Progressive Aspect Research Articles

언어유형론적 관점에서 본 중국어 방언의 결과상/진행상 표지의 변이 유형과 발전 기제 : 동사에 후행하는 ‘着’류와 ‘在’류 형식을 중심으로

In this paper, we have investigated the variations of resultative and progressive aspect makers in 153 Chinese dialects corresponding to ‘zhe(着)’ and ‘zai(在)’ following the verbs in Mandarin. This study shows that there are various asymmetrical phenomena of ‘zhe(着)’ and ‘zai(在)’ in terms of their distributions, functions or usage overlapping, and that there are many different types of aspectual systems in different dialects: the same form can function as a resultative aspect or a progressive aspect while several different forms in a dialect can have the same aspectual function.BR In Chinese dialects, ‘zhe(着)’-type markers commonly indicate a state resulting from a preceding action, referred to as ‘resultative aspect’. They are grammaticalized from the verbal complement, and in many Chinese dialects ‘zhe(着)’-type markers are developed to progressive aspect makers through metaphoric semantic expansion. It’s why many dialects including Mandarin have ‘zhe(着)’-type markers indicating stative resultative meaning and active progressive meaning.BR In many Chinese dialects, ‘zai(在)’-type markers following verbs denote the state resulting from action. In some dialects, there may be cases that ‘zai(在)’-type markers are not followed by the locative phrases. It shows that ‘zai(在)’ can be regarded as an resultative aspect maker functionally equivalent to ‘zhe(着)’. In Mandarin, “Zai chifan ne(在吃饭呢)” and “Chi zhe fan ne(吃着饭呢)” have similar aspectual meanings which are layered into the same aspectual category through the grammaticalization process.BR In Chinese dialects, ‘zhe(着)’-type markers which are grammaticalized from the verb with the meaning of ‘attachment’ always follow verbs, whereas ‘zai(在)’-type markers can either precede verbs or follow verbs. It is due to the structural and semantic constraints. Both ‘zhe(着)’ and ‘zai(在)’ preceded by a verb follows the Principle of Temporal Sequence. But ‘zai(在)’ preceding a verb is grammaticalized from the verb that took the whole verb phrase as its object, while ‘zhe(着)’ can not have such a structural origin.BR In this paper, we have classified and analyzed the various aspectual types and systems of ‘zhe(着)’ and ‘zai(在)’ in Chinese dialects. This study on the resultative aspect and progressive aspect with empirical evidence and theoretical explanation shows that the development of the Chinese aspectual system has been following the universal tendency of human language evolution along the path of grammaticalization of aspect markers.

A Comparative Study in Progressive Aspect of Verbal Affixes of Dangha Tharu Dialect with Nepali and English Languages

Dangha is one of the dialects of Tharu language. The alternate names of Dangha language are Dangaura, Dangali, Dangauli, Dangora and Dangura. The population of Dangaura language was 500000 in Nepal in 2003. And the number is increasing. Dangaura language is located in Raptizone-Dang, Bheri-Bardiya, Banke and Surkhet districts, Seti zone- Kailali district, Mahakali zone Kanchanpur district, Lumbini zone- Rupandehi and Kapilvastu districts. The status of the variety isthat it is a recognized indigenous national language in Nepal. That is why it is important to study on the verbal affixes of it. The objective of this study is to find out the similarities and differences of verbal affixes of Dangha with Nepali and English languages. The study has applied qualitative method. Questionnaire and interview were used for primary data collection. The researcher used non random and purposive sampling design to select the samples from the population. He used Eugene A. Nida's six principles for verb analysis. -a, -i and -ti suffixes are used to mark progressive aspect in Dangha dialect. -a and -i suffixes are used to mark point in time whereas -ti suffix is used to mark period of time. In the same way, suffix -ti is used to mark period of time and point in time in future tense. In Nepali language -tai/dai oreko/eki/eka suffixes are used to indicate progressive aspect while English using suffix to show progressive aspect. Tharu and English have separate progressive aspect marker for point in time or period of time but Nepali progressive marker can be used for both times simultaneously.

A Functional Analysis of the Prime Suffixes in Igbo Morpho-Syntax

The Igbo language is one of the languages of the Benue Congo family spoken predominantly in the southeast part of Nigeria. Although, some works have been done on the inflectional and extensional suffixes in the language but no detailed study so far has been done on the prime suffixes in the language. It is on this premise that this paper attempts to examine the functional analysis of the prime suffixes in Igbo morpho-syntax with the aim of identifying primary suffixes that exist in the language, classifying them based on the functions they perform in the verb root where they are attached, explore their morphological structures, syntactic patterns, and semantic behaviours in the constructions. The X-bar theory is the theoretical framework for the study. The data for the study were obtained through the recording of the naturally occurring speeches of the native speakers during discourses, and conversations. The findings reveal that the prime suffixes are overtly morphologically marked on the verbs of the language. They have [V], [CV], [CVCV] or [CVCVCV] syllable structures and can be monosyllabic, disyllabic or trisyllabic in nature. They can perform the following semantic functions on the verbs where they are attached in the syntactic structures respectively: imperative, negative, past tense, progressive aspect, preposition as well as adverbial function. Some vowels of the verb roots do harmonize with the vowels of the prime suffixes while some do not. Again, the tones of these suffixes do change when they are mapped unto the verb roots. We, therefore, recommend that more research works be done in the verbs of the language to enhance its growth and development by applying some of the linguistic theories in order to find out how they operate in the language.

The Segmental and Tonal Structure of Verb Inflection in Babanki

Author(s): Akumbu, Pius W.; Hyman, Larry M.; Kiesling, Roland | Abstract: In this paper we present a phonological and morphological analysis of the inflectional markingn of the verb in Babanki, a Grassfields Bantu language of the Ring subgroup in Cameroon. We shown that both the segmental markers and tonal patterns are sensitive to multiple past and futuren tenses, perfective vs. progressive aspect, indicative vs. subjunctive mood, and negation. Ofn particular interest is the discovery of a conjoint-disjoint (CJ/DJ) contrast better known fromn Eastern and and Southern Bantu languages. After presenting the different tense aspect markers,n we develop rules assigning tone patterns by tense-aspect-mood-negation. Fourteen appendixesn provide full (color-coded) conjugations of eight verbs of different syllable structure and tone.

언어유형론적 관점에서 본 중국어 방언의 진행상 표지의 변이 유형과 발전 기제 : 동사에 선행하는 ‘在’류 형식을 중심으로

In this study, we have surveyed the presence of the progressive aspect markers and their aspectual variants in 153 dialects distributed in China. Furthermore, it was investigated what kind of grammatical process had undergone for the progressive aspect markers. Especially, this study is focused on whether the aspect markers of Chinese dialects whose functions are the same as Mandarin progressive ‘zai(在)’ was grammaticalized from the prepositions followed by its locative objects.BR Based on the linguistic typological perspective and cognitive grammatical theory, we have proved that the grammaticalization of

PROVOCAÇÕES PÓS-HUMANISTAS À TEOLOGIA CRISTÃ

O artigo visa discutir algumas provocações pós-humanistas à Teologia cristã, considerada em sua vertente mais progressista. Nesse sentido, desconsidera as posições fundamentalistas de determinados segmentos do Cristianismo e da Teologia cristã, fortemente marcados pelo dualismo. Parte do pressuposto de que, mesmo considerando suas melhores reflexões antropológicas, a Teologia Cristã ainda assim se sente interpelada e desafiada pelas propostas pós-humanistas. Apresenta o pós-humanismo em suas vertentes crítica e especulativa, destacando seus principais pressupostos e possibilidades. Finalmente, propõe três provocações pós-humanistas à Teologia cristã, quais sejam: a questão da integralidade do ser humano; a questão da promoção da vida e a questão da mudança comportamental.

Silent Free Fall at Disease Onset: A Perspective on Therapeutics for Progressive Multiple Sclerosis.

Central nervous system (CNS) degeneration occurs during multiple sclerosis (MS) following several years of reversible autoimmune demyelination. Progressive CNS degeneration appears later during the course of relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), although it starts insidiously at disease onset. We propose that there is an early subclinical phase also for primary-progressive (PP) MS. Consensus exists that many different cell types are involved during disease onset. Furthermore, the response to the initial damage, which is specific for each individual, would result in distinct pathological pathways that add complexity to the disease and the mechanisms underlying progressive CNS degeneration. Progressive MS is classified as either active or not active, as well as with or without progression. Different forms of progressive MS might reflect distinct or overlapping pathogenetic pathways. Disease mechanisms should be determined for each patient at diagnosis and the time of treatment. Until individualized and time-sensitive treatments that specifically target the molecular mechanisms of the progressive aspect of the disease are identified, combined therapies directed at anti-inflammation, regeneration, and neuroprotection are the most effective for preventing MS progression. This review presents selected therapeutics in support of the overall idea of a multidimensional therapy applied early in the disease. This approach could limit damage and increase CNS repair. By targeting several cellular populations (i.e., microglia, astrocytes, neurons, oligodendrocytes, and lymphocytes) and multiple pathological processes (e.g., inflammation, demyelination, synaptopathy, and excitatory/inhibitory imbalance) progressive MS could be attenuated. Early timing for such multidimensional therapy is proposed as the prerequisite for effectively halting progressive MS.

Fully realizing partial realization

There has been a movement in philosophy, growing over the last twenty years, to treat dispositionality as irreducible and, in turn, offer dispositional accounts of important metaphysical matters such as the laws of nature, free will, causation, and modality. However, unlike the earlier turn towards possible worlds in metaphysics, the turn towards dispositions hasn’t had much impact in semantics. But this is, in my view, largely because semanticists have yet to consider what dispositional analyses of (say) tense, aspect, generics, or modals would look like. My aim in this paper is to push the dispositionality movement forward on the semantics front by considering a dispositional analysis of the progressive aspect.

What the progressive aspect tells us about processes

Numerous authors have attempted to carve an ontological distinction between events and processes on the basis of a widely noted linguistic datum involving count and mass nouns, where events are thought to be analogous to countable objects while processes to non-countable stuff. By assessing the most developed of these proposals—that of Helen Steward’s—this paper locates the motivations behind the project of carving some such distinction between events and processes, and proceeds to offer considerations toward an alternative account of processes—one whose ontology is more akin to that of states than it is to stuff.

Study on Correlation between Heo Gyun and Hong Gildong Based on Myeongli Science

본 논문에서는 먼저 허균의 생애를 살펴보고, 『홍길동전』의 요지를 정리한 다음 허균의 사주명조 분석을 통해 알 수 있는 허균의 선천적인 성향이 그의 자전적 소설인 『홍길동전』에 나타난 가상의 주인공 홍길동의 성향과 어떻게 연관되고 있는지를 고찰하였다. 허균은 당시 견고한 신분제 계급사회에서 인재는 타고난 신분의 귀천이 아니라 본인의 능력 여하에 따라 등용되어야 한다는 평등의식과 개혁사상을 자신의 자전적 인물인 홍길동을 통해 피력하였다. 허균의 이러한 진보적 면모는 그의 사주명조에서도 잘 드러난다. 허균의 사주처럼 임수(壬水) 일간(日干)이 겁재(劫財)&#8228;양인(陽刃)이 장생(長生)과 격국(格局)을 이루고, 편재(偏財) 병화(丙火)가 통근(通根)하여 그 뿌리가 튼튼하며, 상관(傷官)까지 작용하는 경우에는 진보적인 성향을 갖는다. 허균은 사주명리학에 대한 경험과 지식으로 직접 자신의 사주를 풀이하였던 <해명문(解命文)>에서 자신의 인생역정이 자신의 사주대로 이루어졌다고 고백하였다. 허균은 자신의 희망이 현실 정치에서는 결코 실현될 수 없음을 알고 차라리 통쾌하게 활약하는 홍길동을 통해 자신의 저항사상과 진보적 이념을 피력했는데, 『홍길동전』은 바로 허균 생애의 연장선상에 있는 작품으로서 허균의 자전적 소설이며 가상의 주인공 홍길동은 허균의 사상과 이념을 잘 대변하고 있다.This research investigated Heo Gyun’s life and arranged the major points of 『The Story of Hong Gildong』, and considered the correlation between Heo Gyun’s inborn tendency, which appeared through the analysis of Heo Gyun’s Sajumyungjo, and the imaginary character Hong Gildong’s tendency, which appeared in his autobiographical novel, 『The Story of Hong Gildong』. Heo Gyun expressed his equality awareness and reformation ideology that talented people should be appointed according to their ability, instead of high and low of status in the class society during that period through the autobiographical character, Hong Gildong. His progressive aspect, this way, also well appeared in his Sajumyungjo. According to Heo Gyun’s Saju, Imsu(壬水) and Ilgan(日干) formed Geobjae(劫財)&#8228;Yang-in(陽刃) and Jangsaeng(長生) formed Gyeokguk(格局), also, Pyeonjae (偏財) Byeonghwa(丙火) created Tonggeun(通根), establishing a firm root, operating Sanggwan(傷官), such person has a progressive tendency. Heo Gyun confessed, in <Hae-myeong-mun>, which explained his own Saju based on the experience and knowledge of Sajumyungrihak, that his life was made based on his own Saju. Heo Gyun realized that his wish could not be realized in the actual political world, instead, expressed his spirit of resistance and progressive ideology through Hong Gildong, who incisively and actively performed in his novel, accordingly, 『The Story of Hong Gildong』 was his autobiographical novel, which was an extension of his life, and the imaginary character, Hong Gildong, well represented his thought and ideology.

상황유형에 따른 영어 진행상의 한국어 번역양상

상황유형에 따른 영어 진행상의 한국어 번역양상

Development Sequence of Person Markers in Pre-school Children

This study investigates the development sequence of person markers in pre-school children. It observed participants’ accurate use of person markers through a picturesupported elicitation task. Ten children with normal language development, aged between 2.5 and 4 years, participated in the task. Eight different verbs with three person markers for progressive aspect in present tense were elicited from participants. The mean score and standard deviation for each person marker used indicated that participants faced difficulty in producing accurate second person marker. Each participant showed highest accuracy in producing third person marker for each verb form. An implication of the study can be to determine the accuracy order of verbal inflection based on person markers in the process of Bengali language acquisition in children. It can also be helpful in cross-linguistic studies on morphological development of young children.

Revisiting Will be V-ing: Insights from English for Tourism Textbooks

This current study is intended to set forth a characterisation of will be V-ing with the general aim to investigate whether its meanings and functions can be reduced to aspectual and temporal values and to shed light on the implicit meanings with respect to the context. The results of the qualitative and quantitative analysis carried out on the corpus comprising text samples of spoken interactions in tourism industry confirmed the frequent use of will be V-ing without any reference to progressivity. Hence, the satisfactory characterisation encapsulates several semantic notions: volition-neutrality, already-decided future and matter-of-courseness . These features coupled with the progressive aspect as a pragmatic modifier account for the distinctive uses of will be V-ing . As efficient usage of this construction is a matter of both grammatical and pragmatic competence, the approach to will be V-ing in teaching English for Tourism purposes is worth revising.

Patterns and Causes of Deviations in English Verbal Inflectional Suffixes among Thai ELF Learners

This study investigates the use of three verbal inflectional suffixes, i.e., the present tense -s, the past tense -ed, and the progressive -ing, among Thai ELF learners. It examines how they deviate from ENL norms and the causes of deviations are analysed. Data were taken from the academic writing of 116 English-major students at a university in Bangkok. The results showed that Thai ELF learners who have advanced and upper-intermediate level English knowledge and skills have acquired the ability to use these three suffixes, but they sometimes deviate from ENL norms. They tend to omit the -s ending when there is a long distance between the main subject and main verb, when there is a heavy subject containing a head and pre-/post-modifiers, and when the subject appears as a structurally complex category. They often omit the -ed ending when there are several past tense verbs in a sentence. They extend the use of the progressive aspect to talk about a general truth or habit which is typically expressed by the present simple tense in ENL. Results suggest that linguistic and functional causes are responsible for these deviations. Thai ELF learners use the zero forms of present and past tense verbs as a result of both syntactic complexity and the pragmatic motives of the efficiency of communication as well as the exploitation of redundancy. They use progressive verbs with general truths or habits due to the attractive form and meaning of this aspect and also the pragmatic motive of added prominence. Keywords: Thai ELF learners; deviations; the present tense -s; the past tense -ed; the progressive -ing

The Expression Of Progressive Aspect In Grico: Mapping Morphosyntactic Isoglosses In An Endangered Italo‐Greek Variety

AbstractThis article investigates the expression of progressive aspect by means of verbal periphrases in the Italo‐Greek variety known as Grico, spoken in Salento (southern Italy). Building on the extremely valuable, yet out‐dated, description of Rohlfs (), we first present an overview of the array of different patterns brought to light by our recent fieldwork and through a survey of a selection of both early and contemporary sources which include combinations of (non‐)inflected STAND with (non‐)finite forms of a lexical verb, optionally linked by functional elements. After describing the empirical picture, we assess the degree of grammaticalization of the patterns which are still productive today, reconstructing their evolution from earlier periphrases and paying particular attention to the grammaticalization of the ambiguous element pu ‘where; from; that’. Finally, we analyse a hybrid structure currently consistently produced by semi‐speakers from different villages, which seems to instantiate a new ‘third’ option within the local repertoire. The article concludes with of a number of observations about the role of this case study for our knowledge of diatopic morphosyntactic microvariation in Grico and for the nature of language contact and language change.

Discourse functions of always progressives: Beyond complaining

AbstractIt is widely assumed that the frequency adverbalwayscombined with the progressive aspect is typically used in negative evaluations expressing irritation, i.e., complaints. Adopting a cognitive-functional approach, I test this claim across six genres of Present Day English.Alwaysprogressives were coded according to their functions: Describe (neutral), Complain (negative), Lament (negative), or Praise (positive). Neutral, rather than negative, functions predominated in all genres, although negative functions outnumbered positive functions. I relate the former finding to the propensity ofalwaysprogressives to act similarly to the simple aspect and the latter to a cognitive phenomenon called the negativity bias.

The epistemic import of aspectual constructions: the case of performatives

abstractIn this study we chart the aspectual characteristics of performative utterances in a cross-linguistic sample of sixteen languages on the basis of native-speaker elicitations. We conclude that there is not one single aspectual type (e.g., perfectives) that is systematically reserved for performative contexts. Instead, the aspectual form of performative utterances in a given language is epistemically motivated, in the sense that the language will turn to that aspectual construction which it generally selects to refer to situations that are fully and instantly identifiable as an instance of a given situation type at the time of speaking. We use the method of Multidimensional Scaling to demonstrate this: whatever the exact value of a given aspectual marker, if it is used to mark performatives, then it also commonly features in the expression of states and habits, which have the subinterval property (they can be fully verified based on a random segment), demonstrations, and other special contexts featuring more or less predictable and therefore instantly identifiable events. On the other hand, our study shows that performative contexts do not normally feature progressive aspect, which is dedicated to the expression of events that are not fully and instantly identifiable.

‘TAM’ in English constructions vs. Polish renditions – Selected transference pitfalls

This paper argues that a cognitive, constructional, view of the English categories of tense, aspect, and mood (‘TAM’) influences comprehension resulting in a more accurate grammatical performance by Polish users of English. Five English constructions considered to be transference pitfalls for Polish users are highlighted through juxtaposing original examples from The Hobbit by Tolkien (1937/1978) with three Polish renditions. The pitfalls addressed in this paper concern absence of equivalent Polish constructions to English expressions in the perfect aspect, the progressive aspect and to English constructions which ‘lexicalize’, i.e. convey with words, a compilation of the perfect and the progressive aspects. The Polish versions of the examples analysed and discussed in the present paper demonstrate a variety of means in which Polish grammar is used to handle the disparities between the English and Polish versions. The objective of the paper is to apply a cognitive interpretation to the aforementioned English constructions.

Synthetic and Analytic Present and Past Verb Forms in English, German and Czech

The paper compares three languages – English, German, and Czech in terms of the verbal subcategories that denote present and past states and actions. It shows that all three languages use precisely two tenses – present and preterite, and they can be expressed either synthetically (English, German) or analytically (Czech). Furthermore, the paper studies the issue of grammatical aspect, comparing English, which has perfect and progressive aspect, with German, which has perfect aspect, and Czech, which also expresses perfect aspect grammatically – this is frequently labelled as Slavic perfect. This structure in Czech is, however, not regarded as a purely grammaticalized category of aspect by many scholars, such as Karlik and Migdalski (2017).

Introducing the Special Issue: Clausal and Nominal Complements in Monolingual and Bilingual Grammars

To introduce this Special Issue entitled Clausal and Nominal Complements in Monolingual and Bilingual Grammars, we begin by explaining what originally motivated this Special Issue [...]