Systems Development Research Articles

Mathematical optimisation model for searching duplicate string objects in the memory snapshot

The purpose of this paper is to identify the increased memory usage of software appli-cations. The modern software development cycle focuses on functionality and often ignores aspects of optimal resource usage. Limited physical scaling sets an upper limit on the system's capacity to process requests. The presence of unchanged objects with the same information is a sign of increased memory consumption. Avoiding duplicate objects in memory allows for a more rational use of the existing resource and an increase in the amount of information proc-essed. Existing scientific publications focus on the study of memory leakage problems, and limit their attention to excessive memory usage due to the lack of a unified model for finding excessive memory usage. It is worth noting that existing programming templates contain the ‘object pool’ template, but leave the conclusion about the feasibility of its implementation to engineers without providing a mathematical basis. The paper presents the development of a mathematical model for the process of detecting duplicate objects with the immutability prop-erty of the String type in a memory snapshot. Industrial systems that require hundreds of GB of RAM to operate and contain millions of objects in RAM are analysed. Given this scale of data, there is a need to optimise the duplicate detection process. The research method is to analyse memory snapshots of highly loaded systems using the software code developed on .NET technology and the ClrMD library. The memory snapshot reflects the state of the proc-ess under study at a given time, contains all objects, threads and operations performed. The ClrMD library allows you to programmatically examine objects, their types, get field values, and build graphs of relationships between objects. Based on the results of the study, an opti-misation was proposed that allows to speed up the process of finding duplicates several times. The scientific contribution of the study is the creation of a mathematically sound approach that significantly reduces the use of memory resources and optimises computing processes. The practical usefulness of the model is confirmed by the optimisation results achieved through the recommendations, reduced hosting costs (which provides greater cost-effectiveness in the deployment and use of software systems in industrial environments), and increased data processing.

Investigating challenges in Agile software development: a cross-country comparative analysis

Agile software development has been a significant methodology in software engineering for over two decades, offering enhanced adaptability to software requirement changes, improved delivery, and better quality. However, prevalent misunderstandings in Agile implementation have limited its benefits. Hence, this study investigates the challenges faced during Agile implementation. Initial analysis was carried out from cases in Indonesia, a leading country in the software industry within the Asia-Pacific region. Using Kitchenham’s systematic literature review (SLR) methodology, fourteen distinct obstacles were identified from a database of research reports on Agile software development in Indonesia. Subsequent interviews with Agile experts in the country were conducted to validate the SLR findings. The results emphasize the critical need for a top-down strategic approach, the active participation of senior management, and the essential roles of competent scrum masters or Agile coaches. A comparative analysis with reports from other developing countries Saudi Arabia, India, Malaysia, Brazil and developed countries the UK, Belgium, Singapore, and the USA reveals common challenges. They highlight the imperative for proactive upper management leadership to steer successful Agile adoptions, particularly in organizations with entrenched top-down practices and complex hierarchical systems.

Identification of Albopleistophora grylli n. gen. n. sp. (Microsporidia) and its impact on crickets (Gryllus spp.) in food-and-feed culture systems

This study provides a comprehensive taxonomic description of a microsporidian parasite infecting crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus and G. assimilis. Our analysis includes gross pathology, histopathology, spore ultrastructure, parasite development cycle, single gene phylogenies, and phylogenomic comparisons. We introduce a new taxon, Albopleistophora grylli n. gen. n. sp., characterised by its unique developmental stages within a sporophorous vesicle, leading to the formation of mature spores measuring 5.7 × 2.8 µm. Although prevalent in commercial cricket cultures, this parasite seemed to have limited effects on cricket survival. Indeed, microsporidia exposure and density assays with the host G. bimaculatus, only revealed density as a significant factor affecting the crickets’ survival. Nevertheless, exposure showed significant effect on the crickets’ emergence time, where exposed crickets emerged as adults earlier than unexposed individuals. Moreover, exposure to the parasite increased the faeces production and weight gain in cricket males. However, neither exposure nor density significantly impacted the females’ fecundity. The absence of spores in non-exposed cricket groups suggested a horizontal transmission, highlighting the importance of controlled rearing practices to eliminate this microsporidium in control groups. The well-known anti-microsporidian drug ‘fumagillin’ was studied with a higher microsporidia dose of exposure to evaluate any improvement in cricket survival, without showing any significant differences between exposed and unexposed groups. Our findings underscore the nuanced dynamics of host-microsporidia interactions and emphasise the need for ecological context in understanding microsporidian impacts. Even if non-dangerous for its host, monitoring of this parasite seems crucial due to its potential zoonotic transmission by its close phylogenomic relation to human-infecting microsporidia species.

Innovative formaldehyde adsorption with optimized deep eutectic solvents: An experiment and multilevel computational chemistry approach.

Formaldehyde, a hazardous gas that is exposed to everyone every day, has been proven to pose an elevated risk of respiratory problems, allergies, and chronic diseases. Adsorption technologies have proven to be a straightforward and labor-saving method to reduce indoor formaldehyde levels. Currently, extensive research has been conducted utilizing Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) as adsorbents for harmful gases, yet the adsorption and conversion mechanisms for formaldehyde remain unclear. In this study, we highlighted the adsorption and transformation mechanisms of formaldehyde with DES employing quantum chemical and molecular dynamics calculations. Initially, thermodynamic software (CosmoTherm) was employed to calculate the logarithmic activity coefficients (LAC) of formaldehyde and determine the solid-liquid equilibrium (SLE) for 416 combinations of DES. On the basis of the eutectic point and LAC of DES, potential formaldehyde adsorbents were screened. In the second step, the DES screened out has a good formaldehyde adsorption capacity through the experiment. Finally, the reactive sites, reaction pathways, van der Waals interactions, and hydrogen bonds of DES of L-cysteine/diethanolamine (CYS-DEA) and formaldehyde were studied through a theoretical approach. This study comprehensively elucidates the screening of formaldehyde adsorbents, experimental adsorption, and adsorption mechanisms. Significantly shortens the development cycle of DES as formaldehyde adsorbents.

The role of meaning and life satisfaction in coping with stress during midlife crisis

Growing older is a definite cycle of growth and development in everyone's life. All kinds of joys and pains can be experienced, as the crisis of middle adulthood is a crossroads between the peak of psychological well-being and the stress of stress. This research aims to determine the influence of purpose and life satisfaction as predictors of coping with stress-inducing crises in middle adulthood. This research used a quantitative design with a sample of 96 middle-aged adults aged 40 and over. The research sample was selected using a convenience sampling method through an online questionnaire with multiple linear regression data analysis methods. The instrument for this research uses a meaning in life Scale prepared by researchers based on Frankl's Theory of the meaning in life, the LSI - A Life Satisfaction Scale, and the Stress Scale from the DASS - 42. The results of the study showed that the meaning in life and life satisfaction influence the crisis period of middle-aged adults in coping with stress. (R = 0.653; R² = 0.426; F = 34.557; p < 0.000) using multiple linear regression tests. The effect of purpose in life is not significant with stress (t = 2.132; p = 0.036), life satisfaction is significantly related to stress (t = 8.187; p < 0.000). Facing and coping with crises in middle adulthood therefore requires taking life satisfaction into account when seeking solutions to the stress they cause.

An In-Depth Approach to Strengthening Security in Open-Access Libraries Utilizing JSON Web Tokens (JWT)

In response to growing security concerns in software development, this study introduces an open-access library designed to enhance authentication systems using JSON Web Tokens (JWT). This research addresses critical challenges in integrating secure authentication mechanisms by developing a new, scalable, user-friendly library focused on security and ease of implementation. The library incorporates JWT rotation, Redis integration, and customizable validation to ensure robust, adaptable security for developers. Utilizing an agile, Extreme Programming (XP) methodology, the library was iteratively tested and optimized based on real-world developer feedback. The result of the new library shows improved usability, flexibility, and token management efficiency, demonstrating the effectiveness in supporting secure authentication practices compared to the state-of-the-art libraries. The new library is offering a practical, open-source solution to strengthen authentication systems in modern web applications, advancing the accessibility of secure, reliable software development tools.

Pendidikan dalam Perspektif Sejarah: Analisis Perkembangan Sistem Pendidikan di Berbagai Peradaban

This article aims to analyze the development of education systems in various civilizations from a historical perspective, focusing on how education developed and was influenced by social, cultural, political, and economic conditions in each period so that policy makers and society in general can design a better future for education. This research uses the historical method with a focus on collecting, analyzing, and interpreting historical sources relevant to the development of education systems in various civilizations. Researchers will explore archives, manuscripts, documents and other historical evidence to trace how education systems developed in the context of a particular time and place. The results show that although there are variations in educational approaches between civilizations, there are similarities in the role of education as a tool to maintain and expand power, as well as to adapt to social and technological change. The education system also reflects the social hierarchy that existed at the time, where access to education was often limited to certain elites or classes. It is hoped that this research will bring an understanding of the history of education essential for developing a more inclusive and adaptive education system in the present, taking into account the historical legacies that shape current educational patterns.

Library Systems Development: Utilization, Usability and Impact for Private Schools in Negros Occidental, Philippines

This study delves into the development, utilization, and evaluation of a Library Management System (LMS) in private schools within Negros Occidental, Philippines. Recognizing the inefficiencies of traditional manual library systems, a web-based LMS was designed and deployed at Colegio de Sta. Ana de Victorias (CSAV). The system was developed to automate library tasks, optimize information retrieval, and improve overall library operation. The research thoroughly assessed the system's usability through users testing and feedback, and evaluated its impact on library operations, users’ satisfaction, and academic performance. By gathering both quantitative and qualitative data, this study provides a clear understanding of the practical application of LMS in a real-world educational setting. Findings indicate that the LMS significantly improved library functions, reduced processing time, and enhanced accuracy. Librarians reported increased efficiency and more time for user interaction. Students and faculty derive benefit from improved access to library resources and instantaneous retrieval of information. Despite this, implementation challenges to a new method such as resistance to change, technical issues, and inadequate training were identified. The study concludes that the development and implementation of the LMS at CSAV demonstrates the potential of library automation to enhance library services in private schools. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on library systems development and provides valuable recommendations for future implementations and improvements.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВЕДЕНИЯ МУХИ ЧЕРНАЯ ЛЬВИНКА ДЛЯ РЕШЕНИЯ ПРОБЛЕМ БЕЛКОВОГО ПИТАНИЯ В ОРГАНИЧЕСКОМ СЕЛЬСКОМ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕ

The objective of the study is to determine the nutritional value of the black soldier fly at all stages of its development cycle, as well as to predict the efficiency of feeding fly processing products to egg-producing quails by calculating rations with the inclusion of the most nutritionally valuable raw materials. Objectives: study of the nutritional value of the experimental material; development of the experiment scheme; calculation of rations according to the experimental scheme using the KormOptima software. The studies were conducted in the scientific laboratory Feed and Metabolism of the Stavropol State Agrarian University. At the first stage, analyzes were carried out to determine the nutritional value of the fly at different stages of its development from larva to dead bodies. Quality indicators were determined in accordance with approved methods. When drawing up the experiment scheme for groups of egg-producing quails, 1 and 5 % of larvae and 1 and 5 % of prepupa were added to the main ration, thereby forming 5 groups of quails, including a control group. The rations of the control and experimental groups of quails aged 55 days were calculated in accordance with the standard of GOST 28460-2014. Egg-producing quails were selected using the method of pairs of analogues with 35 heads per group. The obtained protein product turned out to be highly nutritious: crude protein – 40–45 %, crude fat – up to 42 %, this provides high energy value, which is beneficial for balancing poultry rations. The amino acid composition of the black soldier fly larvae corresponds to the amino acid profile of animal feed, especially in terms of the high content of limiting amino acids. Based on the obtained nutritional value of the experimental samples, rations for egg-producing quails were calculated. When introducing 1 and 5 % of larvae into the diet, the cost decreased by 0.58 and 3.95 %, respectively, compared to the control. When introducing prepupa into the diet at 1 and 5 %, the price decreased by 0.75 and 3.77 %, respectively.

Harnessing Artificial Intelligence in Generic Formulation Development and Life Cycle Management - A Comprehensive Review

Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the pharmaceutical industry by enhancing efficiency, precision, and cost-effectiveness in drug development. This study explores the application of AI in the lifecycle management of generic drugs, focusing on key stages such as active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) synthesis, excipient selection, pre-formulation studies, bioequivalence testing, and regulatory compliance. By leveraging machine learning algorithms, AI facilitates predictive modeling, risk assessment, and optimization of drug formulation processes, reducing time-to-market and improving scalability. Despite significant advancements, challenges such as data quality, algorithm transparency, and infrastructure limitations persist, particularly in resource-constrained settings. This review highlights case studies and emerging technologies that address these challenges, providing actionable insights for pharmaceutical stakeholders. The study also discusses AI's potential to streamline supply chain logistics, enhance accessibility, and ensure regulatory adherence. By integrating AI across all stages of generic drug development, this research underscores its transformative potential in improving drug affordability, accessibility, and patient outcomes globally.

Стійкість мохів із фонових і антропогенно трансформованих територій до водного дефіциту

The tolerance to water deficit protonema of vegetative and generative clones of mosses Bryum argenteum Hedw., Funaria hygrometrica Hedw. and Barbula unguiculata Hedw. from the background (Lviv city “Pohulyanka” forest park) and anthropogenically disturbed areas of the Yaziv sulfur deposit (Lviv region, Yavoriv district) and the waste dump of the Chervonograd mining and industrial district (ChGPK). The laboratory culture was grown on Knopp’s agar medium, creating a water deficit by adding 1–5 % polyethylene glycol (PEG) to the medium. It was established that the vegetative clones of the investigated mosses from different local vegetation in the background and anthropogenically transformed territories are more tolerant to lack of moisture than the generative ones. The most resistant were Bryum argenteum sods from the top of the southern slope of the sulfur mining dump, which on the medium with 2 % polyethylene glycol (PEG) had the largest diameter and the largest number of gametophores per sod compared to the samples from the wetter localities of the northern slope of the dump. Vegetative clones from different local vegetation from background and anthropogenically disturbed areas showed different sensitivity to water deficit. The plants from the dumps were characterized by a higher growth rate of regenerants and formed more gametophores on the medium with PEG than the samples from Lviv. It was established that the tolerance of vegetative and generative clones of mosses B. argenteum, F. hygrometrica and B. unguiculata to moisture deficit depends on the age of the plants, the concentration of PEG and the duration of its action, as well as the life strategy of the species. It is shown that mosses, due to successful vegetative reproduction with a short development cycle, which can partially replace generative reproduction in stressful conditions, in particular lack of moisture, better adapt to conditions of water deficit in post-technological territories of the Yaziv sulfur deposit and rock dump of coal mining of ChHPK.

TAD-SIE: sample size estimation for clinical randomized controlled trials using a Trend-Adaptive Design with a Synthetic-Intervention-Based Estimator

BackgroundPhase-3 clinical trials provide the highest level of evidence on drug safety and effectiveness needed for market approval by implementing large randomized controlled trials (RCTs). However, 30–40% of these trials fail mainly because such studies have inadequate sample sizes, stemming from the inability to obtain accurate initial estimates of average treatment effect parameters.MethodsTo remove this obstacle from the drug development cycle, we present a new algorithm called Trend-Adaptive Design with a Synthetic-Intervention-Based Estimator (TAD-SIE) that powers a parallel-group trial, a standard RCT design, by leveraging a state-of-the-art hypothesis testing strategy and a novel trend-adaptive design (TAD). Specifically, TAD-SIE uses synthetic intervention (SI) to estimate individual treatment effects and thereby simulate a cross-over design, which makes it easier for a trial to reach target power within trial constraints (e.g., sample size limits). To estimate sample sizes, TAD-SIE implements a new TAD tailored to SI given that using it violates assumptions under standard TADs. In addition, our TAD overcomes the ineffectiveness of standard TADs by allowing sample sizes to be increased across iterations without any condition while controlling significance level with futility stopping. Our TAD also introduces a hyperparameter that enables trial designers to trade off between accuracy and efficiency (sample size and number of iterations) of the solution.ResultsOn a real-world Phase-3 clinical RCT (i.e., a two-arm parallel-group superiority trial with an equal number of subjects per arm), TAD-SIE obtains operating points ranging between 63% to 84% power and 3% to 6% significance level in contrast to baseline algorithms that get at best 49% power and 6% significance level.ConclusionTAD-SIE is a superior TAD that can be used to reach typical target operating points but only for trials with rapidly measurable primary outcomes due to its sequential nature. The framework is useful to practitioners interested in leveraging the SI algorithm for their study design.

AI-Driven Innovations in Software Engineering: A Review of Current Practices and Future Directions

The software engineering landscape is undergoing a significant transformation with the advent of artificial intelligence (AI). AI technologies are poised to redefine traditional software development practices, offering innovative solutions to long-standing challenges. This paper explores the integration of AI into software engineering processes, aiming to identify its impacts, benefits, and the challenges that accompany this paradigm shift. A comprehensive analysis of current AI applications in software engineering is conducted, supported by case studies and theoretical models. The study examines various phases of software development to assess where AI contributes most effectively. The integration of AI enhances productivity, improves code quality, and accelerates development cycles. Key areas of impact include automated code generation, intelligent debugging, predictive maintenance, and enhanced decision-making processes. AI is revolutionizing software engineering by introducing automation and intelligence into the development lifecycle. Embracing AI-driven tools and methodologies is essential for staying competitive in the evolving technological landscape.

Achievements and Approaches in the Search for Small-Molecule Dengue NS2B/NS3 Inhibitors.

With the escalation of viral infections in recent decades, including the COVID- 19 pandemic, viral infectious diseases have increasingly become a global concern, attracting significant attention. Among many viral epidemics, the dengue virus, an RNA virus from the Flaviviridae family, has been reported by the WHO as one of the most prevalent mosquito-borne diseases, infecting roughly 400 million people yearly and spreading across all continents worldwide. In the last two decades, researchers from academia and industry have diligently studied many aspects of the virus, including its structure, life cycle, potential therapeutic agents, and vaccines. Dengvaxia® and Qdenga®, approved vaccines for DENV-4, have been a milestone in dengue prevention and treatment. However, these vaccines have some noticeable drawbacks, including Dengvaxia® being a monovalent vaccine against DENV-4 with a risk of severe dengue infection following the first use, Qdenga® being mainly effective for all 4 serotypes only in the cases of previously infected patients while being effective against only DENV-1 and DENV-2 in dengue-naïve patients. Additionally, no drug against dengue has been approved. Thus, numerous screening campaigns have been conducted on both natural and synthesized substances to search for anti-dengue agents, especially those targeting the virus's key protease (NS2B/NS3), to mitigate the dengue fever epidemic. As hit screening is only the first step in the drug discovery and development cycle, subsequent in-depth analyses (using a wide range of approaches from computational simulations to protein-ligand co-crystallization) have been conducted to provide more insights into the characteristics of optimal DENV NS2B/NS3 protease inhibitors. This review discusses recent discoveries in the search for novel inhibitors and highlights the importance of understanding the structural relationship between hits and the NS2B/NS3 protease for effective lead optimization.

ШАЛФЕИ ПРИ ИНТРОДУКЦИИ В СТЕПНОЙ ЗОНЕ ХАКАСИИ

The purpose of research is to establish the development features of introduced sage species and the prospects for their cultivation in the steppe conditions of Khakassia. The object of research is 3 species of the genus Salvia L. – S. pratensis, S. verticillata and S. tesquicola. Phenological observations of plant development were carried out in 2018–2022 according to the methodology adopted in medicinal plant growing. The prospects of species during introduction were determined by five indicators, each of which was assessed on a three-point scale: seed reproduction; natural vegetative propagation under cultural conditions; plant development power; resistance to adverse environmental factors; damage from pests and diseases. The studied sage species go through a full cycle of seasonal development. The spring regrowth and early flowering phase of S. pratensis and regrowth of S. verticillata occur with a moderate degree of variability. The dates of the remaining phases of development of sage species occur with very low and low variation. Air temperature correlates positively with the growth and end of flowering of S. pratensis (r = 0.83 and 0.75) and negatively with the beginning of seed maturation (r = -0.77). In addition, the beginning of the growing season and flowering, as well as the end of the growing season, strongly depend on the amount of precipitation (r = 0.83; 0.80; 0.88). There is a correlation between the strong degree of regrowth, the beginning and end of flowering of S. verticillata with temperature (r = 0.72; 0.77; 0.76) and with the amount of precipitation at the beginning of the growing season (r = 0.91). Precipitation has a strong influence on the onset of flowering of S. tesquicola (r = 0.88). According to the assessment of prospects, S. tesquicola is classified as a very promising species – 13 points, S. pratensis and S. verticillata – as promising (10 and 12 points).

The Smart Stadium Testbed for Sports Analytics Systems Research, Development and Deployment

The Smart Stadium Testbed for Sports Analytics Systems Research, Development and Deployment

Impact of Urban Expansion on School Quality in Compulsory Education: A Spatio-Temporal Study of Dalian, China

With rapid urbanization, improving school quality in compulsory education is critical for optimal educational resource allocation. This study integrates a random forest machine learning model, GIS spatial analysis, and a spatial econometric model to examine the spatiotemporal differentiation of school quality in Dalian, China, in 2016 and 2020, as well as its relationships with the construction land development cycle, population density, and housing prices. The findings reveal a core–periphery structure, with overall school quality on the rise and basic facility configuration exerting a stronger impact than teacher strength. Among internal resources, per capita sports venue area (PCSFA) and per capita teaching equipment value (PCTRE) contribute most significantly to school quality, while high-quality clusters in traditional educational hubs, university-covered areas, and transitional zones spur improvements in surrounding schools. The population density, housing prices, and the construction land development cycle all positively correlate with school quality, highlighting the need for coordinated action among urban planners, education authorities, and housing regulators to ensure that land development, housing affordability, and school facility investments advance equitable access to quality education. These results provide a novel perspective on compulsory education quality assessment and offer a valuable foundation for guiding education policies and urban development strategies.

Methods for determining and preventing cheating in Esports

The article discusses methods for identifying and preventing cheating in Esports. Given that the gaming industry has become an integral part of human culture and entertainment in the digital world, the problem of cheating has also grown with its development. Cheating in Esports is the use of unauthorized software or hardware to gain an advantage over other players or violate the rules of the game. That is why it is necessary to ensure long-term effectiveness in combating cheating in Esports and create conditions for the development of a healthy and competitive environment. In particular, 78,8 % of professional players reported regular encounters with cheating (more than once a week), while this figure was 45,3 % among anti-cheat system developers. Experts noted the highest effectiveness of behavioral pattern analysis methods (4,5 out of 5,0) and automated anti-cheat systems (4,2 out of 5,0) for detecting violations during the game. An analysis of the prevalence of various types of cheating in Esports disciplines revealed that the most problematic are aimbots in FPS games (45,2 % of cases) and macros in «fighting games» (65,4 % of cases). At the same time, experts note the growing role of technical measures (35 %) and organizational measures (28 %) in combating cheating.

Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery (CI/CD) in Agile Development: Implementation Strategies and Benefits

Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery (CI/CD) practices are proven essential foundations for the realization of Agile ideals in the field of software development. Though CI/CD is widely recognized for its potential gains regarding shortened development cycles, increased code quality, and improved team collaboration, management of CI/CD in Agile environments is still problematic. The research wants to study the following key research questions: a) What are the most effective strategies for implementing CI/CD in agile development teams? b) What are the perceived advantages and difficulties in adopting CI/CD practices in agile projects? c) How does the integration of CI/CD affect the speed, code quality, and productivity of development in agile environments? d) What are the critical success factors and best practices to maximize the benefits of CI/CD in Agile development? The research aims to provide empirical studies, case analyses, and interviews with industry practitioners in relation to the questions for meaningful actionable insights and recommendations on how CI/CD implementation strategies can best be maximized and what can be done to harness the full power of CI/CD in Agile development contexts [1],[12]. Such insights will help advance the field of practice and software development methodologies in rapidly evolving digital landscapes.

Design and validation of the usability framework of learning management systems

Purpose This study aims to identify the most important factors affecting the usability of Learning Management Systems (LMSs) and present these factors in the form of a comprehensive and practical framework and validate the framework. Design/methodology/approach In this research, a mixed research method and sequential exploratory research design were used. In the qualitative section, the qualitative meta-synthesis method was utilized to extract usability factors from the research literature and formulate the framework of factors, and in the quantitative section, the survey method was employed to validate the framework. In the qualitative section, the research field included the research available in the Scopus and Web of Science databases, and the data collection tool included electronic and printed documents on the usability factors of LMSs. To validate the findings, in addition to citing research literature and theoretical foundations, the audit trail, consensual validity and expert peer review methods were used. Also, to analyze the data, the thematic analysis method and thematic network via MAXQDA 2020 software were used. In the quantitative section, the statistical population was students of the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences at Allameh Tabatabai University in Iran, and the sample included undergraduate students of this faculty with a volume of 200 people. The tool for collecting information was a researcher-made questionnaire that was provided to students in the first half of the academic year 2022–2023. To validate the findings, content-related validity through Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI) and construct validity through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Convergent Validity were examined. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and Composite Reliability (CR) were also used to check reliability. To analyze the data one-sample T-test via SPSS 27 software was used, and the PLS-SEM was utilized via SmartPLS 4 software to validate the framework proposed by the researcher. Findings The findings from the qualitative part of this research include basic themes and organizing themes related to the global theme of usability. Based on the findings from the qualitative part, it can be concluded that the factors in terms of frequency in the research literature have the following ranks: interaction (first rank), ease of use and usefulness (second rank), learnability (third rank), navigation (fourth rank), satisfaction and enjoyment, visual design and accessibility (fifth rank), help and assessment and feedback (sixth rank) and content, errors correction and privacy and security (seventh rank). The findings of the quantitative part include the external fit indexes of the framework and the internal fit index of the framework; based on the obtained values, it can be concluded that the framework of LMS usability factors has a good fit. Research limitations/implications This research is the first comprehensive study of all theories on the usability of LMSs, in which a framework is proposed that combines the important factors mentioned in the relevant theories and models for the first time. Additionally, practical and applicable suggestions are provided in this study to enhance each of the usability factors of LMS. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research presents a framework for the first time in which all important factors of usability theories and models are combined and prioritizes these factors based on their importance in relevant research. It also provides practical recommendations for enhancing these factors in LMSs for system developers and instructional designers.