Rationale & ObjectiveAnkle-brachial index (ABI) is used to screen for vascular complications in the setting of diabetes. This study sought to examine the relationship of longitudinal ABI data and chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and elevated body mass index (BMI). Study DesignA post-hoc analysis of the Look AHEAD trial. Setting & ParticipantsThis study included 3,631 participants in the Look AHEAD trial with a baseline glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) >60 ml/min/1.73 m2. ExposuresAverage ABI and average annual change in ABI were calculated based on annual ABI measurements during the first 4 years of the study. OutcomeCKD progression, defined as kidney failure requiring maintenance dialysis or the occurrence of eGFR<60 ml/min/1.73 m2 with a drop of ≥30% at a follow-up visit relative to the first eGFR measurement. Analytical ApproachRestricted cubic spline and Cox proportional hazards models were fit to estimate associations and to explore non-linearity. ResultsOver a median follow-up of 10.1 years, 1,051 participants developed CKD progression. There was a reversed J-shaped relationship of CKD progression with average ABI (when ABI <1.17: HR (per SD decrement), 1.23; 95%CI, 1.06-1.42; when ABI ≥ 1.17: HR (per SD increment), 1.10; 95%CI, 1.00-1.22) and average annual change in ABI (when change in ABI <-0.007: HR (per SD decrement), 1.37; 95%CI, 1.12-1.66; when change in ABI ≥-0.007: HR (per SD increment), 1.13; 95%CI, 1.03-1.24). LimitationsObservational study, potential unmeasured confounding. ConclusionsLow and high average ABI, even at clinically normal values, as well as decreasing and increasing average annual ABI, were associated a higher risk of CKD progression in patients with T2D and elevated BMI. Monitoring ABI and its changes over time may facilitate CKD risk stratification in patients with T2D.