Program For Parents Of Children Research Articles

The Development of an Orientation and Mobility Program for Parents of Children with Visual Impairment

The ability of orientation and mobility (O&M) in children with visual impairment was still very low, so the dependence on sighted people was very high and this limited the activities of children with visual impairment themselves. On the other hand, the parents of these children did not have the ability on O&M and thus face difficulties in teaching their children to develop their O&M at home. Therefore, it was important to have an operational guideline to provide help for parents in teaching their children to be independent. The purpose of this study is to formulate a program for parents on how to teach O&M to their children. The study was carried out using the qualitative approach with the case study strategy; the in-depth interview, direct observation, participant observation, and documentation, were used to collect the data, and the O&M Attribute Checklist was adapted from Perkins Freedom Mobility LLC (2014) was used to portray the O&M competence profile of the parents. The subjects of this study were parents of children with visual impairment. The result of this study is in the form of a program formulation that was developed based on the analysis of assessment and field needs, including objectives, materials, methods, implementation procedures, and evaluations. The conclusion is that through the program guidelines that have been formulated, it is hoped that parents have the competence and will be easier to teach their children’s O&M skills so that children develop optimally. The implication is that families must be consistent in following the designed program guidelines.

A Pilot Study of a Family Management Program for Parents of Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

ObjectivesThe aim of this completed pilot study was to evaluate the feasibility of implementing a family management program (FMP) for parents of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Data SourcesA convenience sample of 11 parents of preschool-aged children with ALL were recruited from an ambulatory chemotherapy-care clinic at a tertiary hospital in Thailand. Participants received three FMP sessions over 3 weeks. The FMP is based on two established family programs (ie, FMP-style framework and building on family strengths) and reviewed literature. The following measures were used to evaluate parents’ responses at baseline, postintervention, and follow-up: Family Management Measure, Beach-Center Family Quality-of-Life Scale, and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory. Data were analyzed using one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance. ConclusionThe study results provide promising evidence that the FMP is feasible and improves family management and quality of life for parents of enrolled children with ALL. Implications for Nursing PracticeEducating pediatric oncology nurses and other healthcare professionals to replicate the FMP may help to provide better family management, and child quality of life support to future parents and other family members of young children diagnosed with ALL. This support should focus on educating parents about the potential effects of caring for a child with ALL on the family and fostering positive relationships within the family and offering guidance on effective family communications and decision-making processes.

Effects of an online mindfulness-based program for parents of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a pilot, mixed methods study.

Online mindfulness-based program (MBP) for parents and families especially in clinical population is limited. Engagement and significant dropout are major issues in MBP implementation. This pilot study examined the effects of an online mindfulness-based program (MBP) on parents of children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). A mixed methods study was applied to evaluate the effects of the MBP. A total of 43 parents were recruited and were randomly assigned into intervention group and waitlist control group. The online MBP lasted for 28 days, including 20 psychoeducation videos, homework audio guidance, and four instructor-led online group meetings. Purposive sampling was used to recruit parents who completed the program to share their experiences and suggestions for improving the program in semi-structured online interviews. Quantitative data showed that participants from the online MBP reported a medium to large effect on the reduction of child ADHD symptoms. In semi-structured interviews, participants reported positive experiences in their help seeking intention, and personal changes, such as emotion regulation and quality attention to their children. Participants further made suggestions for improvement. The effect of online MBP is promising, and the program should be conducted. A large scale randomized controlled trial should be conducted to investigate the effects of MBP in clinical populations. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05480423.

Using Implementation Research to Inform Scaling of Parenting Programs: Independently Conducted Case Studies from Zambia and Bhutan.

Two case studies of parenting programs for parents of children 0 to 36 months of age, developed and implemented by Save the Children/Ministry of Health/Khesar Gyalpo University in Bhutan and UNICEF Zambia, were conducted by an independent research group. The focus was on how program delivery and scale-up were revised on the basis of feedback from implementation research. Feedback on workforce delivery quality was based on observations of deliveries using a monitoring form, as well as survey and interview data collected from the workforce. In-depth interviews with the resource team during the fourth year of implementation revealed how the feedback was used to address horizontal and vertical scaling. Delivery quality was improved in some cases by revising the delivery manual, offering refresher courses, and instituting regular monitoring. Scaling challenges in Zambia included slow progress with regard to reaching families in the two districts, which they addressed by trialing group sessions, and stemming workforce attrition. The challenges in Bhutan were low attendance and reducing the workload of providers. Vertical scaling challenges for both countries concerned maintaining demand through continuous advocacy at community and government levels to sustain financing and to show effectiveness in outcomes.

The physical and psychosocial benefits of a family judo program for parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A pilot study

BackgroundParents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) tend to have high levels of stress and poor health habits. There is a lack of interventions that focus on improving health outcomes in parents of children with ASD. ObjectiveTo examine the physical and psychosocial effects of a family-based judo program on parents of children diagnosed with ASD. MethodsThis study utilized a pre-post single group design. Eighteen parent-child dyads participated in a 14-week judo program for families of children with ASD. Judo sessions were held once a week for 45 min. Parents wore wrist accelerometers to assess physical activity/sleep quality, and completed surveys regarding self-reported stress levels pre- and post-judo. Parents also completed open-ended questions regarding their experience in the program. Paired sample t-tests were conducted to examine changes in stress, physical activity, and sleep quality from pre-to post-program. ResultsBoth a decrease in parental stress (47.77 vs. 41.61, p < 0.01) and an increase in minutes per day of physical activity (35.49 vs 45.94, p = 0.002) were observed from baseline to post-program. Fourteen of the 18 parents (78 %) reported at least one psychosocial benefit (e.g. increased self-confidence) or physical health benefit (e.g. increased physical activity) from participation in the program. ConclusionsA family judo program may provide health benefits, such as reducing stress levels and increasing physical activity in parents of children with ASD. Further research involving larger sample sizes is necessary to better determine the effects of judo on both parents and their children with ASD.

Capacity-Building Program for Parents of Children with SEN: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Capacity-Building Program for Parents of Children with SEN: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Development of a theory-based family resilience intervention program for parents of children with chronic diseases: A Delphi study

BackgroundLong-term illness exposes children with chronic diseases to a high risk of deterioration of physical and mental health. Developing an effective family resilience intervention program is a critical concern. ObjectiveTo develop a theory-based family resilience intervention program for parents of children with chronic diseases and provide a reference for clinical intervention. MethodsA two-phased research design, guided by the Walsh family resilience process model, was employed to develop the intervention program. In phase 1, a scoping literature review was conducted to identify the possible elements of family resilience interventions. In phase 2, a three-round Delphi survey was conducted with experts (n = 14) using an online electronic survey to obtain their consensus on the intervention content. ResultsThree main components were identified: (1) strengthening family beliefs, (2) adjusting the family organization pattern, and (3) improving the family communication process. And 8 modules were developed: “introducing adversity and family resilience”, “finding and strengthening positive family beliefs, and building confidence to live with the disease”, “analyzing and adjusting family structure”, “assisting families to increase and utilizing internal and external resources”, “optimizing communication skills”, “strengthening collaborative problem-solving capacity”, “enhancing the family narrative ability”, and “enhancing emotional expression”. After 3-round Delphi, the findings indicated that the intervention program is applicable and feasible for parents of children with chronic diseases in China. ConclusionThe principal merit of this study lies in the development of a family resilience intervention program for parents of children with chronic diseases. The intervention's usability and efficacy should be investigated in future studies. Implications to practiceDeveloping a family resilience intervention program is a critical first step toward providing effective care for parents of children with chronic diseases, and evaluating the program's feasibility and suitability in the target population is warranted.

The mediation effect of mental resilience between stress and coping style among parents of children with cochlear implants: Cross-sectional study

PurposeThis study aimed to examine the relationship of stress, mental resilience, and coping style, and the mediation effect of mental resilience between stress and coping style among parents of children with cochlear implants. Design and methodsA cross-sectional design was used. A total of 231 parents of children with cochlear implants were recruited from May 1, 2022, to February 28, 2023 at a comprehensive tertiary hospital and a cochlear implant rehabilitation center in China. Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF), the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and the Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire(SCSQ) were used to measure stress, mental resilience, and coping style respectively. ResultsThe mean score observed for PSI-SF, CD-RISC, active coping, and passive coping was 87.85 ± 24.59, 55.63 ± 16.11, 21.36 ± 6.73, and 9.05 ± 4.52, respectively.Mental resilience was a significant mediator explaining the effect of stress on active coping (β = −0.294; 95% bias-corrected bootstrap CI: −0.358 to −0.164). ConclusionsAttention should be paid to the status of stress, mental resilience and coping style in parents of children with cochlear implants. Mental resilience mediated stress and coping style. Practice implicationsThis study provides a theoretical basis for establishing an active coping care program for parents of children with cochlear implants. There is a need to identify strategies that can help increase the level of mental resilience of parents of children with cochlear implants and more subjective and objective social support should be provided to reduce their stress and to encourage active coping style.

Knowledge and belongingness: experiences of a programme for parents of children with autism

ABSTRACT Background Whilst lack of social support has been associated with stress for parents of children with autism, group programmes for parents which bring together those with similar experiences and provide learning and resources can offer a form of social support. Although studies of such programmes suggest positive outcomes, including in terms of children’s adaptive behaviour, research examining parental perspectives on interventions that set out specifically to provide support to reduce stress in parents of children with autism is still scarce. Purpose Set in a Swedish context, the aim was to investigate whether a group education programme for parents of children with autism could be viewed as a site of informal social support and considered fertile ground for procuring social capital. Method Participants were parents of children who had been given an autism diagnosis at around three years of age. They had all taken part in a group education programme designed to facilitate experience-sharing in meetings between parents. The parents were interviewed about their experiences and perceptions of its influence on their everyday lives. Data were analysed qualitatively, using a Community of Practice lens. Findings The in-depth analysis indicated that, according to participants, the programme had helped alleviate feelings of isolation and improve parenting confidence. The findings speak to the importance of personal investment for knowledge acquisition and implementation, demonstrating the connections between the acquisition of social capital and membership of a Community of Practice. Conclusion Building on previous research emphasising the role of social support for the quality of life for parents of children with autism, the study highlights how a parental group education programme can represent a valuable social setting which is conducive for learning and resource procurement. Knowledge and belongingness in a social community – which enables access to, and sharing of, resources – are both of crucial relevance to outcomes and quality of life for families.

Group-based parent training programme for children with neurological conditions: a feasibility study

Objective and designThis study aimed to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of a parent training programme for parents of children with neurological conditions and behaviours that challenge.SettingChild and adolescent mental...

A Challenge for Parents? Understanding The Needs of a Psychoeducational Program for Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a disorder with a high prevalence and continues to increase from time to time. ASD is still considered a taboo and a scourge. Whereas ASD is not a disease, but a disorder characterized by a decrease in the quality of individuals in social interactions, communication skills, and repetitive interests and behaviors. Due to the increasing prevalence of ASD and the lack of available information, this study seeks to explore the need for whether a parental assistance program is needed when dealing with a diagnosis of ASD in their child. The research method used in this research is qualitative. Researchers involved 6 participants consisting of 2 parents of children diagnosed with ASD, 2 parents of children with typical development, and 2 therapists who have treated children with special. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. The findings in this study indicate that not much is known about ASD by parents. Parents do a lot of searching independently but the information obtained is generally limited. Parents are also often still confused about understanding ASD and what actions can be taken to help their child. One of the main problems parents face when dealing with an ASD diagnosis is acceptance. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) menjadi gangguan dengan prevalensi yang cukup tinggi dan terus meningkat dari waktu ke waktu. ASD masih dianggap tabu dan menjadi momok. Padahal ASD bukanlah suatu penyakit, melainkan sebuah gangguan yang ditandai dengan penurunan kualitas individu dalam interaksi sosial, kemampuan komunikasi, serta minat dan perilaku yang berulang. Dengan prevalensi ASD yang terus meningkat dan kurangnya informasi yang tersedia, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggali kebutuhan apakah suatu program psikoedukasi bagi orang tua dibutuhkan ketika menghadapi diagnosa ASD pada anaknya. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif. Peneliti melibatkan 6 orang partisipan yang terdiri dari 2 orang tua dengan anak terdiagnosa ASD, 2 orang tua dari anak dengan perkembangan tipikal, dan 2 orang terapis yang menangani anak berkebutuhan khusus. Teknik sampling yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling. Temuan dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan mengenai ASD belum banyak diketahui oleh para orang tua. Orang tua banyak melakukan pencarian secara mandiri namun informasi yang didapat umumnya terbatas. Orang tua juga seringkali masih mengalami kebingungan dalam memahami ASD dan tindakan apa yang dapat dilakukan untuk membantu anak mereka. Salah satu permasalahan utama yang dihadapi orang tua ketika menghadapi diagnosa ASD adalah penerimaan.

Understanding the Effectiveness and Feasibility of a Family Navigator Program for Parents of Children With Autism.

Systems navigation can be difficult, especially for low-resourced families (i.e., families who are "low income" or meet one of the following indicators: mother has a high school diploma or less; primary caregiver is unemployed; or the family receives governmental assistance). Navigators may help families access services; however, the training of navigators is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness and feasibility of Supporting Parents to Access and Navigate Services (SPANS), a program to develop navigators. Altogether, 19 low-resourced parents of children with autism participated in SPANS. Participants demonstrated significantly improved knowledge about autism services and perceived advocacy for other families and systemic change. There was high attendance, low attrition, high acceptability, and high fidelity. Implications are discussed.

Using a Design Thinking Approach to Develop a Social Media-Based Parenting Program for Parents of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Mixed Methods Study.

Background: Parenting programs have proven effective in improving the behavior of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, barriers such as job and transportation constraints hinder parents from attending face-to-face therapy appointments. The COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated these challenges. Objective: This study aimed to develop and test the feasibility of a social media-based parenting program for parents of children with ADHD, considering both the pre-existing challenges faced by parents and the additional barriers imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This study used a 5-stage design thinking process, encompassing empathizing with parents, defining their needs, ideating innovative solutions, prototyping the program, and testing the program with parents. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 18 parents of children with ADHD to understand their unique needs and values. Brainstorming techniques were used to generate creative ideas, leading to the creation of a prototype that was tested with 32 parents. Participants' engagement with the program was measured, and posttraining feedback was collected to assess the program's effectiveness. Results: Parents of children with ADHD encounter specific challenges, including managing impulsive behavior and difficulties in emotion regulation. The social media-based parenting program was delivered through the LINE app (Line Corporation) and consisted of 7 modules addressing topics related to ADHD management and effective parenting strategies. The program exhibited a high completion rate, with 84% (27/32) of participants successfully finishing it. Program provider-participant interaction peaked during the first week and gradually decreased over time. Qualitative feedback indicated that the program was feasible, accessible, and well received by participants. The LINE app was found to be convenient and helpful, and participants preferred content delivery once or twice per week, expressing acceptance for various content formats. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the significance of adopting a human-centered design thinking approach to develop parenting programs that cater to the unique needs and values of parents. By leveraging social media platforms, such as LINE, a parenting program can overcome the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic and other constraints faced by parents. LINE offers a viable and feasible option for supporting parents of children with ADHD, with the potential for customization and widespread dissemination beyond the pandemic context.

Development and Implementation of Vocational Awareness Program for Parents of Children with Special Needs

The main objective of this study was to develop and implement a vocational awareness program targeting parents of children with special needs. The study employed a descriptive quantitative survey methodology, with a sample of 21 parents (12 male and 9 female. A self-structured questionnaire was used to gather data from parents, with 21 questionnaires administered before and after the program's implementation. The study used SPSS version 25 for statistical analysis. The findings showed a significant increase in parental awareness about their child's impairment and the educational resources available to accommodate their child's specific needs. The study recommends the program be conducted in all special education schools to educate parents about their child's disabilities and the opportunities and facilities offered by these institutions.

How effective are group-based psychoeducation programs for parents of children with ASD in Turkey? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Recent research shows that group-based psychoeducation programs designed for parents of children with ASD have grown in popularity over time. The international evidence for the effectiveness of psychoeducation programs designed for parents of children with ASD in developed societies emphasizes the importance of providing a synthesis of the effectiveness of programs in developing societies. This study's primary aim is to assess the efficacy of group-based psychoeducation programs in Turkey for parents of children with ASD. The second aim is to investigate how the programs are influenced by the potential moderators (type of involvement, research design, number of sessions, duration of sessions, and number of participants). For these purposes, a database search was conducted that included group-based psychoeducation programs for parents of children with ASD implemented in Turkey. Twelve group-based psychoeducation programs that met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. The results showed that group-based psychoeducation programs for parents of children with ASD had "medium" effects on psychological symptoms [ES(SE) = 0.65 (.08), 95%CI (0.48–0.81)], "low" effects on social skills [ES(SE) = 0.32 (.16), 95%CI (0.02–0.62)], and "high" effects on well-being [ES(SE) = 1.05 (.19), 95%CI (0.66–1.43)]. According to moderator analyses, the type of involvement and the number of sessions were statistically significant moderators of psychological symptoms, but not the research design, duration of sessions, or number of participants.

318 Facilitating mentorship for caregivers of children with atopic dermatitis: the supporting eczema caregivers initiative

Abstract Caregivers of children with atopic dermatitis (AD) report high levels of stress, feelings of failure and isolation, and a need for social support. These socioemotional effects accumulate over time, often resulting in dramatic changes in career, finances and social activities for caregivers and families when childhood AD is poorly controlled. Psychosocial support and supportive relationships are critical to handling stressful life events. The present study assesses a psychosocial support programme for parents of children with AD. This mentorship program’s primary objective was to promote improvements in stress, resilient coping and loneliness among AD caregivers. Participants were randomized to an email-only group (n = 40) or a one-to-one mentorship pairing (n = 17). We collected measures of stress, coping resilience, loneliness, AD severity and program satisfaction at baseline, 6 weeks and 12 weeks. Eczema severity significantly decreased overall from baseline to 6 weeks (P &amp;lt; 0.001) and remained decreased at 12 weeks (P &amp;lt; 0.001 vs. baseline). There was no significant difference between groups or change in stress, resilience or loneliness over time. Qualitative data demonstrated high program satisfaction. While there was no change in loneliness, resilience or stress, we found a reduction in self-reported eczema symptoms. Continued reduction in these symptoms could affect the overall quality of life, which in turn could yield improved measures of loneliness, resilience and stress.

Social support in parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders

The aim of the present study was to compare the social support in parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. The sample consisted of 166 parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders in Isfahan, Iran. Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS, Sherbourne and Stewart 1991) was used for measuring the availability of social support. The collected data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and multivariate analysis of variance. The results showed that there was no significant difference in social support scores between parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders based on the type of child disorder and the gender of the parents (p > 0.05). The results also showed that there was no significant difference in the subscale of emotional/informational support, tangible support, and affectionate support between parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders (p > 0.05) but in the one subscale (i.e. social interaction) parents of children with intellectual disability was significantly higher than parents of children with autism spectrum disorder and parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Moreover, The results showed that there was no significant difference in subscales of social support between parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders based on the gender of the parents (p > 0.05). Therefore, according to the research findings, the design and implementation of support and educational programs for parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders, especially in parents of children with ASD and ADHD, and to increase social interactions are essential and should be a priority in the programs of organizations providing psychological services.

Development and usability test of a symptom management WeChat Mini Program for parents of children with cancer

ObjectiveSymptom management is a persistent challenge in pediatric oncology. The WeChat Mini Program, a small smartphone application that functions within WeChat, has the potential to assist in symptom management. This study aimed to develop a symptom management WeChat Mini Program for parents and children with cancer aged 5–17 years old and evaluate its usability. MethodsBased on the semi-structured interviews with parents of children with cancer, experts in pediatric oncology and informatics and a survey of children's symptom experience, multidisciplinary research group meetings were conducted to confirm the structure and main contents of the Mini Program. The iterative method was used to develop the Mini Program. A mixed-method study was conducted to test its usability with 10 pairs of parents and children with cancer. The quantitative data were collected through the Poststudy System Usability Questionnaire, and qualitative data were collected from interviews. ResultsThe Mini Program “Child SMILE” was developed, which includes a symptom assessment and management module, an information and emotional support module, a communication module among the parents and medical professionals, and a personal information module. Most users reported that the Mini Program is user-friendly, with satisfaction scores on the Poststudy System Usability Questionnaire ranging from 5.2 to 5.7 (out of 7.0) in four dimensions. In qualitative interviews, most participants thought the Mini Program was convenient, easy to use, and helpful. ConclusionsIt can be concluded that the Mini Program satisfies the needs of parents of children with cancer and has the potential to benefit the symptom management of children with cancer.

A six-week parenting program for parents of children with learning disabilities in Greece

Abstract Children with learning disabilities have been shown to experience complex emotional and conduct difficulties due to late diagnosis and inappropriate parental management. Parenting support have been deemed necessary for a holistic management of learning disabilities. The current presentation reports on the methodology and initial results of a program offered to parents of children aged 8-12 years with learning difficulties at the region of Crete in Greece, during the school year 2020-2021. The program aimed at improving parenting skills and parent-child interaction, through a short training (four meetings) and a set of seven techniques offered to parents for boosting children’s positive response. All children diagnosed with a learning disability by an interdisciplinary team of experts serving a mobile unit, were approached and their parents were offered a personalised intervention plan and a package of counselling services including a six-week program, based on the “A Six Week Parenting Program For Child Compliance” (Cipani, 2005). Parents were randomly assigned to an intervention (n = 40, 6-week parenting program) and a control group (n = 29, no intervention). A pre- and post evaluation design, with self-administered questionnaires, was used to assess changes in parental skills and performance as well as the quality of parent-child interaction (Parenting Style Questionnaire; the Family Quality of Life Scale (FQOL)). Most of the participants were mothers (n = 63), of low educational level (n = 26) and low income (n = 49). Statistically significant improvements were evident in the intervention group at post-intervention level in parenting skills as compared to baseline scores. Significant differences were also observed in the parenting skills at post-intervention level, between the intervention and the control group. Findings are expected to highlight new approaches towards improving the parental role, with an impact on the quality of life of families. Key messages • Training on parenting skills should be included in family support services offered to children with learning disabilities. • Professionals working with learning disabilities should be trained to assess deficits in parenting skills and offer brief counseling to parents.

Parenting Programme Structure, Potential Barriers, and Facilitators: A Scoping Review.

Becoming a parent is a challenging transition, and stress factors may arise. This scoping review aims to map, from the literature, the structure, potential barriers, and facilitators to be considered when conducting a parenting programme for parents of children up to 3 years old. It followed the JBI methodology and included studies with parents of children up to 3 years old (Participants), studies about parenting programme structure, its potential barriers, and facilitators (Concept) in the healthcare or community setting (Context). Qualitative and/or quantitative study designs and grey literature publications between 2016 and 2021 were eligible. The search was performed in three stages in CINAHL Plus with Full Text, MEDLINE with Full Text, and PubMed databases. It was also conducted in OpenGrey, ProQuest, Portuguese Open Access Scientific Repository, and Google Scholar. Fourteen articles were selected. The following aspects were identified regarding parenting programmes: benefits; structuring elements to be considered; facilitating factors and possible barriers to its development, and measurement instruments to assess the programme. Parenting programmes are important ways to contribute to a healthy, sustainable, and resilient society. It should be adapted to individuals, groups, and communities. They add value to parents, children, and society and should be carefully adapted to the group’s needs.