Progress In Clinical Application Research Articles

Toward a Reconceptualization of Stem Cells from Cellular Plasticity.

The slow progress in clinical applications of stem cells and the bewildering mechanisms involved have puzzled many researchers. Recently, the increasing evidences have indicated that cells have superior plasticity in vivo or in vitro, spontaneously or under extrinsic specific inducers. The concept of stem cells may be challenged, or even replaced by the concept of cell plasticity when cell reprogramming technology is progressing rapidly. The characteristics of stem cells are manifestations of cellular plasticity. Incorrect understanding of the concept of stem cells hinders the clinical application of so-called stem cells. Understanding cellular plasticity is important for understanding and treating disease. The above issues will be discussed in detail to prove the reconceptualization of stem cells from cellular plasticity.

Clinical application status and progress of parenteral nutrition in preterm infants

With the development of perinatal medicine, the proportion and number of hospitalized preterm infants are increasing year by year.However, preterm infants are often dependent on intravenous nutrition to maintain their growth and development due to their immature digestive function and high nutritional requirements(especially in extremelypremature infants and extremelylow birth weight infants). The application of parenteral nutrition can not only reduce the inhalation pneumonia and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis and other related complications caused by intestinal feeding, but also meet the nutritional needs of preterm infants who cannot tolerate intestinal feeding in a short term, and play an important role in improving the survival rate of preterm infants and improving the prognosis of diseases.The present situation and development of clinical application of intravenous nutrition in preterm infants were reviewed. Key words: Preterm infant; Parenteral nutrition; Clinical application status

Characterization of Plasma-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Isolated by Different Methods: A Comparison Study.

Extracellular vesicles (EV) are small membrane structures released by cells that act as potent mediators of intercellular communication. The study of EV biology is important, not only to strengthen our knowledge of their physiological roles, but also to better understand their involvement in several diseases. In the field of biomedicine they have been studied as a novel source of biomarkers and drug delivery vehicles. The most commonly used method for EV enrichment in crude pellet involves serial centrifugation and ultracentrifugation. Recently, different protocols and techniques have been developed to isolate EV that imply less time and greater purification. Here we carry out a comparative analysis of three methods to enrich EV from plasma of healthy controls: ultracentrifugation, ExoQuickTM precipitation solution (System Biosciences), and Total Exosome Isolation kit (Invitrogen). Our results show that commercial precipitation reagents are more efficient and enable higher EV enrichment factors compared with traditional ultracentrifugation, although subsequent imaging analysis is not possible with some of them. We hope that this work will contribute to the current research on isolation techniques to assist the progress of clinical applications with diagnostic or therapeutic objectives.

Bacteriophage therapy for severe infections

The rise of multiple antibiotic resistance in clinically relevant bacteria has created a global crisis with increasing burden on healthcare systems. The need to optimise alternative therapies to antibiotics, particularly in high risk nosocomial settings, is therefore immediate. Bacteriophages are specialised lethal viruses of bacteria, and an underused clinical resource for the treatment of severe infections refractory to antibiotics. Both the gaps in knowledge of bacteriophage biology, particularly the details of host-pathogen dynamic interactions, and legislative hurdles related to the regulation of natural microorganisms for therapy have delayed progress in bacteriophage clinical applications. At the Westmead Institute for Medical Research (WIMR), in collaboration with Westmead Hospital (Western Sydney Local Health District, WSLHD) and the University of Sydney (USyd), we have been investigating rational design protocols for routine bacteriophage application in clinical practice and testing bacteriophage therapeutics on patients suffering from multidrug resistant (MDR) severe infections.

Research progress in pharmacological and clinical application of Jingui Shenqi pill

Research progress in pharmacological and clinical application of Jingui Shenqi pill

Research and Applications Progress of Lenalidomide for Myelofibrosis--Review

Myelofibrosis, a clonal stem-cell disorder which is difficult to cure, The treatment for most of patients is conservative treatment, but the treatment effect is not ideal. Lenalidomide as a novel immunomodulator in the treatment of blood diseases showed good results in recent years, Its studies have shown that lenalidomide in myelofibrosis also showed a certain effect. As companed with single drug lenalidomide, the thalidomide has a higher response rate, clinical symptoms improved significantly. Ruxolitinib, JAK2 inhibitor, combined with lenalidomide not only can improve the quality of life of patients, but also extend the survival of patients. In addition, lenalidomide combined with prednisone for the treatment of bone marrow fibrosis is more effective and more safe, lenalidomide can significantly improve the clinical symptoms of patients, especially anemia, and prednisone can reduce the hematologic toxicity of lenalidomids. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of lenalidomide in the treatment of myelofibrosis, and focuses on the newest clinical research and application progress of lenalidomide for myelofibrosis.

Advances of stem cell transplantation in the treatment of retinal degeneration

Retinal degeneration mainly include age-related macular degeneration, retinitispigmentosa and Stargardt’s disease. Although its expression is slightly different, its pathogenesis is photoreceptor cells and/or retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell damage or degeneration. Because of the 1ack of self-repairing and renewal of retinal photoreceptor cells and RPE cells, cell replacement therapy is one of the most effective methods for treating such diseases.The stem cells currently used for the treatment of retinal degeneration include embryonicstem cells (ESC) and various adult stem cells, such as retinal stem cells (RSC), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Understanding the currentbasic and clinical application progress of ESC, iPSC, RSC, MSC can provide a new idea for the treatment of retinal degeneration. Key words: Retinal diseases/therapy; Embryonic stem cells; Adult stem cells; Review

Progress of the laryngeal framework surgery

Isshiki systematically developed thyroplasty in the 1970 s. Based on Isshiki's classification of thyroplasty, laryngeal framework surgery was classified by the Phonosurgery Committee of the European Laryngological Society in 2001. Then laryngeal framework surgery became more systematic and standardized, and made new progress in clinical applications and basic theoretical research. This article mainly expounds new progress in laryngeal framework surgery over the last five years.

Technological advances and clinical application progress of the dedicated cardiac cadmium-zinc-telluride SPECT

The dedicated cardiac cadmium-zinc-telluride (CZT) SPECT device has been commercially applied to the clinics in recent years. Compared to the traditional SPECT, cardiac CZT SPECT has better image quality, higher spatial and energy resolution with shorter acquisition duration and lower radiation exposure. With these advantages, the clinical application of cardiac CZT SPECT is of great potential. This review summarizes the technological advances, clinical progress and current shortages of cardiac CZT SPECT. Key words: Tomography, emission-computed, single-photon; Heart; Tellurium; Zinc; Cadmium; Trends

Metabolic and Molecular Imaging with Hyperpolarised Tracers.

Since reaching the clinic, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an irreplaceable radiological tool because of the macroscopic information it provides across almost all organs and soft tissues within the human body, all without the need for ionising radiation. The sensitivity of MR, however, is too low to take full advantage of the rich chemical information contained in the MR signal. Hyperpolarisation techniques have recently emerged as methods to overcome the sensitivity limitations by enhancing the MR signal by many orders of magnitude compared to the thermal equilibrium, enabling a new class of metabolic and molecular X-nuclei based MR tracers capable of reporting on metabolic processes at the cellular level. These hyperpolarised (HP) tracers have the potential to elucidate the complex metabolic processes of many organs and pathologies, with studies so far focusing on the fields of oncology and cardiology. This review presents an overview of hyperpolarisation techniques that appear most promising for clinical use today, such as dissolution dynamic nuclear polarisation (d-DNP), parahydrogen-induced hyperpolarisation (PHIP), Brute force hyperpolarisation and spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP), before discussing methods for tracer detection, emerging metabolic tracers and applications and progress in preclinical and clinical application.

Progress of bispectral index monitoring the depth of sedation in children

Background As a new clinical technique widely used to analysis electroencephalogram, BIS can monitor the functional state and changes of the cerebral cortex in a more effective way. BIS illustrates the varying states of consciousness during maintenance of anesthesia by using numeric values ranging from 0 to 100, and has been confirmed effective in adult patients clinically. However, further studies needed to verify if BIS is applicable to monitor the depth of anesthesia in children, and the deficiency of BIS remains unclear. Objective To review recent progress in clinical application of BIS monitoring on children. Content This article mainly introduced the latest progress of BIS applied to monitor the depth of anesthesia in children, as well as made a systematic review on the possibilities and limitations of the application of BIS in children. It could supply future reference for the development of clinical equipments for monitoring the depth of anesthesia. Trend BIS is instructive to monitor the depth of hypnosis, avoid intraoperative awareness and predict the loss and recovery of consciousness in pediatric patients. But the effectiveness still needs to be confirmed by large-scale clinical trials. Key words: Bispectral index; Anesthesia; Sedation; Pediatric anesthesia

Recent progress of pancreatoduodenectomy: superior mesenteric artery first approach

The incidence of pancreatic cancer showed a clear upward trend in the global range. At present pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is still the only possible cure for pancreatic cancer treatment. In order to complete the lymph node dissection as much as possible, increase R0 resection rate after PD, improve long-term efficacy of pancreatic cancer and reduce recurrence, the domestic and foreign scholars have made a lot of exploration and attempt in the scope of surgical resection, resection methods and surgical approach. The superior mesenteric artery as the approach of the PD surgery in the superior mesenteric artery and abdominal cavity to conduct a comprehensive exploration, a reliable and reliable assessment of local vascular invasion and tumor resectability, improve surgical resection, improve the prognosis. The PD with superior mesenteric artery approach could complete a comprehensive exploration on the mesenteric artery and abdominal cavity in surgery, determine the degree of local vascular invasion and tumor resectability reliably, improve the surgical resection rate and improve the prognosis. There are six main methods of clinical use of the superior mesenteric artery(SMA)approach. The author summarizes the surgical methods, related clinical application and research progress of SMA approach in PD in recent years. Key words: Pancreaticoduodenectomy; Artery first approach; Superior mesenteric artery

Research progress in modern clinical application and mechanism of Guizhi decoction

Guizhi decoction come from Typhoid Theory written by Zhang Zhongjing, a famous physician in the Han dynasty. It is called "the leading group of the group" by later doctors. At present, Guizhi decoction is widely used in treatment of many diseases of internal, external, gynecologic and other diseases. This article discusses the clinical application and mechanism of Guizhi decoction in two aspects. This article expounds that Guizhi decoction is widely used in colds, febrile diseases, various perspiration, digestive system diseases and respiratory diseases, Some diseases, such as ear, nose and throat disease, nervous system disease, cardiac autonomic neuropathy, and bone and joint disease. The mechanism of Guizhi decoction in the treatment of diseases may be related to the mechanism of biaxial regulation of body temperature and gastrointestinal motility, mucosal immune intervention, secretion of sweat glands, inflammation immune function and myocardial protective effect and so on.

Inhibitors of Mutant Isocitrate Dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (mIDH1/2): An Update and Perspective.

Isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) are homodimeric enzymes that catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. However, mutant IDH1/2 (mIDH1/2) reduces α-KG to the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG). High levels of 2-HG competitively inhibit the α-KG-dependent dioxygenases involved in histone and DNA demethylation, thereby impairing normal cellular differentiation and promoting tumor development. Thus, small molecules that inhibit these mutant enzymes may be therapeutically beneficial. Recently, an increasing number of mIDH1/2 inhibitors have been reported. In this review, we summarize the molecular basis of mIDH1/2 and the activity, binding modes, and progress in clinical application of mIDH1/2 inhibitors. We note important future research directions for mIDH1/2 inhibitors and discuss potential therapeutic strategies for the development of mIDH1/2 inhibitors to treat IDH1/2 mutated tumors.

Research advances on clinical applications of cell-free DNA from peripheral blood in liver cancer

Liver cancer is a malignant tumor with the characteristics of high morbidity and mortality. However, the routine detection methods for the liver cancer such as imaging tests and pathological detection are with low specificity and sensitivity. And it's also hard to detect the condition of patients dynamically. Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is the DNA fragment that is away from the extracellular and exists in the blood, which contains genetic information from the organism. The related disease information could be reflected on the cfDNA in patients with liver cancer, indicating that cfDNA has great potential in the screening, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of liver cancer. The clinical applications of cfDNA can make up for the deficiency of existing detection methods and achieve noninvasive and dynamic monitoring of liver cancer. This article will present a review on the progress of clinical applications of cfDNA in liver cancer. Key words: Liver cancer; Cell-free DNA; Screening; Diagnosis

Advances in the research of basic study and clinical application of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Since the discovery of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (ADSC) in more than ten years, a great progress has been made from its basic research to clinical application. Compared with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, ADSC is more abundant in reserve, easier to obtain with fewer injuries and less complications. These cells have multiple differentiation potential and can differentiate into adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteoblasts with the influence of different inducing factors. Early studies of ADSC mainly focused on the ability of multi-directional differentiation, especially on the regeneration of bone defects and cartilage tissue. At present, the researches mainly focus on immunoregulation and paracrine function of ADSC. Although ADSC has made a great progress in clinical application, the cell preparation, use pattern, and mechanisms in clinical treatment are not clear. This paper elaborates on these issues.

ATTRACTIVE APPROACHES in DRUG DELIVERY: BIO-BASED CARRIERS for siRNA TARGETING

Functional characterization of genes can be determined by disruption of gene expression. This provides powerful approach in designing novel treatment strategies. RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural phenomenon that can aid in the study of post-transcriptional regulation of genes. This mechanism can be stimulated via introduction of double stranded RNA (dsRNA) in a cell. Synthetic short/small interfering RNAs (siRNA) can be utilized to trigger down-regulation of desired genes via transfecting into mammalian cells. Recently, utilization of bio-based polymers has been an attractive approach in drug delivery for medical applications. This review article describes the advantages of exploiting bio-based polymeric carriers for siRNA targeting, as bio-therapeutics. Here, we report the current developments, safety and delivery of bio-based siRNAs via polymeric carriers. Additionally, cancer genetics and metabolic disorders including obesity and diabetes pertaining to the progress in clinical applications have been highlighted.

Research Progress of CircRNA and Its Application Prospect in Forensic Medicine

Circular RNA （circRNA） is a type of noncoding RNA with tissue specificity and high stability, which forms a closed continuous loop and is abundantly expressed in tissue cells. According to recent research, the regulatory function of circRNA elucidating in the occurrence and development of disease shows a potential for diagnosing clinical disease and revealing disease mechanism. This paper reviews the biological characteristics, analysis methods of circRNA and its research progress in clinical application as biomarker, and outlooks its application in the field of forensic medicine.

Current clinical application progress in angiogenesis inhibitors

Current clinical application progress in angiogenesis inhibitors

Efficient scalable production of therapeutic microvesicles derived from human mesenchymal stem cells

Microvesicles (MVs) released by cells are involved in a multitude of physiological events as important mediators of intercellular communication. MVs derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) contain various paracrine factors from the cells that primarily contribute to their therapeutic efficacy observed in numerous clinical trials. As nano-sized and bi-lipid layered vesicles retaining therapeutic potency equivalent to that of MSCs, MSC-derived MVs have been in focus as ideal medicinal candidates for regenerative medicine, and are preferred over MSC infusion therapy with their improved safety profiles. However, technical challenges in obtaining sufficient amounts of MVs have limited further progress in studies and clinical application. Of the multiple efforts to reinforce the therapeutic capacity of MSCs, few studies have reportedly examined the scale-up of MSC-derived MV production. In this study, we successfully amplified MV secretion from MSCs compared to the conventional culture method using a simple and efficient 3D-bioprocessing method. The MSC-derived MVs produced in our dynamic 3D-culture contained numerous therapeutic factors such as cytokines and micro-RNAs, and showed their therapeutic potency in in vitro efficacy evaluation. Our results may facilitate diverse applications of MSC-derived MVs from the bench to the bedside, which requires the large-scale production of MVs.