Program Evaluation And Review Technique Research Articles

Manajemen Pengendalian Waktu Dan Biaya Pada Proyek Daerah Irigasi Saluran Primer Ketonggo Dengan Menggunakan Metode Pert

This thesis presents the results of research about time and cost control management in Ketonggo Primary Canal Irrigation Area project. Time and cost in the best planning is needed in project implementation to ensure that project implementation can achieve maximum results by utilizing existing resources. This study uses the PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) method. By implementing Network planning which is one of the management techniques to plan and control the implementation of a project. Optimization needs to shorten the duration of the project with minimal expenditure. Total of this contract is Rp. 4,706,045,953.00 with 90 days of completion. The results of this analysis showed that the most likely project completion time was 90 days, with the fastest being 75 days and the slowest being 105 days. Based on the critical path analysis, obtained 9 work items that are very influential in the smooth running of the project. The optimal project cost at normal time is Rp. 4,249,989,942.19 and the total cost required for project acceleration is Rp. 4,710,928,986. Additional costs are used for additional manpower, additional working hours and additional hours of heavy equipment.

Implementation of CPM and PERT Method in Canteen Development Project CV Super Makmur

Project management is the science and art concerned with planning, organizing, implementing, and controlling projects to achieve predefined goals by utilizing available resources optimally. The CPM (Critical Path Method) method is a deterministic approach that identifies the longest path of activities in a project, while the PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) method is used to plan, estimate and control completion time by considering the uncertainty in each project activity. The goal to be achieved from this research is that the application of the method and implementation of the CPM and PERT methods can optimize project completion by knowing critical activities, operations, estimated time, costs and project resources, as well as reducing the risk of delays and additional project costs. This research adopts a quantitative approach and applies descriptive analysis using the CPM and PERT methods. Based on the analysis results, it is known that there are two critical paths, namely A-C-E-I and B-D-G-K, so accelerating the project time without delaying or waiting for completion in 11 weeks, with a value of Z = 2.27 in the normal distribution table shows the number 0.9984, meaning the probability that the project can be completed during 11 weeks is 99%. because there is an additional fee of IDR 2,588,940 which is an additional acceleration fee. So, the cost of completing a 12-week project is IDR 1,171,739,257 while for 11 weeks it is IDR 1,174,328,197.

PROJECT SCHEDULING ANALYSIS USING THE CPM AND PERT : A CASE STUDY

This article discusses the scheduling analysis of a project using the critical path method 
 (CPM) and the program evaluation and review technique (PERT) to find the project's critical path so that the overall project time can be determined. This problem aims to optimize the completion time of a project and minimize delays that cause project planning to be inconsistent with what is in the field based on activity time, activity implementation schedule, and project activity costs. This problem analysis is carried out with the help of Excel Solver software. The calculation results show that the optimal project completion time is obtained and the acceleration of project completion can be accelerated by selecting activities that can be accelerated with the project acceleration costs

ANALISIS PENJADWALAN WAKTU MENGGUNAKAN METODE CPM DAN PERT PADA PEMBANGUNAN GUDANG DEXA MEDICA PALEMBANG

The project is a series of sensitive work mechanisms because each aspect of the project is interconnected with each other. The purpose of this research is to determine the planned duration, critical path activities, and probability in the implementation of the Dexa Medica warehouse construction project in Palembang. Primary data used for estimation of work time, while secondary data used time schedules (S-curve) and work plan drawings. The methods used are the Critical Path Method (CPM) and the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT). The planned project completion duration using the CPM calculation method is 39 weeks. The activities known to be on the critical path are preparation, earthworks and others on the 1st floor, concrete work on the 1st floor, architectural work on the 1st floor, site development, and genset room work. The planned project completion duration using the PERT calculation method is 40.2 weeks. The probability (Probabiliti) with the PERT method is found to be 0.7324, meaning that there is a 73.24% probability that the project will be completed within 41 weeks.

SCHEDULING ANALYSIS IN CONSTRUCTION WITH THE PERT METHOD USING MICROSOFT PROJECT

Since 2017, the Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) of the Capital District (IKK) Ibu has not been functioning due to damage to the pipe network due to road widening work, damage to generators and pumps, thus PDAM West Halmahera will build a new SPAM network system with a gravity system and will analyze scheduling using the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) method using Microsoft Project 2021 to carry out development planning which has results where the time required for construction is 320 days and can be completed with a percentage level of 95.35%, with a critical path found in the implementation work occupational health and safety, preparation, piping work, procurement and installation of house connections and commissioning test work with a time of 273 days.

A knowledge transfer-based method for risk analysis and procedure optimization of emergency schemes

Due to insufficient knowledge of rare accidents, it is essential to transfer knowledge from source domain with sufficient cases (e.g., onshore blowouts) into target domain with limited cases (e.g., deepwater blowouts). In this paper, a knowledge transfer-based method is proposed to evaluate the performance of emergency schemes in presence of limited accident cases. By considering dynamic evolution and operational characteristics of the accident, to evaluate emergency schemes from the perspectives of emergency risk and timeliness, a hybrid model integrating dynamic Bayesian networks (DBN) and program evaluation and review technique (PERT) is applied. In the integrated model, we transferred graph structures and parameters to obtain emergency schemes based on the similarities between the source systems and target systems. On the one hand, to evaluate and control emergency risk, DBN is utilized for dynamic risk analysis of emergency operations. On the other hand, to judge the response-time requirement, an optimized PERT is applied to enhance the completion probabilities of the emergency procedures. A case study on the installation of onshore blowout preventer and offshore capping stack is applied to illustrate the applicability of the proposed methodology. The results show that equipment failure and human error are crucial risk-influencing factors leading to emergency failure. Activities duration and completion probability of emergency schemes are optimized by emergency timeliness analysis.

Designing a phase-III time-to-event clinical trial using a modified sample size formula and Poisson-Gamma model for subject accrual that accounts for the lag in site initiation using the PERT distribution.

A priori estimation of sample size and subject accrual in multi-site, time-to-event clinical trials is often challenging. Such trials are powered based on the number of events needed to detect a clinically significant difference. Sample size based on number of events relates to the expected duration of observation time for each subject. Temporal patterns in site initiation and subject enrollment ultimately affect when subjects can be accrued into the study. Lag times are common as the site start-up process optimizes, resulting in delays that may curtail observational follow-up and therefore undermine power. The proposed method introduces a Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) model into the sample size estimation which accounts for the lag in site start-up. Additionally, a PERT model is introduced into a Poisson-Gamma subject accrual model to predict the quantity of study sites needed. The introduction of the PERT model provides greater flexibility in both a priori power assessment and planning the number of sites, as it specifically allows for the inclusion of anticipated delays in site start-up time. This model results in minimal power loss even when PERT distribution inputs are misspecified compared to the traditional assumption of simultaneous start-up for all sites. Together these updated formulations for sample size and subject accrual models offer an improved method for designing a multi-site time-to-event clinical trial that accounts for a flexible site start-up process.

Network Planning Application for Scheduling of Marine Diesel Engine General Overhaul Activities

There are many sub-tasks and tools in general overhaul activities, so that a planned and systematic arrangement are needed. In systematic general overhaul planning can use the Network Planning method. Scheduling by the Network Planning method describes a task into a network. The Network Planning has two commonly used techniques, namely CPM (Critical Method Path) and PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique). Therefore, in this study, scheduling will be carried out by the Network Planning method, CPM and PERT techniques. By using network planning in overhaul activities, it is hoped that it will be able to identify deviations and critical paths in the sequence of work processes so as to prevent delays in completing work.

Mastering Construction Schedules: The Power of CPM and Pert Integration

Abstract: Mastering construction schedules is a crucial task in project management, requiring a careful strategy for timely completion and overall success. This overview explores how Critical Path Method (CPM) and Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) methods work together, highlighting the strength that comes from combining them. CPM, a certain method, focuses on putting tasks in order to find the critical path, which decides the project's duration. PERT, a method that considers uncertainties, provides a realistic view of timelines. Blending these methods creates a strong scheduling framework that balances certain and uncertain elements. This hybrid approach identifies critical paths, offering project managers a flexible scheduling model that adapts to uncertainties, helping them make more informed decisions. The abstract emphasizes the role of technology in integrating CPM and PERT, using computational power to seamlessly bring them together. Modern project management software automates critical path analysis, allowing real-time adjustments based on project conditions. This technology-driven integration is vital in today's project management. Moreover, the abstract highlights that CPM and PERT integration goes beyond traditional construction management, making it versatile for uncertain and dynamic projects, including research, development initiatives, and innovative construction. The adaptability of this integrated approach makes it valuable in various industries, indicating its broader impact on project scheduling. This overview outlines the core principles of the integration, demonstrating its practical use in addressing construction project management challenges. Embracing this integrated approach empowers project managers to navigate uncertainties, optimize resource use, and increase the chances of project success in a complex and dynamic environment.

Program evaluation and review technique – Data envelopment analysis in benchmarking sustainable supply chain management of the potato chips industry

Supply chain benchmarking of agroindustry can be done by emphasizing the perspective of sustainability. This paper aimed to analyze the efficiency of Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM) in Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and provided a prospective benchmark with the potato chips industry as a study case. Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) estimated future input and output values to obtain prospective benchmarks and be added to the DEA formula later. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methods were used to measure SSCM performance. The results showed that 17 of 20 Decision-Making Units (DMUs) were efficient (score 1). The other 3 DMUs were classified and got an efficiency score of 0.965, 0.955, and 0.995. In future estimates calculation, the efficiency score of one of the inefficient DMUs has changed to 1, while the other two got the scores of 0.996 and 0.980. The limitation of this research mainly comes from the scope of assessment, which is limited to the supply chain’s downstream sector and assesses only a limited number of MSMEs in a particular region. SSCM efficiency measurement variables were adjusted to be assessed and applied to MSMEs. PERT was also beneficial to gain future estimates of the assessment scope.

Multi-objective joint optimization for concurrent execution of design-construction tasks in design-build mode

PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) is suitable for evaluating schedule optimization of DBB (Design-Bid-Build) projects based on serial execution of design and construction. However, it is not suitable for evaluating the multi-objective joint optimization of DB (Design-Build) projects based on concurrent execution of design and construction. Therefore, focusing on the unique construction method and construction objective under DB mode, this study adopts the multi-parameter grey GERT (Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique) based on z-tag to construct a multi-objective joint optimization model of concurrent execution of design-construction tasks. The research methods adopted are as follows: Firstly, based on the modeling idea of PERT, a multi-parameter grey GERT was constructed, which was composed of sub-GERTs representing the execution flow of design-construction tasks. Second, based on discussing the functional relationship between time, cost and quality in normal execution and rework execution, a method of constructing a moment generating function for concurrent execution time, cost and quality to characterize the uncertainty of input and output parameters is proposed. Thirdly, on the basis of analyzing the solving methods of each parameter of the multi-parameter GERT, the solving methods for starting execution time, information transmission duration, and total execution duration of the critical time nodes are given. Finally, according to the requirements of DB projects, the multi-objective joint optimization models based on progress oriented and quality oriented are constructed respectively, and the gamultiobj algorithm is used to solve the models. The proposed approach provides a scientific quantitative analysis method for evaluating the progress, cost and quality objectives of the concurrent execution of design-construction tasks, and also lays theoretical guidance for further efficiency popularization of DB mode.

Project Planning Application to Juice Production Using PERT/CPM Technique: A Case Study

Timely delivery of natural and fresh juice to its’ growing customers is the focus of SCUBED 100%. The CPM (Critical Path Method) and PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) techniques were applied in minimizing the expected time duration for juice production at SCUBED 100%. The current expected production time for a batch stood at 656.66 minutes. Modifications were made on the initial model to minimize the expected duration and after two modification processes, an estimated time duration of 458.33 minutes was realized, saving 198.33 minutes (about 3.3 hours) of production time. This study encapsulates the interplay of theoretical insights and practical implementation, confirming the potential of operational research and management techniques in designing real-world outcomes. SCUBED 100%'s journey towards operational excellence demonstrates the transformative potential of time optimization.

Network Analysis on Phase 1B Building of the University Health Centre, FUTA, using Critical Path Method (CPM) and Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT)

Project planning and scheduling plays a vital role in estimating the time and cost angle of a project. Finalizing a project on time and within the budget is challenging. This study focused on finding the shortest possible time required to complete the phase 1B Building project of the University Health Centre, FUTA and also to evaluate the probability of completing the project within the stipulated time. This project work has been able to give a concise view about network analysis in building construction; definitions of some terms commonly used in network analysis was also stated. Also, an introduction to CPM and PERT was stated; assumptions of CPM, advantages and disadvantages of CPM were stated; assumptions, advantages and disadvantages of PERT were also stated. Data analysis was carried out and all the possible routes of the activities involved in the building project were found; the location of the critical path of the building project was also found; the expected duration for every activity in the building project was determined; the probability of completing the project within the stipulated time was also evaluated. The results showed that there is a 50% chance for the project to be completed within the stipulated time. With the information gathered on the building project, the project was delayed due to some factors such as low circulation of money, inadequate equipments, loss of some weeks due to a change in plan, and inadequate manpower; thus, there was a two month difference between the initial completion and the now actual completion time.

Microscale failure analysis of the ultra-high-performance polypropylene fibre reinforced concrete panel subjected to high thermal loading induced by fire exposure

To date, many buildings are prone to fire from non-structure systems like high-pressure laminates and insulated cladding systems. Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) has been applied to the cladding systems due to its excellent mechanical properties at room temperature and non-flammable characteristic. To improve its mechanical properties under fire condition, different fibres like PP fibre have been employed to reinforce UHPC. The tensile strengths of these ultra-high-performance PP fibre reinforced concrete (UHPPFRC) panels vary due to the different orientations of internal PP fibres. However, few studies have been carried out on the internal stress and fire resistance of these claddings. Study on understanding the fire behaviours and failure process of the UHPPFRC panel is essential for developing claddings with better fire resistance and durability. In this study, a coupled hygro-thermal–mechanical model is developed to predict the internal stress and temperature distribution within the UHPPFRC panel. The microscopic failure process of PP fibre and porosity change within the panel during heating are all embodied in the model, and its accuracy has been validated. The initial and the residual tensile strengths of the UHPPFRC panel are considered to fluctuate between two extrema due to the random fiber orientation. Based on this, Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is applied to investigate the effects of fibre dosage and heating rate on retarding crack propagation and failure of the UHPPFRC panel under high temperature. Results from the numerical investigation indicate that 0.55% dosage of PP fibre can effectively postpone crack occurrence and propagation within the UHPPFRC panel at linear elastic phase, and faster heating rate can accelerate the pore pressure generation process. Also, internal fibre orientation is a significant factor affecting the fire endurance of the UHPPFRC panel subjected to elevated temperature, which should be considered for safety and reliability evaluation of the structure.

Schedule compression and emerging waste in construction: an assessment of overlapping activities

PurposeCompressing the schedule by using overlapping activities is a commonly adopted approach for accelerating projects. However, this approach might channel a variety of risks into the construction processes. Risks imply waste; still, evaluating the effects of using overlapping activities on schedule quality has been a looming gap in construction research. Therefore, this paper aims to study the quality of overlapping in terms of emerging waste and to demarcate the boundaries of the overlapping envelope.Design/methodology/approachThis study presents a method for assessing the consequences of implementing overlapping activities in a schedule on two types of waste namely waiting time and variation gap. A critical path method (CPM) network including eleven activities is modeled stochastically where the durations of individual activities are sampled as beta-distributions. Using program evaluation and review technique (PERT) assumptions to calculate the schedule dates, the network is simulated for various amounts of overlapping and the corresponding waste is quantified each time.FindingsResults show that not only the returns on overlapping are diminishing after a certain overlap percentage, but also waste in the production system increases. Particularly, results reveal that compressing the schedule leads to a decrease in variation gaps, but at the same time, it leads to a larger increase in waiting times, which creates more waste.Originality/valueThe presented study shows through simulation how overlapping activities affects productivity by identifying wastes. It shows that despite the apparent gains, overlaps should be used with caution, and while considering the side-effects of increased waste which introduces a need for increased managerial awareness.

Probabilistic Scheduling Based On Hybrid Bayesian Network–Program Evaluation Review Technique,

Project scheduling based on probabilistic methods commonly uses the Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT). However, practitioners do not widely utilize PERT-based scheduling due to the difficulty in obtaining historical data for similar projects. PERT has several drawbacks, such as the inability to update activity dura- tions in real time. In reality, changes in project conditions related to resources have a highly dynamic nature. The availability of materials, fluctuating labor productiv- ity, and equipment significantly determine the project completion time. This research aims to propose a probabilistic scheduling model based on the Hybrid Bayesian Network-PERT. This model combines PERT with Bayesian Network (BN). BN is used to accommodate real-time changes in resource conditions. The modeling of BN diagrams and variables is obtained through an in-depth literature review, direct field observations, and distributing questionnaires to experts in project scheduling. The model is validated by applying the proposed model to a 60 m concrete bridge construction project in Indonesia. The simulation results of the proposed model are then compared with the case study project to assess the model’s accuracy. The result of the study shows that the proposed hybrid Bayesian-PERT model is accurate and can eliminate the weaknesses of the PERT method. Besides being able to provide an accurate prediction of project completion time (93.4%), this model can also be updated in real-time according to the actual condition of the project

ESTIMATING HOUSE CONSTRUCTION COMPLETION TIME WITH PROBABILISTIC ACTIVITIES DURATION USING THE PROGRAM EVALUATION AND REVIEW TECHNIQUE (PERT) METHOD

Construction housing projects involve many risks and uncertainties that can affect their completion time. To ensure a construction housing project is completed on time, an accurate duration estimate is required for each activity. Deterministic duration methods, such as the Critical Path Method (CPM), are commonly used in project scheduling for construction projects. However, this method may not always produce a realistic schedule as it uses only a single duration estimation for each activity. As an alternative, this study uses the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) which utilizes three duration estimates namely optimistic duration, most likely duration, and pessimistic duration. A house construction project with 23 activities was analyzed using CPM to find the critical activities which produced 59 days of completion time. The critical path duration was then analyzed using PERT. PERT calculations found that there was only a 15% probability to complete the project in 59 days, and the project needed 66 days of completion time with a 95% level of confidence. The findings of this study indicate that PERT can assist project managers in creating a more realistic project schedule by considering the risks and uncertainties in estimating the duration of its activities.

Optimasi Pembangunan Tangki Air Tanah dan Sanitasi Menggunakan Metode Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) dan Critical Path Metode (CPM) Agar Efektif Biaya Dan Waktu

The success or failure of project implementation is often due to the lack of planning of project activities and ineffective control, so that project activities are inefficient, this will result in delays, decreased quality of work, and increased implementation costs. Project management is carried out to manage the project from start to finish. This study aims to determine the optimal time and cost of a ground water tank and sanitation development project at Al-Mulk Hospital, Sukabumi City. The more optimal the time obtained will help the company complete the project at optimal cost. The method used here uses quantitative and data collection techniques through observation, interviews and literature. With the method of data analysis using the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) and Critical Patch Methode (CPM).

Critical path planning for discharging older adults using a functional perspective

AbstractThis study aims to introduce an innovative method to schedule and analyze the discharge planning processes under uncertain individual activity completing times. Hospital care processes ending in discharging older adults represent a major challenge, as a number of interrelated tasks or activities are involved in the processes. The functional resonance analysis method (FRAM) is used to identify activities that constitute a descriptive model of the discharge planning processes and to assign the completion time to each task or activity. Then the critical path planning technique is utilized to identify the critical path of the discharge process. To this end, the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is employed. Published data regarding six older patients are used to examine the potential utility of the introduced method to improve the discharge process of older adults. The results show that the integration of the FRAM and PERT is able to identify the critical activities that constitute the critical path of the discharge process. It also helps analyze the completion time assigned to each task/activity and calculate the completion time of the discharge process. The probability of completing the discharge process within a target completion time is also discussed. The results add further evidence showing the applicability of the FRAM and PERT to scheduling systems for the discharge planning processes. Health care professionals could use the findings of this study in designing a scheduling system to complete the discharge process of older adults in a reasonable time.

The Program Evaluation Review Technique - Improved Sub-Structure Chaining Diagram (PERT-ISSCD): A New Tool for Project Planning in Developing Countries (DCs)

The Program Evaluation Review Technique - Improved Sub-Structure Chaining Diagram (PERT-ISSCD): A New Tool for Project Planning in Developing Countries (DCs)