paper, with the discussion of the AR Globe project, aims to provide an introduction to the Augmented Reality (AR) technology’s implementation into real-life environment, to assess the potential of the technology in educational settings by outlining the attitude of learners towards the use of immersive multimedia content in their learning mediums. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.18.3.1

Impact of National Culture on Pupils Pisa Results: The Case of European Countries

This paper aims at finding out whether the national cultural dimensions affect the quality of European education systems. The research question therefore focuses on whether and how large is the impact of national cultural dimensions on pupils' results measured by PISA results. Methodology: We used data on the national cultural dimensions from the GLOBE project and we used the PISA results for pupils' results. We did Structural Equation Model (SEM) for our empirical analysis. This model was preferred because it helped to establish the causal relationship between the cultural dimensions and pupil’s performance. Results: Our results have demonstrated that: pupils' performance are influenced by some national cultural dimensions. PISA results correlate negatively with the cultural dimension values of Uncertainty Avoidance and Future Orientation, on the other hand PISA results positively correlate with performance Orientation values and Assertiveness values. Implication: This research presents and elucidates significant cultural factors that affect pupils' results. It gives an impulse to understanding the cultural formulas that apply in the learning process.This knowledge allows for the appropriate and timely implementation of effective learning methods that have a positive impact on pupils' results.

Internationalization and clusters of cultures

The cluster term is a cluster analysis tool that develops from the mid-twentieth century and was used in areas where there was an enormous mass of primary data and this concept had no economic content. Cluster Analysis is a mathematical procedure based on a number of characteristics of the set of objects, which allow them to classify as classes (clusters) so that objects entered in one class are more homogeneous and similar to those in other classes. The distance between them is calculated on the basis of numerically expressed parameters. The method first appeared in 1939 in R. Trion used and called this method cluster analysis. Cluster is a complex concept that involves "industrial, geographically close, intercontinental companies and other organizations that act in a certain area and characterized by unity and / or mutual filling". In some works clusters are called "industrial" or "industrial areas". According to the Porter, the cluster is a group of geographically close interdependent companies and related organizations operating in a certain area and characterized by unity, and complemented by each other. In this definition, the main focus is on the three main features of enterprise clusters: geographical localization, interconnection between enterprises and technological interaction of sectors.
 The Eastern European cluster in which Georgia enters, is characterized by a high level of power distance and collectivism. Members of this community maintain close family connections and are characterized by low orientation of orientation and final outcome. Also, the distinctive features of this cluster are the charismatic and team-oriented style of leadership. Such dimensions and leadership styles, such as personality orientation, institutional collectivity and gender equity, occupy the middle position among the clusters. According to the GLOBE project, members of the Eastern European Clusters do not expect that power will be distributed between the citizens, focusing on the group and family, paying attention to the power and status of the person. Compared to other clusters, they are confused and aggressive during interpersonal relationships. Despite the fact that the personality orientation of the leadership and the participatory styles are positively perceived in the clusters for clusters, the charismatic and group-oriented style of leadership gains more importance.

Competition and culture: the macroeconomic realities of critical thinking competencies for Thailand 4.0 and the ASEAN Economic Community

There is an international consensus that the global economy demands workers who possess creativity with excellent critical thinking and problem solving skills (NEA, 2018). Thailand's present educational system does not produce graduates adequately equipped for the knowledge economy. This paper will explore how competition from the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) could potentially motivate a uniquely Thai cultural reformation of the Kingdom's ossified educational system. Theoretical framework analysis and textual analysis of the findings of Hofstede (2011) and the Globe Project (n.d.) on national culture and Roger's (2003) work on adoption of innovation contrasted with Nguyen-Phuong-Mai's (2017) holistic and dynamic neuroscience-based model of cultural adaptation will be utilised to understand how change transpires in a Thai cultural context. A major finding of this study is that Thai cultural response to major crises is rooted in practicality. The implications of this research will give educational policy makers within the Kingdom an outside perspective on the various resources within their own culture for reform.

Cultural dimension issues in Indonesia human resource management practices: a structured literature review

Indonesia has a complex culture that is distinct from other Asian countries. Indonesian is an emerging market and managing Indonesian people is not easy. This is because of the complexity of culture, ethnic, religion, geographic, historic, economic and politic system. Cultural issues is a vital aspect in collectivist country like Indonesia before decided HRM policy. This paper has aim to determine cultural dimension issues based on Hofstede national culture and GLOBE project (Global Leadership and Organisational Behaviour Effectiveness) on Indonesia human resource management practices using SLR (Structured Literature Review) approach. This paper provides insights related to the Indonesia human resources management practice (recruitment and selection, training development and rewards, compensation, performance appraisal and industrial relation).

Conflicts and regional culture: The general features and cultural background of illegitimate housing demolition in China

Conflicts caused by housing demolition and relocation have been a major threat to social stability in China. However, our knowledge of what characterizes these conflicts and how they emerge remains inadequate. This article aims to address these two questions. In a general sense, this paper is also an attempt to promote a better understanding of the relationship between conflicts and regional culture. Based on an analysis of 575 cases of illegitimate demolition collected from news websites, we find that most illegitimate demolition cases occur against the background of the public sector's expropriation in urbanization projects. Moreover, a spatial agglomeration of illegitimate demolition cases is found north of the Yangtze River. A count data regression model is developed to assess whether regional culture is relevant. The results confirm that regional cultural features, which are quantified using 7 cultural dimensions of the GLOBE project, influence the probability of illegitimate demolition. Specifically, residents of a region with higher uncertainty avoidance, humane orientation and in-group collectivism are more likely to experience illegitimate demolition. In contrast, a region characterized by high performance orientation, assertiveness, institutional collectivism and power distance has a relatively low probability of experiencing illegitimate demolition.

Pesquisa comparativa internacional em jornalismo: desafios teórico-metodológicos

O artigo discute dificuldades teórico-metodológicas relacionadas à intenção de comparar as percepções sobre o papel do jornalismo nas práticas profissionais (role performance) em países com culturas jornalísticas distintas. O estudo se baseia no exame dos instrumentos de investigação do projeto Journalistic role performance around the globe, cujo objetivo é aferir a distância entre as representações sobre o papel da profissão e as práticas cotidianas dos jornalistas em 23 países de todos os continentes. O artigo apresenta a fundamentação conceitual da pesquisa e analisa criticamente os limites dos dois instrumentos de investigação nela adotados – a análise de conteúdo de itens noticiosos e um survey para os jornalistas autores das notícias avaliadas. Observa-se um delicado trade-off entre as variações nas culturas jornalísticas e as categorias adotadas nos instrumentos de pesquisa (com suas variáveis respectivas) e que reconhecê-lo é essencial para circunscrever e relativizar o alcance dos resultados de investigações como essa.

A comparative analysis of Serbian national culture and national cultures of some European countries by GLOBE project approach

Many scholars have been interested in grouping countries into similar clusters based on different criteria including geographic proximity, mass migrations, and ethnic social capital and religious and linguistic commonality. Clustering of societies is beneficial for many reasons and the GLOBE project method of clustering is of special importance from the intercultural management point of view. The results of the GLOBE project were based on the data collected from samples which consisted of middle managers. In this paper, we used the GLOBE project approach to clustering process because of its importance from the point of view of international business cooperation. Namely, it is well known that national culture strongly influences organizational culture and that the business performances are much better when national and organizational cultures fit well. Our cluster consists of Serbia and the Eastern European cluster without Georgia, Kazakhstan and Albania, since the rest of the Eastern European cluster has many common historical connections with Serbia including the fact that they belonged to the former Eastern Bloc (the Communist Bloc) or they were under the occupation of the Ottoman Empire during a long period.

Culture’s effects on corporate sustainability practices: A multi-domain and multi-level view

With a triple-bottom-line lens on sustainability, this study examines the effects of culture on companies’ economic, social, and environmental sustainability practices. Drawing on institutional theory and project GLOBE, we delineate cultural practices dimensions that consistently predict sustainability practices related to each of the three domains. Based on a sample of 1924 companies in 36 countries and nine cultural clusters, we find that future orientation, gender egalitarianism, uncertainty avoidance, and power distance practices positively, and performance orientation practices negatively, predict corporate sustainability practices. Further, our findings suggest that these effects might vary according to the country vis-à-vis cluster level of analysis.

A Seven Nations Study of Leadership Attributes

Abstract The overall purpose of this paper was to compare a representative sample of Polish middle managers with a representative sample of chief executive officers (CEOs) from six chosen countries, in regard to selected leadership traits and behaviors. We present a small portion of data collected under the GLOBE project, Phase 3, and longitudinal research findings concerning subordinates′ assessments of Polish middle managers in relation to their attributes from 2008 to 2012. The GLOBE, Phase 3 research is the first study to investigate several thousands of CEOs and senior management teams in 24 countries, to empirically and directly assess the relationship between culture and leadership traits and behaviors. We provide research evidence that the investigated CEOs from the United States, Austria, Germany, China, and Taiwan (with the exception of Russian CEOs and Polish middle managers) were generally positively evaluated by their direct staff in regard to: inspirational, visionary, integrity, and performance-oriented leadership behaviors (constituents of charismatic leadership), team-oriented behavior, and participative leadership style. Empirical findings under the GLOBE project, Phase 3 revealed that the charismatic leadership behavior of CEOs has a huge influence on top management teams′ (TMTs) dedication to organizational goals, and is the most predictive of all leadership behaviors for TMT commitment to organizations. The analyzed research findings indicate that CEOs in Russia and Polish middle managers display strong similarities. They tend to behave in less charismatic, team-oriented, and participative ways than CEOs in the remaining countries.

Aplicação das dimensões culturais do projeto Globe na avaliação da liderança ética: Um estudo intercultural em Portugal e Guiné-Bissau

In this article we assess how national cultural characteristics influence the perceptions of ethical leadership. Methodologically, we have conducted an empirical study relating the nine cultural dimensions of Project GLOBE – Power distance, Uncertainty avoidance, Gender egalitarianism, In-group collectivism/Institutional collectivism, Performance orientation, Future orientation, Humane orientation and Assertiveness – with ethical leadership. The sample consisted on 216 management students in Portugal (138) and Guinea Bissau (78). The analyses, using a structural model, sought to identify differences between the countries in how each of the nine cultural dimensions relates to the perception of ethical leadership behaviors. In a worldwide context where multiple concerns emerge pertaining to firms’ ethical practices, this study contributes to expand the debate on the ethical practices to the manner in which leadership is exerted. The study contributes to better understand how the cultural characteristics may promote or weaken an ethical leadership in organizations. Moreover, it focuses on two countries that are less often researched and exploring the dimension of ethical leadership that is ill understood but that may bear a substantial impact on how multinational firms organize their foreign activities.

Cultural Influence on Educational Leadership in Albania

Leadership theories, the "Great Man” theory, charismatic theory of leadership, contingency theories, the theory of attributes, etc. help us understand and explain the leadership process and the role of leader, but none of them treats the complexity of human interaction in the leadership phenomena. Implicit theory began to draw some conclusions in early 90s, by defining leadership from the perspective of subordinates when leadership attitude is manifested, and more specifically how cultural groups "prepare" and respond to leadership. The main aim of this paper is to describe some aspects of management styles of school organizations in Albanian society, by taking in consideration the cultural influence on management effectiveness. Implicit theory of leadership developed by Lord - Maher, as well as the results of the prestigious GLOBE project, guided the elaboration of this work. Cultural dimensions used by researchers in GLOBE project, are reused in data collection of this study, but in a narrow context: only for educational organizations, in a Region in Albania. Concerning literature, we have tried to explain how school management practices are built upon an epistemological relationship and empirical life experience, which is qualitatively distinct from north to south and from east to west.

Cultural Characteristics and the Entrepreneurial Intentions of University Students

The goals of the paper are to analyse the relationship between the cultural dimensions and to investigate the entrepreneurial intentions and activity of university students in 21 selected OECD countries. The analysis was conducted using the GUESSS database, which also includes three cultural dimensions of the GLOBE project. We found that there is a positive correlation between the entrepreneurial intentions of students and In-Group Collectivism. Uncertainty Avoidance does not have a direct effect on entrepreneurial activity of intentions; however, it correlates positively with perceived behavioural control, which has been proved to have a significant effect on entrepreneurial intentions.

Valores societais em Portugal: replicação do projeto GLOBE 17 anos depois e implicação para a gestão de recursos humanos

This paper aims to describe the societal culture in Portugal in terms of practices and values. We tried to answer the following research questions: How are cultural practices and values characterized in Portugal? What is the evolution of the Portuguese cultural profile since the first application of the GLOBE project (1996) to the present? The results can be useful to investigate the influence of societal culture on organizational culture and human resource management practices in the country. The social practices, norms and values at the macro-level affect the way people behave in social and organizational life, as well as the various organizational processes (Zhao et al., 2011; Zhaidman and Brock, 2009 Zhao et al., 2004) . A number of studies have shown that human resource management practices differ from country to country reflecting the values of the national culture in which they are inserted (eg Alas et al., 2008, Aycan 2005, Stone et al., 2007) . In the collection of data, the societal culture scale developed by GLOBE (House et al., 2004) was used to measure cultural values (how things should be) and cultural practices (how things are). The application was made using a questionnaire to which 353 participants responded. As in the other studies that used the GLOBE model, differences were found between what the participants believe to be the norms that should be applied and those that correspond to the current behaviors present in society. In Portugal, the highest values are assertiveness, gender equality and distance from power, while the lowest are the orientation to human performance and orientation. Practices with the highest levels are human orientation, performance orientation, avoidance of uncertainty, and assertiveness. At lower levels, distance to power and endogrupal collectivism arise. Comparing with the results of GLOBE (1996) it is verified that at the level of the values, all the dimensions present at present lower levels except the distance to the power and the assertiveness. As for practices, there are significant decreases in distance to power and in endogrupal collectivism. Knowledge of cultural values and practices has the potential to contribute to promoting the adequacy of human resources management in order to positively influence the well-being of workers and the effectiveness of organizations.