Support Program Research Articles

Pendampingan Edukasi Pemasaran Komunitas Pengusaha Keripik Gadung Berbasis Digital Marketing dan E-Commerce Desa Begagan Limo Kecamatan Gondang Mojokerto

The educational support program for digital marketing and e-commerce for the community of gadung chips entrepreneurs in Bagagan Limo Village, Gondang District, Mojokerto aims to enhance their marketing capabilities to reach a broader and more efficient market. This program provides entrepreneurs with an understanding of basic digital marketing concepts, ranging from social media utilization to e-commerce platforms, to expand their market reach. The assistance is carried out through training and hands-on practice, allowing participants to implement the knowledge gained in marketing their products online. The education provided covers various aspects of digital marketing, such as social media content management, website optimization, and the use of e-commerce platforms for product sales. This is intended to help gadung chips entrepreneurs not only rely on the local market but also penetrate broader markets, including international markets, through digital platforms. Furthermore, the support program teaches effective and cost-efficient marketing techniques, considering the importance of leveraging digital media in the modern era. Through this program, it is expected that gadung chips entrepreneurs in Bagagan Limo Village can develop their businesses, increase their income, and create new business opportunities. The implementation of digital marketing and e-commerce is expected to have a positive impact on improving the competitiveness of gadung chips products, as well as introducing local products to the global market. The desired outcome is the creation of a more inclusive and sustainable business ecosystem in the village.

Availability of Education in Vietnam: Sociological Analysis

This article analyzes the situation of inequality of educational opportunity in Vietnam and its reasons, and also provides comments and assessments of the impact of some support programs and policies of the Vietnamese government to reduce inequality in educational opportunity in this country. The views and approaches to studying the accessibility of education are revealed, its main characteristics are considered, the main barriers that students face in the educational process are identified; the article provides information on the availability of education in Vietnam. The authors come to the conclusion that despite the fairly successful steps taken by the Vietnamese government, the problem of inequality in education is still far from being completely resolved. The article is based on data from international organizations and the results of sociological surveys, including those conducted with the participation and guidance of the authors.

Teaching in the Digital Age—Developing a Support Program for Nursing Education Providers: Design-Based Research

Background Health care systems and the nursing profession worldwide are being transformed by technology and digitalization. Nurses acquire digital competence through their own experience in daily practice, but also from education and training; nursing education providers thus play an important role. While nursing education providers have some level of digital competence, there is a need for ongoing training and support for them to develop more advanced skills and effectively integrate technology into their teaching. Objective This study aims to develop a needs-based support program for nursing education providers to foster digital competencies and to test this intervention. Methods We used a design-based research approach, incorporating iterative development with expert consultation to create and evaluate a support program for nursing education providers. Focus groups were conducted online to assess needs, and thematic content analysis was used to derive key insights. The support program was then refined through expert feedback and subjected to a feasibility and satisfaction test, with participant evaluations analyzed descriptively. Results Six main categories emerged from the focus groups, highlighting key areas, including the use of digital technology, ongoing support needs, and the current state of digitalization in nursing education. The support program was developed based on these findings, with expert validation leading to adjustments in timing, content prioritization, and platform integration. Preliminary testing showed good overall satisfaction with the support program, although participants suggested improvements in content relevance and digital platform usability. Conclusions Although the feasibility test showed high satisfaction with the support program, low participation rates and limited perceived knowledge gain were major concerns. The results suggest that while the program was well received, further refinements, including a focus on competency-based approaches and addressing workplace barriers, are needed to increase participation and effectiveness of such interventions. The findings of this research can be used as a basis for the development of similar programs in other educational and health care contexts.

Motivations Driving Self-Employment Among Women in Karachi

The self-employment of women in Karachi is notable, showing their ability to deal with social norms and financial difficulties. Many women seek jobs for themselves, often working in unregulated markets. They use education, family support, and government programs to help them succeed. Government rules and protections are important in creating a supportive setting for women’s self-employment and business ventures. To help women’s economic power and equality, various kinds of support are needed, covering financial, social, and legal areas.

Effectiveness of a technical support program with women’s self-help groups in catalyzing health and nutrition behaviors in Bihar—a multicomponent analysis

IntroductionBihar Rural Livelihoods Promotion Society launched the JEEViKA program in 2007 to improve livelihoods through the Self-Help Group (SHG) platform. Women’s SHGs have shown members’ health improvements by promoting awareness, practices and access to services. This study investigates whether Health & Nutrition (HN) interventions delivered by JEEViKA Technical Support Program (JTSP) via SHG platforms could improve maternal and newborn health and nutritional behaviors in rural Bihar.MethodsAnnual Household Survey and Married Women of Reproductive Age (MWRA) studies of Bihar Technical Support Unit were used to analyze the effectiveness of JTSP on HN behaviors for mother and their infants in Bihar during 2016–21. Descriptive analysis followed by multivariable (binary and multinomial) logistic regressions were conducted to determine the distribution of and associations between various individual/community and programmatic exposures and outcomes of interest.ResultsDuring 2016–2021, in Bihar, statewide increase (32 to 47%) in SHG membership across all population strata and expansion of HN layering of JTSP from 101 to 349 blocks corroborated with improvements in Maternal-Newborn-Child Health & Nutrition (MNCHN) indicators in JTSP blocks and SHG members. Substantial increase was observed in ≥3ANC visit (9% points), institutional delivery (10%), skin-to-skin-care (17%), dry cord-care (23%), early initiation of breastfeeding (19%) & complementary feeding (9%). Adjusting for socio-demographic factors and Front-Line Workers’ (FLWs’) advice/counseling, multivariable logistic regression revealed that SHG member in JTSP blocks delivering post-intervention (2021) were more likely (vs 2016) to practice: ≥3ANC visits (Adjusted Odds Ratio: aOR = 1.48, p < 0.0001), institutional delivery (aOR = 1.71, p < 0.0001), skin-to-skin care (aOR = 3.16, p < 0.0001) and dry cord-care (aOR = 2.64, p < 0.0001), early initiation of breastfeeding (aOR = 1.61, p < 0.0001), complementary feeding (aOR6-8 months = 1.48, p < 0.0001) and minimum dietary diversity (aOR6-8 months = 1.24). Better mobility, decision making, economic independence and overall empowerment were also evident among SHG member MWRA as opposed to non-members after both phases.DiscussionThe results highlight successful HN integration in JEEViKA by JTSP, demonstrating its effectiveness in integrating with State Rural Livelihoods Mission community platforms. JTSP showcases collaboration within a government system and emphasizes systematic introduction and strengthening at multiple levels. This integration has enabled JEEViKA systems to self-sustain its own HN implementation processes, paving the way for cross-sectoral comprehensive delivery mechanisms for social development.

Unveiling the Power of Race and Education in Shaping Entrepreneurial Dreams: An Empirical Study in Florida

This study investigates the main effects and the interaction effects of race and education on entrepreneurial intentions in the pre-startup phase, using logistic regression analysis on a sample of 967 respondents from Florida. Blacks and Other Nonwhites are compared to Whites in the logistic regression analysis. As the largest empirical study of its kind at the state level in the U.S., it addresses a gap in the literature by focusing on a narrowly defined geographic area. The findings reveal significant differences in entrepreneurial intentions among racial groups, with education playing a crucial role. Policy implications include the need for tailored support programs and inclusive financial products to foster a more equitable entrepreneurial ecosystem. This study underscores the importance of entrepreneurial education and highlights the necessity for ongoing research to understand the unique challenges faced by Nonwhite entrepreneurs, ultimately contributing to a more inclusive and dynamic economy.

The Identification of Relationships of the Quality of Lives of Puerperal Women, Who are Registered to Certain Family Health Centers in Tokat Province of Türkiye, With Their Support Needs and The Support Received by Them in the Postpartum Period

Background: The postpartum period is of critical importance to the health of the mother and newborn. It is presumed that the social support given during this period is likely to provide numerous benefits for the health of the mother, newborn, family, and accordingly the society. Objectives: This research was conducted to evaluate puerperal women’s needs for support, the support received by them, and the quality of their lives and identify the relationships between these variables. Methods: This descriptive and correlational research included a sample of 270 puerperal women registered at nine family health centers in Tokat province of Türkiye. The research data were collected by using the Introductory Information Form, the Postpartum Support Questionnaire, and the Maternal Postpartum Quality of Life Questionnaire. In the evaluation of the data; descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, Mann Whitney U test, one-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis H test, LSD Post Hoc test and Pearson correlation analysis were used. Results: In this research, the mean scores obtained by puerperal women from the “importance of the need” scale and the “received support” scale of the Postpartum Support Questionnaire were found respectively as 122.24±49.51 and 140.54±43.57 whilst the mean of puerperal women’s Maternal Postpartum Quality of Life Questionnaire scores was 23.51±3.25. Also, in the research, it was found that puerperal women’s Maternal Postpartum Quality of Life Questionnaire scores had statistically significant negative relationships with scores obtained by them from the “importance of the need” scale of the Postpartum Support Questionnaire (r=-.30, p=.000) and its material support sub-scale (r=-.30, p=.000), emotional support sub-scale (r=-.30, p=.000), and informational support sub-scale (r=-.25, p=.000). Besides, it was identified that puerperal women’s Maternal Postpartum Quality of Life Questionnaire scores had statistically significant positive relationships with scores obtained by them from the material support sub-scale (r=.24, p=.000) and emotional support sub-scale (r=.12, p=.000) of the “received support” scale of the Postpartum Support Questionnaire. Conclusion: In this research, it was found that the need for support felt by puerperal women was not at a significant level whilst the support received by puerperal women for this need was excessive. There was a relationship between the support needs of the postpartum women in the postpartum period and the support they receive and their quality of life. In order to improve the quality of life of puerperal women, health professionals working in primary health care, especially midwives and nurses, should inform the woman and her family about the importance of postpartum social support and help plan the social support program in line with the needs of puerperal women.

The Use of Motivational Interviewing with Chronically Unhoused Veterans

Abstract The Housing First model is embedded in a supportive housing federal program aimed at reducing homelessness by offering housing vouchers and case management services to chronically unhoused veterans with co-occurring disorders. Despite the successes Housing First programs have achieved with the chronic unhoused population, including veterans, the cycle of homelessness continues to exist in this subgroup. These veterans have significant vulnerabilities, such as severe mental health and addiction histories, that contribute to their housing instability. The case narrative in this paper illustrates the story of a chronically unhoused veteran who cycled through episodes of homelessness due to ongoing substance use and evictions. On the veteran's third entry into a Housing First program, the social worker utilized the transtheoretical model (TTM) to evaluate the veteran's readiness to change and applied motivational interviewing (MI) principles to find a representative payee who would support housing stability, even if the veteran experienced a relapse. This approach can be considered harm reduction in supportive housing. Through the application of MI, the veteran exercised self-efficacy, opted for implementing a protective factor, and experienced long-term stable housing.

Integrating knowledge management with smart technologies in public pharmaceutical organizations

This study investigates the impact of Knowledge Management (KM) practices, enhanced by smart technologies, on organizational performance within public pharmaceutical organizations in Cairo Governorate, Egypt. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, the study targeted employees from five public pharmaceutical companies in Cairo Governorate, including Memphis Pharmaceuticals, Arab Pharmaceuticals, Cairo Pharmaceuticals, Nile Pharmaceuticals, and EIPICO. These companies were selected based on their public listing and accessible workforce data. Respondents included administrative and technical staff, ensuring a representative sample of the sector. The sample size of 372 was calculated using a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error, proportionally distributed across organizations and roles. The results of the study reveal that KM practices significantly enhance operational efficiency and foster innovation, with quantitative evidence showing that KM positively influences operational efficiency (β = 0.42, p < 0.01) and innovation (β = 0.35, p < 0.05). The analysis also indicates that strategic leadership plays a moderating role in the relationship between KM practices and organizational performance. Specifically, the moderation effect of leadership strengthens the impact of KM on operational efficiency (interaction term: β = 0.18, p < 0.05) and innovation (interaction term: β = 0.21, p < 0.05). These findings underscore the critical role of leadership in aligning KM practices with strategic goals, highlighting the potential for public pharmaceutical organizations to achieve higher efficiency and innovation. Organizations operating in highly regulated sectors can drive continuous improvement and achieve sustainable performance outcomes by integrating KM frameworks with advanced technologies and strategic leadership. Acknowledgment The authors are thankful to the Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research at the University of Bisha for supporting this work through the Fast-Track Research Support Program.

Global Tomato Production: Price Sensitivity and Policy Impact in Mexico, Türkiye, and the United States

Tomato, a vital subtropical vegetable crop, is in demand globally but is produced in limited regions. Recently, its supply has become increasingly influenced by internal and external production factors. This study analyzed the impact of price fluctuations and evolving agricultural support schemes on tomato production in three key producers: Mexico, Türkiye, and the United States, which play significant roles in the global market with specialized production and trade. Using time-series price response data from 1991 to 2022, the research examined market prices, government support policies, and international trade agreements. Long-term price effects were similar in Türkiye and the USA but negligible in Mexico. Short-term price differences were positive across all countries, with the strongest impact in the USA. Financial support programs increased supplies in alignment with time-based effects. Deviations from long-term equilibrium were corrected in all countries, with Türkiye showing the fastest recovery. The results suggest that decoupled supports positively influence supply and merit further promotion.

Systematic study on the choice of higher education institutions in the engineering field

This research systematically examines the factors that influence the choice of higher education institutions in the field of engineering. Through a comprehensive review of recent literature, using the PRISMA 2020 methodology, 98 academic articles were analysed, of which 13 met the established inclusion criteria. The study identifies ten main factors influencing students' decision, the most significant being family, educational and economic aspects, mentioned by 11-12 authors. Individual factors were cited by seven authors, while social and academic environment and gender stereotypes were mentioned by five and four authors respectively. The findings reveal that institutional choice is more influenced by external factors than by personal preferences. The research highlights the persistence of socio-cultural barriers in the selection of engineering careers and emphasises the need for educational policies that address these challenges. The results provide valuable information for educational institutions and policy makers, suggesting the implementation of more robust financial support and career guidance programmes to optimize engineering education.

Corrigendum: A programme of support for care assistants of children admitted with cerebral palsy

No abstract available.

Psychological Risk and Protective Factors for the Development of Prolonged Grief in Mourners

Objective: This study aims to analyze the relationships between stressful life events (SLEs), social support, psychopathology, and attachment in the bereavement process. We focus on predicting the risk of prolonged grief in bereaved caregivers of palliative patients and relatives of patients who died from sudden cardiac death, using complementary methodologies: regression models and Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). Methodology: Sample was 150 bereaved caregivers of palliative patients and relatives of patients who died from sudden cardiac death. Participants completed questionnaires assessing these factors. Results: Nearly half of the participants were at moderate-high risk for prolonged grief. Bereavement risk was negatively associated with instrumental and emotional social support and positively correlated with psychopathology and SLE. Hierarchical regression analysis explained 21.40% of the variance in prolonged grief risk, while QCA models identified high levels of psychopathology and perceived SLE as significant predictors. Conversely, secure attachment and strong social support were linked to lower risk. Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of personalized support programs to enhance caregivers’ well-being during bereavement.

What makes a city breastfeeding friendly? A qualitative analysis of interviews with breastfeeding women from Europe and Asia.

The warm chain of support is the continuous enabling environment from the mother's first contact with healthcare professionals during early pregnancy, birth and immediate post-partum period, her transition from healthcare facility to home, through to work and the community at large. A breastfeeding-friendly city should be able to support a breastfeeding journey across the warm chain. To determine breastfeeding women's perspective of an ideal breastfeeding-friendly city. Between September 2021 and January 2022, twenty-two women who were breastfeeding or had ever breastfed in the last 5 years from Ireland and Malaysia were interviewed. A set of selection criteria was applied to ensure representation of a range of the characteristics known to be associated with breastfeeding success: diverse age groups, birth and breastfeeding experiences, culture and socioeconomical background. One-on-one semi-structured online interviews were conducted by the first author. Data were analysed using Braun and Clarke's Thematic Analysis framework. One overarching theme of breastfeeding at the front and centre of the city, and three major themes were developed: 1. mothers feel supported when breastfeeding is prioritised; 2. when breastfeeding is visible in the environment, it becomes normalized; 3. there is a need to have seamless breastfeeding support across the continuum of the warm chain, and at all levels of society. The findings demonstrated the importance of prioritized, and continuous support throughout the breastfeeding journey. The hopes and aspirations of a breastfeeding-friendly city expressed here would be useful for cities to consider when developing or implementing breastfeeding support programmes as well as guide development of indicators of a breastfeeding-friendly city.

China’s Rural Revitalization Policy: A PRISMA 2020 Systematic Review of Poverty Alleviation, Food Security, and Sustainable Development Initiatives

This systematic review evaluates China’s Rural Revitalization Policy, focusing on sustainable agriculture, food security, and poverty alleviation initiatives from 2010 to 2024. The study addresses critical gaps in understanding how these combined efforts impact long-term food security and ecological sustainability in impoverished areas, moving beyond the short-term outcomes often emphasized in existing literature. Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we reviewed 33 peer-reviewed publications from the Web of Science and Scopus databases, employing bibliometric analyses in RStudio to assess citation patterns, collaboration networks, and thematic evolution. Our analysis reveals significant progress across three interconnected domains. First, poverty alleviation initiatives achieved a 12.3% reduction in rural poverty through integrated agricultural modernization and targeted support programs. Second, agricultural productivity increased by 9.8% through technological integration and sustainable farming practices, strengthening food security outcomes. Third, environmental sustainability improved notably, with a 15.7% increase in clean water access, demonstrating a successful balance between economic growth and ecological protection. China emerged as the largest contributor (15.2%) to research in this field, with substantial international collaboration (42.4% of publications involving cross-border co-authorship). Despite these achievements, significant regional disparities persist, particularly between eastern and western regions, where targeted interventions are needed. The findings highlight the need for regionally tailored approaches: eastern regions require focus on sustainable intensification, western regions need fundamental infrastructure development, and central regions would benefit from strengthened urban–rural linkages. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers and researchers working on rural development initiatives while identifying areas requiring further research, particularly in long-term sustainability assessments and climate resilience strategies.

Scaling up of parenting support to prevent violence against children in Tanzania: insights from policymakers and service providers

BackgroundEvidence shows that parenting behaviours, including the use of violent discipline, can be changed through programmatic interventions. This study seeks to examine how policymakers and service providers in Tanzania perceive the provision of parenting support as a strategy to prevent violence against children and what the enabling and hindering factors are for the scale-up of existing evidence-based parenting supports. It does this by applying Daly’s analytical framework for parenting support.MethodsQualitative research was undertaken, with interviews conducted with 20 key informants consisting of purposively sampled policymakers and service providers. The interview data were analysed using inductive and deductive coding and analysis.ResultsThe most prominent enabling factors noted for the scale-up of parenting support interventions in Tanzania include the existing supportive political commitment, the interventions currently on offer at the programmatic level, and the perceived understanding of Tanzanian caregivers of the importance of parenting and, thereby, a willingness to change. Current factors hindering the scale-up include the lack of a common understanding of what evidence-based parenting programmes entail, inadequate provision of human and financial capital to implement the programmes using community resources and deeply engrained social norms around adultism and gender.ConclusionDaly’s analytical framework allowed us to examine barriers and facilitators to scale-up the provision of parenting support to prevent violence against children, based on the viewpoints of policymakers and service providers. Understanding these barriers and facilitators will allow Tanzanian policymakers and service providers to further close the gap between the policies and the actual implementation of evidence-based parenting support programmes aimed at preventing violence against children.

The changes in the public legal status of magistrates and state policy towards citizens in 1725-1762

Relevance. The article examines the process of changing the public legal status of city magistrates through the prism of transformations in the fields of trade and urban self-government. Since 1995, a program of state support for local self-government has been implemented in Russia. Government assistance measures for small and mediu-sized businesses are developed annually. In this regard, a retrospective analysis of the experience of the functioning of magistrates, who carried out both urban management and economic and legal protection of the trade and craft population, will improve the quality of reforms at the present stage.The purpose. To consider how the public legal status of magistrates has changed depending on state policy towards the urban populationObjectives: to analyze the main directions of the socio-economic policy of the state; to study how the competencies of magistrates and their subordination have changed depending on the existence of the Chief MagistrateMethodology. The research is based on the principles of objectivity and historicism. The scientific tools of the work consisted of the following methods of historical cognition: problem-chronological, historical-comparative, historical-genetic, historical-systemic.Results. Magistrates, established in 1720, had a wide range of competencies and were of a state nature. Along with judicial and fiscal powers, they were endowed with many administrative functions. From February 1720 to August 18, 1727, the magistrate system represented an independent structure controlled by the Chief Magistrate. From August 1727 to May 5, 1743, due to the deprivation of the Chief Magistrate of the collegium status, magistrates began to obey the voivodes and governors, which did not affect their versatility. From May 1743 to June 1762, they were again subordinate to the Chief Magistrate.Conclusion. Despite the temporary abolition of the Chief Magistrate and the subordination of magistrates to voivodes and governors, these institutions continued to combine judicial, administrative and fiscal powers.

The Role of Self-Compassion in the Lived Experiences of Service Providers Working in Canadian Cancer Support Programs

The Role of Self-Compassion in the Lived Experiences of Service Providers Working in Canadian Cancer Support Programs

Marriage and Steady Relationships with Women in Men Who Have Sex with Men in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Mixed-Method Systematic Review and Meta-analyses.

High HIV prevalence in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) in men who have sex with men (MSM) leads to greater risk for their wives and other steady female partners because of prolonged exposure. To provide insights into the context possibly contributing to the risk of HIV transmission from MSM to women, our mixed-method synthesis about MSM' marriage and steady relationships with cisgender women aimed to: (i) assess the extent of engagement in steady relationships with women and in risky behaviors with these women across SSA's four regions; (ii) explore the underlying dynamics within these relationships by gathering qualitative information. We used quantitative and qualitative data specifically pertaining to related to marriage or other steady relationships with women from a systematic review on men who have sex with both men and women (MSMW) in SSA (PROSPERO-CRD42021237836). Meta-analyses were performed on quantitative data for each region. Pooled proportions were calculated using random-effects models. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic synthesis. Data were selected from 125 studies. For Southern, East and West Africa, the estimated pooled proportions of married MSM were 4% (95% CI 2-8%; n = 10 studies; 4183 MSM), 8% (6-11%; 19; 7070), and 7% (6-9%; 13; 4705). In Southern Africa, 29% (11-56%; 5; 1667) of MSM had steady female partners. In East Africa, 34% (14-61%; 5; 2003) were currently or previously married to women. Motives to marry women included a desire to have children, and to conform to heteronormative social norms and family pressure. Marriage was seen as a means to discontinue homosexual behaviors or, conversely, a way to secretly continue same-sex behaviors more freely. Procreative intentions and a desire for secrecy often deterred MSM from using HIV prevention methods with their wives. For some MSM, steady relationships with women provided them with mutual support. However, these relationships could also lead to stressful and conflict-ridden situations, potentially resulting in psychosocial and HIV-related risks for the MSM as well as their male and steady female partners. Steady relationships with women are common in MSM in SSA. Sexuality concealment strategies with steady female partners depend on the circumstances that lead MSM to enter into these relationships, and have various implications on sexual behaviors with both male and female partners. Community-based support, HIV research, prevention, and care programs should be adapted to MSM's different life situations to reduce direct HIV transmission risk to steady female partners.

Place Matters: Understanding Geographic Influences on Youth Not in Education, Employment, or Training-A Scoping Review.

Youth aged 15-29 who are not engaged in education, employment, or training (NEET) represent a critical concern within the European Union (EU). This review aims to ascertain whether existing studies address the impact of living in either rural or urban settings, or in specific types of neighborhoods, on the likelihood of young European individuals falling into NEET status. On February 21, 2023, and subsequently updated on January 15, 2024, a thorough literature search was carried out across four major databases to compile relevant studies. From an initial pool of 33,314 articles, 11 studies were deemed relevant for this review involving over 786,399 participants. The analysis revealed that residing in disadvantaged neighborhoods, characterized by significant crime rates and unemployment levels surpassing national averages, correlates strongly with an increased incidence of NEET status among youth. Notably, impoverished areas with a high presence of visible minorities were associated with higher rates of school dropout or unemployment. Furthermore, the conditions of the local labor market were found to notably affect dropout rates from secondary schools, especially in urban centers. Whereas rural areas exhibited elevated unemployment rates among the youth. This review underscores the need for targeted policies that address geographical disparities in NEET status by tailoring interventions to urban, rural, and neighborhood-specific contexts. Policymakers should focus on localized support programs and integrate geographical factors into strategic planning to ensure equitable opportunities for all youth.