Version Of Program Research Articles

The Influence of Lifestyle and Fashion Interest on Impulse Buying Behavior on Tiktokshop

This study aims to test the variables of Fashion Lifestyle and Interest in Impulse Buying Behavior on TiktokShop Erigo Products for Wiilayah Ciayumajakuning. Using a type of quantitative approach research method and research population, namely Erigo Product Consumers on TiktokShop for the Ciayumajakuning Region with a total of 97 respondents. This Sample Collection Technique uses Non-Probability Sampling. Data Collection Techniques using Questionnaires and data analysis used are multiple regression analysis, and data analysis techniques using SPSS Program version 27. Obtained results that show that Lifestyle on Impulse Buying Behavior does not have a significant influence while Fashion Interest on Impulse Buying Behavior has a significant influence, Lifestyle and Fashion Interest simultaneously on Impulse Buying Behavior have a significant influence.

Effect of Guidance and Counseling on Teenager Pregnancies in Public Secondary Schools

The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of guidance and counselling on teenage pregnancies in public secondary schools in the Kyerwa district, Kagera, Tanzania. The study used a mixed-methods research approach supported by a convergent parallel research design. The participants in this study were 110 (i.e., 10 Heads of schools, 10 Teacher Counselors and 90 Girl students). Data collection instruments were questionnaires, focus group discussions and semi-structured interview guides. Quantitative data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer program version 28.0 and interpreted in table forms using means and standard deviations while qualitative data were transcribed and thematically analyzed through quotes and narrations. The findings established that school-related risky behaviours leading to teenage pregnancies are sexual relationships with villagers, failure to use condoms, favours, and gifts. Students perceive that guidance and counselling help them in reducing unwanted pregnancies among them, sexually transmitted infections, and sexually transmitted diseases. It is also evident that the number of drop-outs because of early pregnancies dropped from 12 girlstudents in 2019 to 8 in 2020. Teacher-counsellors are challenged with other obligations which make them not available when needed, not trusted by female students for fear of the same being exposed and shy among female students. It is concluded that guidance and counselling reduce teenage pregnancies in public secondary schools. Recommendations for action and further research are suggested.

A Method to Quantitative Compare Obfuscating Ttransformations

The paper considers the problem of quantitative comparison of potency and resistance of practically applied obfuscating transformations of program code. A method is proposed to find the potency and resistance of transformations by calculating the «comprehensibility» of the obfuscated and deobfuscated versions of a program, respectively. As a measure of program comprehensibility, it is proposed to use the similarity of this program to the approximation of its «most comprehensible» version. Based on the proposed method a model to assess potency and resistance was built, the main elements of which are: a set of investigated obfuscating transformations, a similarity function, a method to approximate the most comprehensible version of the program and a deobfuscator. To implement this model 1) obfuscating transformations provided by Hikari obfuscator are chosen; 2) 8 similarity functions are constructed by machine learning methods using static characteristics of programs from CoreUtils, PolyBench and HashCat sets; 3) the smallest program version was chosen as an approximation of the most comprehensible program version (found among the versions obtained using optimization options of GCC, Clang and AOCC compilers); 4) a program deobfuscation scheme based on the optimizing compiler from LLVM was built and implemented. The results of the potency and resistance for sequences of transformations of lengths one, two and three were experimentally obtained. These results showed consistency with the results of independent potency and resistance evaluations obtained by other methods. In particular, it was found that the highest potency and resistance are demonstrated by sequences of transformations starting with transformations of the control flow graph, and the lowest resistance and potency are generally demonstrated by sequences that do not contain such transformations.

Influence of Motivation and Work Environment on Employee Performance

This study aims to analyze the impact of motivation and work environment on employee performance. It employs Descriptive and Verification Methods. The data source utilized in this study consists of a questionnaire administered to employees of a fashion firm located in Bandung. The research has a sample size of 35 respondents. The research employs Descriptive and Verification Methods as its statistical methodologies. The initial step involves employing Correlation Data Analysis, Path Analysis, and Coefficient of Determination Analysis, with assistance from the SPSS (Statistical Product and Service Solution) program version 26. After conducting a comprehensive study of the data collected, the Motivation, Work Environment, and Employee Performance at a fashion company in Bandung are categorized as somewhat reasonable. The R Square number indicates that it is 75.5%. Employee Performance is primarily influenced by Motivation and Work Environment, accounting for 75.5% of the overall impact. The remaining 24.5% is attributed to unexplored factors. In addition, Motivation has a lesser impact, accounting for 42.3% of the total influence, in contrast to the Work Environment, which has a total influence of 50.6%. Companies should prioritize creating a conducive work atmosphere while striving to optimize Motivation in a fashion company in Bandung.

Validity and reliability of Persian version of Low Physical Activity Questionnaire (LoPAQ).

The Low Physical Activity Questionnaire (LoPAQ) was specifically developed to measure the low activity level observed in extremely inactive hemodialysis (HD) patients. This study aims to evaluate reliability and validity of Persian version of the LoPAQ. This study was a cross sectional study, conducted in three HD centers in Iran. The LoPAQ was translated into Persian. After cultural adaptions, it was filled out by 120 HD patiens. Convergent validity, was evaluated by calculating the correlations among the Persian version of the LoPAQ and Persian version of the Community Healthy Adults Model Program for Seniors (CHAMPS) questionnaire, physical function scale of the SF-36 and physical function (Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) test) using Spearman's correlation coefficients. The test-retest reliability was analyzed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). In total, 109 patients completed all of the questionnaires, took part in physical performance tests and had valid data. Their mean age was 64 ± 11 years, with a dialysis history of 31 ± 10 months. For total calories, there was a strong correlation between the Persian version of the LoPAQ and CHAMPS-measured physical activity (rho = 0.85, p < 0.001). In addition, the higher physical activity level reported by Persian version of the LoPAQ was also correlated with better self-reported physical function (rho = 0.7, p < 0.001) and better physical performance (rho = 0.67, p < 0.001). The ICC ranged from 0.65 to 0.78, indicating strong reliability. The assessment of the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the questionnaire confirmed its suitability for evaluating the level of physical activity. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05930964, Registered on 05/07/2023. Registered trial name: Validity and Reliability of Persian Version of Low Physical Activity Questionnaire (LoPAQ).

Analysis of the Level of Difficulty and Differentiating Power of the Final Semester Assessment Made by Teachers of Class XI High School Chemistry Subjects in Cirebon in the Odd Semester of the 2022/2023 School Year

This study aims to determine the quality on the Odd Semester Final Assessment (PAS) of Grade XI Chemistry Subjects in SMAs in the Cirebon Region for the 2022/2023 Academic Year. This research is a quantitative description research with data collection methods using document analysis to obtain data. The sample of this study was grade XI students. Quantitative research was conducted with the help of the ANATES software program version 4.09. the results showed: (1) In terms of Distinguishing Power, the highest value is in school E (77%) and the lowest value is school C (50%). (2) In terms of Level of difficulty there is a proportional comparison in school B with a ratio of 3:5:2.

Population viability analysis on the Iranian endangered goat breeds

Iranian goat breeds, including Markhoz, Adani, and Najdi, are considered as endangered populations because of the downward trend of breeding goats and flocks, habitat loss, using other breeds in reproduction, and the presence of survival-threatening factors. This research aims to investigate the current status and provide the necessary information to conserve these three endangered populations. For this purpose, the census data and the required parameters were collected from the available resources and flocks during the years of the project implementation. Then, two scenarios, the past and future dynamics of the population assuming continuing existing conditions, were simulated using the population viability analysis (PVA) method. Finally, the sensitivity analyses of parameters affecting the viability criteria were done. PVA was conducted using the Vortex simulation program version 10.5.6. The past dynamics simulation of the population showed that the biological parameters and assumptions used in the model have valid and reliable values and frequencies, and they can be used in the simulation of different management scenarios. Based on this scenario, the inbreeding rates (∆F) for the Markhoz and Adani populations have reached above the critical level of 0.5%. The future dynamics simulation of the population showed that the process of increasing inbreeding and decreasing genetic diversity would accelerate, and the breeds' extinction probability would start in 2026, 2033, and 2031 for Markhoz, Adani, and Najdi, respectively. The mean time to the first extinction was also 15.4 ± 2.53, 26.68 ± 3.75, and 13.96 ±1.78 years, respectively. The sensitivity analyses indicated that adult does overharvest, the frequency of feed limitation, and competition with other breeds had the highest effect on the population viability criteria of the investigated breeds. Markhoz, Najdi, and Adani goats need urgent conservation measures. The results obtained in this research may prepare a suitable framework for providing conservation programs.

Rhinitis medicomentosa and substance addiction

BackgroundRhinitis medicomentosa (RM) is a form of non-allergic rhinitis caused by the use of nasal decongestants for longer than the recommended duration. Because of this problem of use, addiction to the drug occurs in individuals. In our study, we aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of RM patients to substance addiction.MethodsThe study was planned as a prospective, multicentric study between September 2022 and September 2023. Patients diagnosed with RM were included in the study. Beck depression scale, Drug use disorders identification test, Substance Abuse Proclivity Scale were applied to the patients participating in the study. The research data were analyzed electronically with SPSS program version 25.ResultsThe study included 86 patients with an average age of 31 years. The average duration of medication use was 22 months. Age, gender, duration of nasal congestion, duration of drug use and smoking were not independent predictors for depression and substance use tendency.ConclusionThe relationship between RM and addictive substances is not clear. The tendency to use drugs did not increase in RM patients. In the light of these data, we think that there is no need for a practice other than routine functioning in the use of drugs and similar substances that are likely to cause addiction in RM patients.

Slow art plus: developing and piloting a single session art gallery-based intervention for mental health promotion via a mixed method waitlist randomized control trial.

The current study builds on the expertise of National Gallery Singapore and Nanyang Technological University Singapore (NTU) in developing and piloting an enhanced version of the Slow Art program, namely "Slow Art Plus" for mental health promotion. A single-site, open-label, waitlist Randomized Control Trial (RCT) design comprising of a treatment group and waitlist control group was adopted (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05803226). Participants (N = 196) completed three online questionnaires at three timepoints: baseline [T1], immediately post-intervention/s baseline [T2], post-intervention follow-up/immediately post-intervention [T3]. Qualitative focus groups were conducted to evaluate program acceptability. A mixed model ANOVA was performed to understand intervention effectiveness between the immediate intervention group and waitlist control group. The analyses revealed a significant interaction effect where intervention group participants reported an improvement in spiritual well-being (p = 0.001), describing their thoughts and experiences (p = 0.02), and nonreacting to inner experiences (p = 0.01) immediately after Slow Art Plus as compared to the control group. Additionally, one-way repeated measure ANOVAs were conducted for the intervention group to evaluate maintenance effects of the intervention. The analyses indicated significant improvements in perceived stress (p < 0.001), mindfulness (p < 0.001) as well as multiple mindfulness subscales, active engagement with the world (p = 0.003), and self-compassion (p = 0.02) 1 day after the completion of Slow Art Plus. Results from framework analysis of focus group data revealed a total of two themes (1: Experiences of Slow Art Plus, 2: Insights to Effective Implementation) and six subthemes (1a: Peaceful relaxation, 1b: Self-Compassion, 1c: Widened Perspective, 2a: Valuable Components, 2b: Execution Requisites, 2c: Suggested Enhancements), providing valuable insights to the overall experience and implementation of the intervention. Slow Art Plus represents a unique approach, offering a standardized, multimodal, single-session program that integrates mindfulness and self-compassion practices, as well as reflective and creative expressions with Southeast Asian art. It demonstrates potential in meeting the mental health needs of a wide range of individuals and could be readily incorporated into social prescribing initiatives for diverse populations.

How Sensitive Are the Free AI-detector Tools in Detecting AI-generated Texts? A Comparison of Popular AI-detector Tools

Background: Recently, Artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly influenced academic writing. We aimed to investigate the sensitivity of the free versions of popular AI-detection software programs in detecting AI-generated text. Methods: We searched for AI-content-detection software on Google and selected the first 10 free versions that allowed a minimum of 500 words for text analysis. Then, we gave ChatGPT 3.5 version a command to generate a scientific article on the “Role of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) in Treatment-resistant Depression” under 500 words. After generating the primary text, we rephrased it using three different software tools. We then used AI-detection software to analyse the original and paraphrase texts. Results: 10 AI-detector tools were tested on their ability to detect AI-generated text. The sensitivity ranged from 0% to 100%. 5 out of 10 tools detected AI-generated content with 100% accuracy. For paraphrased texts, Sapling and Undetectable AI detected all three software-generated contents with 100% accuracy. Meanwhile, Copyleaks, QuillBot, and Wordtune identified content generated by two software programs with 100% accuracy. Conclusion: The integration of AI technology in academic writing is becoming more prevalent. Nonetheless, relying solely on AI-generated content can diminish the author’s credibility, leading most academic journals to suggest limiting its use. AI-content-detection software programs have been developed to detect AI-generated or AI-assisted texts. Currently, some of the platforms are equally sensitive. However, future upgrades may enhance their ability to detect AI-generated text more accurately.

Perspectives of teachers and students on the impact of online classrooms during the COVID-19 pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, transformation from face-to-face classrooms to online classrooms took place in higher education. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of teaching and learning of this change on students’ and teachers’ perspectives. The study also investigated the various impact factors that hindered online teaching and learning during the COVID-19 lockdown period. In total, 383 students and 83 teachers at Walailak University, Thailand, who had at least 3 months of experience with online learning and teaching were asked to complete questionnaires that asked about their perspectives with respect to their online classroom experience. The student questionnaire asked about the quality of teachers, quality of communication, the student’s work, student’s concentration, and satisfaction with the online classroom experience. The teacher questionnaire asked about the teacher’s perspective with respect to how the restrictions of online teaching affected teachers, students, and courses. The relations between students and teachers were analyzed by a chi-square test using the SPSS program version 25.0, with defined p-values as &amp;lt;0.05 and &amp;lt; 0.10 of student and teacher perspectives, respectively. Relations were found between student GPA and student work and student concentration in online classrooms. The teachers’ perspective with respect to online teaching was found to be related to the restrictions that online teaching placed on teachers, students, and course management. The results of the study show teachers’ awareness about restrictions that online teaching placed on teachers, students, and course management. Institutions should prioritize and practice using educational technologies at scale, install ICT infrastructure, and engage in lifelong learning.

Frugal Innovation Strategies and Supply Chain Performance of Food and Beverage Firms in South-South Nigeria

This study explored frugal innovation strategies and supply chain performance of food and beverage firms in South-South Nigeria. It critically analyzed the dimensions of frugal innovation strategies (value innovation, cost cutting advancement and technological innovation) and relate them to supply chain performance measures (product availability, on-time delivery and supply chain flexibility) of food and beverage firms. The study applied the positivist research philosophy and correlational research design. The population of this study comprised 82 registered food and beverage firms in South-South Nigeria. The sample size consisted of 68 food and beverage firms in South-South Nigeria. The Taro Yamene’s formula was used to determine the sample size for the study. The sampling unit consisted of managers of the selected food and beverage firms in South-South Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection in this study. The data collected were analyzed statistically while the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (PPMCC) was used to test the formulated hypotheses. The SPSS software program version 24 was used to correlate the data collected on the study variables. The findings revealed that value innovation has a significant relationship with product availability, on-time delivery and supply chain flexibility of food and beverage firms. This study also revealed that cost cutting advancement has significant relationship with product availability, on-time delivery and supply chain flexibility of food and beverage firms. The study equally revealed that technological innovation has a significant relationship with product availability, on-time delivery and supply chain flexibility of food and beverage firms. Based on these findings, it was concluded that frugal innovation strategies such as value innovation, cost cutting advancement and technological innovation are significant predictors of supply chain performance of food and beverage firms in South-South Nigeria. Based on the findings and conclusion, it was recommended that food and beverage firms in South-South Nigeria should adopt frugal innovation strategies as it would improve their supply chain performance.

From spelling to reading: An intervention program with children at risk of reading failure

This study aimed to assess the impact of an interactive spelling program on reading acquisition of children at risk of developing reading difficulties as well as to assess its effect on spelling and phonemic awareness. From an initial pool of 144 first-grade children attending four Portuguese primary schools, 53 children with low performances in letter knowledge and phonemic awareness tasks, and considered by their teachers to be at risk of developing reading difficulties, were selected. These children were randomly assigned to three groups: an experimental group that underwent an interactive spelling program, a comparison group that underwent a phonological awareness program, and a control group that underwent a copying program. The programs, conducted in pairs, comprised 12 sessions lasting 20 to 30 min twice a week. The pretest and posttest included word reading, word spelling, and phonemic awareness assessments. Data analysis showed that the spelling group significantly outperformed the other groups across all measures except in the phonemic awareness task, where there were no differences with the phonological group. The word copying group consistently yielded the lowest results. Unlike the other two groups, the posttest results of the experimental group also reached the class average in word reading. For ethical reasons, after the final assessments the control group underwent a version of the interactive spelling program. This study suggests that spelling activities can contribute significantly to reading acquisition and can serve as a valuable pedagogical tool to proactively address challenges in learning to read.

Utilisation of simulation-based learning to decrease student anxiety and increase readiness for clinical placements for speech-language pathology students

Purpose To investigate the use of two versions of a simulation-based learning experience (SBLE) to decrease speech-language pathology (SLP) students’ anxiety and increase their confidence and sense of preparedness for clinical placements. Method Two cohorts of third-year SLP students (n = 33) participated in a mixed-methods study with each cohort completing one version of the SBLE. Participants completed pre- and post-program quantitative ratings of anxiety, confidence, and preparedness for clinical placements and participated in focus groups. Three clinical educators also provided qualitative data in debriefs and interviews. Result Significant decreases in student ratings of anxiety, and increases in confidence and sense of preparedness, were found for participants from both versions of the SBLE. No significant differences were found between changes in each measure between the two groups. Qualitative data from the student focus groups and clinical educator interviews described affective changes in the students, which concurred with the quantitative results. Conclusion Results suggest this SBLE can be used to improve SLP students’ self-perceptions of readiness for clinical placements. Comparable outcomes can be achieved for students using the shorter, less resource intensive version of the SBLE program, with reduced costs, to overcome barriers to its implementation.

Effectiveness of ISSR markers for detecting genomic variability in &lt;I&gt;Panicum miliaceum&lt;/I&gt; L. accessions

Background. Millet is one of the main cereal crops with a wide area of cultivation. Over the past decade, there has been a significant increase in the consumption of millet and its processed products. As a result, the breeding of cultivars with high consumer properties is becoming relevant, requiring knowledge of the genetic diversity of germplasm accessions to identify donors of valuable agronomic traits and select parental forms using ISSR markers.Materials and methods. The analysis with 8 ISSR primers included 21 accessions of Panicum miliaceum L. of various origin from the VIR collection. The DNA of each accession was isolated by the CTAB method, and ISSR analysis was performed in a ­BioRad T100 Thermal Cycler. Statistical processing was made in the DARwin program (version 6.0.21).Results and conclusion. Eight primers were used to amplify 116 fragments, 62 (53.4%) of which turned out to be polymorphic. To assess the effectiveness of the analyzed primers and identify the polymorphism of millet, basic indicators of their informativeness were calculated and assessed by quantifying four marker parameters. Average PIC (0.27–0.36), EMR (1.38–14.5) and MI (0.12–4.87) values were obtained for most ISSR primers. Four ISSR primers had high Rp values (3.52–6.76) and were the most informative for genotyping. The selected ISSR markers were used to assess the genetic variability of the accessions and identify them. The values of genetic distances (GD) were 0.05–0.21. It was shown that four ISSR markers with the best informativeness values provided sufficient polymorphism to assess the genetic diversity of the analyzed P. miliaceum genotypes and could be recommended for identification of the variability in the genome of millet accessions.

The Influence of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) on The Work Productivity of Employees at PT Aquila Sanjaya Purnama

This study aimed to determine how the influence of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) on the work productivity of employees at PT Aquila Sanjaya Purnama. The population in this study consisted of employees in the production department, totaling 40 people, using the saturated sample technique. The data collection technique used was a questionnaire. The data analysis technique used was a simple linear regression analysis technique. The data was processed using the Satisficial for Product and Service Solution (SPSS) program version 26. The results showed that Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) had a positive and significant effect on the work productivity of employees PT Aquila Sanjaya Purnama. Keywords: occupational health and safety (OHS), work productivity

The Influence Of Job Design, Leadership, And Motivation On The Performance Of Service And Technical Officers PT. Razza Prima Transformer at PT. PLN Medan

This study aims to analyze the influence of job design, leadership, and motivation on the performance of service and technical officers at PT. Razza Prima Transformer who works at PT. PLN Medan. Job design is concerned with the way tasks are defined, organized, and mapped out in the work performed. Leadership focuses on the leadership style applied by managers or supervisors in organizations. Motivation involves factors that drive individuals to achieve goals and improve their performance. The research method used is a survey using questionnaires as a data collection instrument. The sample of this study consisted of service and technical officers at PT. Razza Prima Transformer who works at PT. PLN Medan. The collected data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis techniques. The population in this study was all Yantek officers totaling 110 people, while the sample of the population was 86 people. Data analysis techniques in this study use Data Quality Test, Classical Assumption Test, Multiple Linear Regression, and Hypothesis Test. Data processing in this study used SPSS software program version 25. It is partially known that job design, leadership, and motivation each have a positive and significant influence on the performance of Yantek officers at PT. Razza Prima Transformer Medan. It is simultaneously known that job design, leadership, and motivation each have a positive and significant influence on the performance of Yantek officers at PT. Razza Prima Transformer Medan

Value Innovation Strategies and Sales Growth of Food and Beverage Firms in South-South Nigeria

This study examined value innovation strategies and sales growth of food and beverage firms in South-South Nigeria. The study adopted the positivist research philosophy and the correlational research design. The population of this study consisted of all the 82 registered food and beverage firms in South-South Nigeria. The sample size of 68 firms was used for the study. The sample size was determined using the Taro Yamene’s formula. The sampling unit was made up of managers of the 68 selected food and beverage firms in South-South Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was used as the main instrument for data collection. The data collected were analyzed statistically while the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (PPMCC) was used to test the formulated hypotheses. The SPSS software program version 24 was used to perform the bivariate analysis. The findings revealed that ideation has a significant relationship with sales volume growth of food and beverage firms in South-South Nigeria. This study also found a significant relationship between ideation and sales revenue growth of food and beverage firms in South-South Nigeria. A significant relationship was found between value creation and sales volume growth of food and beverage firms in South-South Nigeria. The study equally found a significant relationship between value creation and sales volume growth of food and beverage firms in South-South Nigeria Based on these findings, it was concluded that value innovation strategies such as ideation and value creation significantly relate to sales growth of food and beverage firms in South-South Nigeria. Based on the findings and conclusion, it was recommended that food and beverage firms in South-South Nigeria should adopt value innovation strategies as it would enhance the sales growth of their firms.

Frugal Innovation and Business Success of Food and Beverage Firms in South-South Nigeria

This study examined frugal innovation and business success of food and beverage firms in South-South Nigeria. The study employed the correlational research design. The population of this study consisted of all the 82 registered food and beverage firms in South-South Nigeria. The unit of analysis was made up of managers of the selected food and beverage firms in South-South Nigeria. The sample size was determined using the Taro Yamene’s formula. A structured questionnaire was used to elicit data from the respondents. The data collected were analyzed statistically while the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (PPMCC) was used to test the formulated hypotheses. The SPSS software program version 24 was used to correlate the data collected on the study variables. The findings revealed that value innovation has a significant relationship with business success (sales growth and profitability growth) of food and beverage firms in South-South Nigeria. This study also reported that cost cutting advancement has significant positive with business success (sales growth and profitability growth) of food and beverage firms in South-South Nigeria. The study equally revealed that technological innovation has a significant relationship with business success (sales growth and profitability growth) of food and beverage firms in South-South Nigeria. Based on these findings, it was concluded that frugal innovation is a significant predictor of business success of food and beverage firms in South-South Nigeria. Based on the findings and conclusion, it was recommended that food and beverage firms in South-South Nigeria should practice frugal innovation as it would enhance business success of food and beverage firms in South-South Nigeria.

Assessing Modeled Mesoscale Stirring Using Microscale Observations

Abstract We assess the representation of mesoscale stirring in a suite of models against an estimate derived from microstructure data collected during the North Atlantic Tracer Release Experiment (NATRE). We draw heavily from the approximate temperature variance budget framework of Ferrari and Polzin. This framework assumes two sources of temperature variance away from boundaries: first, the vertical stirring of the large-scale mean vertical gradient by small-scale turbulence; and second, the lateral stirring of large-scale mean along-isopycnal gradients by mesoscale eddies. Temperature variance so produced is transformed and on average transferred down scales for ultimate dissipation at the microscale at a rate χ estimated using microstructure observations. Ocean models represent these pathways by a vertical mixing parameterization, and an along-isopycnal lateral mixing parameterization (if needed). We assess the rate of variance production by the latter as a residual from the NATRE dataset and compare against the parameterized representations in a suite of model simulations. We find that variance production due to lateral stirring in a Parallel Ocean Program version 2 (POP2) 1/10° simulation agrees well, to within the estimated error bars, with that inferred from the NATRE estimate. A POP2 1° simulation and the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean Version 4 release 4 (ECCOV4r4) simulation appear to dissipate an order of magnitude too much variance by applying a lateral diffusivity, when compared to the NATRE estimate, particularly below 1250 m. The ECCOV4r4-adjusted lateral diffusivities are elevated where the microstructure suggests elevated χ sourced from mesoscale stirring. Such elevated values are absent in other diffusivity estimates suggesting the possibility of compensating errors and caution in interpreting ECCOV4r4’s adjusted lateral diffusivities. Significance Statement We look at whether microstructure turbulence observations can provide a useful metric for judging the fidelity of representation of mesoscale stirring in a suite of models. We focus on the region of the North Atlantic Tracer Release Experiment (NATRE), the site of a major ocean turbulence observation campaign, and use an approximate variance budget framework for the region with observational estimates from Ferrari and Polzin (2005). The approach provides a novel framework to evaluate the approximate representation of mesoscale stirring in a variety of models.