Program Design Research Articles

Neither gift nor loan: the strategic use of pseudo-formality at the nexus of intimacy and economy

Abstract In this paper, I introduce the concept of pseudo-formality as a novel form of relational work in economic sociology. Pseudo-formality refers to the performative use of formal aesthetics, such as contracts and repayment plans, in financial exchanges between close ties—as both parties tacitly understand that the agreement is flexible and not legally binding. I argue that pseudo-formality works by leveraging the signaling function of formal market elements in a way that contradicts their typical purpose, allowing for the compartmentalization of the economic and social aspects of the exchange. Through two complementary vignette experiments, I demonstrate that pseudo-formal framing enhances the perceived dignity of the recipient and the respect conveyed by the giver, compared to formal, informal, or gift-based arrangements. This effect partially mediates the relationship between the type of exchange and its overall acceptability. This research contributes to relational work perspectives in economic sociology by identifying a prevalent but understudied strategy for navigating the intersection of intimacy and economy, and highlights the adaptability of economic forms for relational purposes. The findings have practical implications for interpersonal exchanges as well as the design of financial assistance programs and policies, suggesting that pseudo-formal structures can provide a dignified and empowering means of support.

Neighborhoods, Networks, and HIV Care Among Men Who Have Sex With Men: Proposal for a Longitudinal Study

Background The majority of people living with HIV in the United States are men who have sex with men (MSM), with race- and ethnicity-based disparities in HIV rates and care continuum. In order to uncover the neighborhood- and network-involved pathways that produce HIV care outcome disparities, systematic, theory-based investigation of the specific and intersecting neighborhood and social network characteristics that relate to the HIV care continuum must be engaged. Objective Using socioecological and intersectional conceptual frameworks, we aim to identify individual-, neighborhood-, and network-level characteristics associated with HIV care continuum outcomes (viral suppression, retention in care, and antiretroviral adherence) among MSM living with HIV in New York City. Methods In the longitudinal cohort study, we assess 3 neighborhoods of potential influence (residential, social, and health care access activity spaces) using Google Earth. We investigate the influence of neighborhood composition (eg, concentrated poverty and racial segregation) and four neighborhood-level characteristics domains: (1) community violence, physical disorder, and social disorganization (eg, crime rates and housing vacancy); (2) alcohol and other drug use; (3) social norms (eg, homophobia and HIV stigma); and (4) community resources (eg, social services and public transit access). We test theoretical pathways of influence, including stress or coping, stigma or resilience, and access to resources, across the different neighborhoods in which MSM live, socialize, and receive HIV care. At each visit, we locate each participant’s reported activity spaces (ie, neighborhoods of potential influence) and collect individual-level data on relevant covariates (including perceptions of or exposure to neighborhoods) and social network inventory data on the composition, social support, and perceived social norms. The outcomes are HIV viral suppression, retention in care, and antiretroviral adherence. These data are combined with an existing, extensive geospatial database of relevant area characteristics. Spatial analysis and multilevel modeling are used to test the main theory-driven hypotheses and capture independent neighborhood-level and network-level effects and changes over time. Results The study began enrollment in March 2019 and concluded visits in December 2023, with a total of 327 participants enrolled. The median age was 44.1 (SD 11.5) years. Almost all participants self-identified as cisgender men (n=313, 98.1%) and as gay, homosexual, or bisexual (n=301, 94.4%). Overall, 192 (60.1%) participants identified as non-Hispanic Black, and 81 (25.3%) identified as Hispanic. Most (n=201, 63%) reported at least occasional difficulty in meeting basic needs (eg, rent and food) in the past 6 months. The mean number of years living with HIV was 15.4 (SD 10.1). Conclusions This study will have direct implications for the design of multilevel interventions, addressing factors at the neighborhood, network, and individual levels. Results may inform urban planning and program design to improve HIV care outcomes for MSM, particularly for Black and Latino MSM living in urban areas. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/64358

Integrating the Key Competencies of International Large-Scale Assessment (ILSA) into the Teacher-Education Curriculum in the Philippines

This study proposes a framework to integrate competencies from various international large-scale assessments (ILSAs) into the program design of a teacher educational institution (TEI) in the Philippines. Using a descriptive-developmental research design, the study examined how ILSA key competencies can be incorporated into the curriculum, along with practices of outcomes-based educational programs at the TEI. Inductive thematic analysis of focus group interviews revealed one overarching program-level theme: using ILSA as a benchmark for curriculum development. At the micro level, four core themes emerged: (1) strengthened content teaching, (2) increased pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) courses, (3) explicit targeting and teaching of ILSA competencies through course-intended learning outcomes (CILOs), and (4) ILSA-like assessments. The study recommends that the Philippine Department of Education (DepEd) and TEIs collaborate to align pre-service teacher training with global literacy standards, ensuring that pre-service teachers are equipped to teach ILSA-recommended skills.

Design and Development of an AI Education Program for Young Learners: A Case Study

Design and Development of an AI Education Program for Young Learners: A Case Study

Quantitative assessment of CO2 leakage risk in geologic carbon storage management

AbstractLarge‐scale geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) is indispensable for mitigating climate change but faces significant challenges, especially in the accurate quantitative assessment of leakage risks to ensure long‐term security. Given these circumstances, this paper proposes an innovative approach for quantitatively assessing CO2 leakage risk to address the previous limitations of limited accuracy and insufficient data. We construct a fault tree and transform it into a Bayesian network–directed acyclic graph, and then use judgment sets along with fuzzy set theory to obtain prior probabilities of root nodes. The feature, event, and process method was utilized to identify key components and subsequently determine the conditional probability table (CPT) of the leaf node. The subjective experience assessments from experts are defuzzified to obtain the CPTs of intermediate nodes. The obtained basic probability parameters are input into the directed acyclic graph to complete the model construction. After calculating the leakage probability using this model, it is combined with the severity of impacts to conduct a comprehensive risk assessment. Furthermore, critical CO2 risk sources can be determined through posterior probability calculations when intermediate nodes are designated as deterministic risk events. The gradual implementation process of the proposed model is demonstrated via a typical case study. The results indicate an overall CO2 leakage probability of 29%, with probabilities of leakage along faults/fractures, caprock, and well identified as 32%, 28%, and 19%, respectively. The project is categorized as a medium‐low risk level. When leakage is confirmed, tectonic movement, thickness, and delamination at interface connections/the presence of cracks are the critical risk sources, and measures to mitigate key risks are outlined. The identified key risk factors conform to empirical evidence and previous research, validating the accuracy of the model. This study is instrumental in CO2 geological storage risk assessment and scalable development program design. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A Typology of US Public Health Work-Education Programs

Objective: A pipeline is required to build a qualified and diverse public health workforce. Work-education programs offer public health students experiential learning, training, and a pathway to public health professions. However, there is a gap in the literature to guide public health practice on the types of programs, their components, and their potential impact. By defining and differentiating work-education programs, we aim to provide public health practitioners a useful tool to advance public health careers. Design: We conducted a scoping review of US-based public health work-education programs and performed a content analysis to extract, analyze, and synthesize data to develop a typology of programs in the US. We searched CINAHL, ERIC, PsycInfo, PubMed and Web of Science databases for papers published between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2022. Eligibility Criteria: Inclusion criteria included programs with a description, intervention design, student characteristics, setting characteristics, and program outcomes if available. Exclusion criteria included programs with no description, that focused on the expansion of a specific clinical profession (ie, dentistry), that were implemented outside of the US, and that targeted exclusively high school students. Study Selection: The search resulted in 650 references, which yielded 35 articles from 33 interventions. Main Outcome Measure(s): The main outcome measures were qualitative and included program design, features, and implementation. Results: We identified 3 types of programs: those that (1) expose students to public health (n = 6), (2) guide students to specific public health professions (n = 12), and (3) connect students with organizations for public health practice (n = 15). Program types were influenced by student participants, setting, and program components. Conclusions: This typology illustrates the spectrum of work-education programs and their variability in design and implementation. The typology has utility for practitioners to identify programmatic aspects that may be feasible and desirable in the context of their practice.

Design of optimum spacecraft reorientation control with a combined criteria of quality based on the quaternions

Specifical original problem of attitude controlling for spacecraft was proposed in this paper. Problem of optimal rotation from a known initial state in a prescribed spatial orientation was studied in detail (turnaround time is not fixed). Design of optimal program of reorientation is based on new indicator of quality that combines energy costs including the contribution of controlling torques and integral of rotary energy (in a known proportion) and reorientation time; presence of duration factor bounds time of rotation finish. To construct an optimal control of angular momentum changing, quaternionic method and the maximum principle were applied. Differential equation that relates spacecraft angular momentum and quaternion of spacecraft orientation is a base to obtain analytic solution to a problem. We reveal the properties of optimum control program analytically, and study key features of optimum motion in details. Also, we write the formalized equations, mathematical formulas to design optimal law for change of spacecraft’s angular momentum. Analytic relations and equations are given for finding the optimal solution. Control law (in as explicit dependence between phase variables and con-trolling variables has been formulated. Main relations determining optimum values of parameters for rotation control algorithm were given. The closed-form law for rotation was obtained for dynamically symmetric solids. Numerical example as well as results of mathematical modeling of spacecraft motion that formed using optimum control are presented. This data as addition to the made theoretic descriptions shows reorientation process (in virtual form) and demonstrates practical feasibility of the developed control method. A designed algorithm for optimal control of rotation improves an efficiency of attitude system, and originates more economical performing of space vehicle during its flight along orbit.

Australian link worker social prescribing programs: An integrative review

Link worker social prescribing programs are gaining recognition in Australia for addressing health and social needs outside routine medical care. The evaluation of these programs is essential for informing future social prescribing programs, research and evolving policy. However, diverse outcome evaluation measures present challenges for benchmarking across link worker social prescribing programs. An integrative review was conducted to identify and describe outcome domains and measures, and the methodological approaches and evaluation designs of link worker social prescribing programs in Australia. Comprehensive searches of the literature on link worker social prescribing programs in Australia were conducted across 14 electronic databases. In order to reduce the risk of bias, study selection and data extraction were conducted independently by multiple authors, and included studies underwent quality and risk of bias assessment using the standardised Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Six studies met the inclusion criteria. Outcome domains were categorised into ‘person-level’, ‘system-level’ and ‘program implementation’ domains. Despite the variation in participant groups, the ‘person-level’ domains of global well-being and social well-being were consistently evaluated. While measurement tools varied significantly, the WHO Quality of Life Brief Assessment and short-form UCLA Loneliness Scale were most commonly applied. At the system level, health service utilisation was primarily evaluated. This integrative review reports on the current state of evidence in Australia, with the potential to track changes and trends over time. Developing a core outcome set, incorporating stakeholder and consumer contributions for benchmarking aligned with the healthcare landscape is recommended. The findings may guide the refining of social prescribing initiatives and future research, ensuring methodological robustness and alignment with individual and community needs.

Participant and group facilitator perspectives on a novel culturally tailored diabetes self-management program for African Americans

Abstract Background African Americans with type 2 diabetes experience disparities in their care and diabetes health-related outcomes. Diabetes self-management programs such as Healthy Living with Diabetes (HLWD) are important but do not account for the unique cultural experiences of African Americans. Also, a culturally tailored program focused on addressing sociocultural beliefs and providing race-congruent peer support, Peers LEAD (Peers Supporting Health Literacy, Self-Efficacy, Self-Advocacy, and Adherence) was implemented in two midwestern cities to improve medication adherence but does not include diabetes self-management topics included in HLWD. In an attempt to fill the gaps from both HLWD and Peers LEAD, Peers EXCEL (Peers’ Experience in Communicating and Engaging in Healthy Living) was designed to integrate both programs. Methods Our study explored the perceptions of African American participants and facilitators of the separate HLWD and Peers LEAD programs, on the proposed new Peers EXCEL program using focus groups and interviews. Findings were analyzed by research assistants trained in qualitative research using deductive and inductive open coding approaches. Results Participants appreciated the cultural fit of Peers EXCEL for African American communities which is a feature that was lacking in HLWD. They shared the need to include topics such as the relationships between systemic racism and diabetes. Conclusion Participants’ feedback of Peers EXCEL reveals the importance of including various community members’ perspectives in the design of new diabetes self-management programs tailored for African Americans.

Make the Right Call: formative evaluation for a water safety programme for adults in Western Australia

Background: Preventing drowning in adults is a complex, multifaceted injury prevention issue. The adult drowning rate in Australia is continuing to rise. In 2023, more than half of those who drowned were aged over 45 years. While there has been a call for robust, evidence-informed drowning prevention interventions across the life course, evidence of evaluated, drowning prevention programmes for adults is lacking. For more than a decade, drowning prevention researchers and practitioners in Western Australia (WA) have worked in partnership to design and evaluate evidence-informed programmes. This paper describes formative research to develop ‘Make the Right Call’ (MTRC), an adult water safety programme in WA. Methods: A staged, mixed-methods, formative evaluation was undertaken to inform the design of MTRC. Stages: The approach involved cluster analysis of coronial data 2008–2018 ( n = 93), interviews with adults aged 45–64 years ( n = 10) and 65 years and older ( n = 15), theory mapping, survey design, content and face validity testing of a baseline questionnaire with content experts ( n = 11) and a refined instrument to collect knowledge, and data on norms and water-based activity. The subsequent MTRC programme comprised a media campaign, community swimming and safety classes, lifejacket trade-in, subsidised first-aid training and community education. Discussion: The results of each stage informed the design and evaluation of a new evidence-informed and theory-driven drowning prevention programme for adults aged 45 years and older, delivered by the peak drowning prevention agency in WA, Royal Life Saving Western Australia. An investment in mixed-methods research by the partnership added rigour and credibility to the programme and evaluation design. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first adult water safety programme to apply a theory-driven, evidence-informed approach to its development, implementation and evaluation. The partnership was vital in maximising and accelerating the acceptable transfer of results to enhance knowledge creation and, ultimately, the design of the MTRC drowning prevention programme.

A Mixed Methods Assessment of an Online Mental Health and Resilience Program for Agricultural Sector Students

ABSTRACT Financial, environmental, and socio-cultural challenges affect the mental health and wellbeing of those working and living on-farm. Education programs can help in improving mental health and overall wellbeing, but most of these programs are offered to established farmers in a face-to-face format, leading to a gap in offerings to many subgroups, including young agricultural entrants. To address these gaps, this paper assesses the value of an online mental health and resilience education program for young agricultural entrants. An explanatory sequential mixed methods approach was applied. Firstly, a quantitative survey was conducted with 172 first year agricultural tertiary students, aged 18–20, to assess the knowledge and skills gained due to program participation. Regressions and propensity score matching were used to determine the effect of program participation. Subsequently, seven interviews were conducted with program participants to provide insights into their experiences of the program. Thematic coding was applied to analyze the qualitative data. Findings from the quantitative survey show a significant increase in mental health knowledge and skills amongst program participants compared to participants in the control group. The qualitative interviews show the ability to work through the material in their own time and space, creates a safe environment for online students. Other mechanisms contributing to learning are using “normal language”, a peer voice in communicating wellbeing, and building on learnings in previous education. This paper addresses a gap in literature by being the first study to evaluate online mental health education for agricultural tertiary students. It provides educators and other program designers with valuable information for future program design to support the wellbeing of young agricultural workers.

Impact of Political Education Courses on the Ideological Alignment of Students in China

This study investigates the impact of political education courses on the ideological alignment of university students in China, examining the relationship between student engagement and the degree to which they align with government-promoted ideologies. With political education being a mandatory component of university curricula in China, this research addresses the effectiveness of these courses in achieving their intended goals of fostering national unity and reinforcing government ideologies. The study is grounded in Social Learning Theory and Political Socialization Theory to understand the mechanisms behind student engagement and ideological alignment. Existing literature highlights the importance of innovative and participatory educational approaches in enhancing political engagement, suggesting that while education fosters political awareness, the specific design of educational programs is crucial for translating this awareness into active political participation. This research aims to provide empirical evidence that can inform educational policymakers and contribute to the broader discourse on the role of political education in shaping national identity and political consciousness.

Modern Family: An Ethical Justification for System-Led Contact of Relatives Eligible for Cascade Screening in the United States

Background: Though genomic science has rapidly advanced, efforts to demonstrate the population-level utility of genomics have been slow to follow. It has long been argued that the family is an important unit of significance in genomics, yet it has been challenging to address this in clinical care. This is apparent in how hospital administrators and clinicians in the United States typically approach cascade screening, the process of notifying and offering genetic testing to at-risk relatives of a patient with a hereditary condition. The most common notification approach is proband-led contact, in which the index patient is responsible for communicating a health risk to their relatives. This model has been associated with sub-optimal outcomes. In contrast, recent research has shown that system-led contact, in which healthcare or public health institutions initiate communication to relatives with the proband’s consent, has been associated with increased clinical utility and acceptability. Summary: With the needs of hospital administrators and clinicians in mind, we revisit normative questions about the appropriate way to notify relatives about their potentially elevated risk of developing an actionable disease. We review evidence demonstrating that system-led direct contact of relatives is feasible and acceptable. We further argue that system-led contact of relatives eligible for cascade screening is ethically justified if these programs are designed with public input, have an opt-out provision, and are implemented for conditions that meet specific criteria which we propose in this article. Key Messages: In this article, we emphasize the usefulness of public health ethics frameworks to inform the design of system-led contact programs. Beyond this, we make the case that such programs are necessary to realize the population utility of genomic medicine equitably.

Combating HIV among youths in Sub-Saharan Africa through inclusive health education

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic among youths in Sub-Saharan Africa underscores the exigency for effective prevention education programs tailored to their needs. This article examines barriers hindering HIV prevention efforts for youths in the region and proposes strategies for developing more inclusive and impactful health education interventions. Despite the challenges faced by HIV-positive adolescents, comprehensive youth-friendly services remain limited. Impediments such as stigma, poverty, and lack of health-care infrastructure obstruct HIV prevention. Access to information and services, negative attitudes of service providers, and scarcity of youth programs present challenges. The article discusses approaches such as involving youth in program design, establishing community advisory boards, mobilizing community health workers, integrating services, engaging schools, employing gender-sensitive methods, and advocating supportive policies. These strategies aim to enhance cultural sensitivity, community engagement, and accessibility of education for all youths. Sustained commitment through ongoing funding, monitoring, capacity building, and multisectoral collaboration can empower youths with the knowledge and support needed to curb their long-term risk of HIV.

Assessing cognitive impairment in chronic pain: a cross-sectional study with healthy controls

Purpose The aim of this study is to clarify inconsistencies in the literature regarding the neuropsychological impact of chronic pain and determine how pain catastrophizing and pain intensity may explain cognitive impairment. Methods This cross-sectional study involved 30 participants with chronic primary musculoskeletal pain and 30 healthy controls without pain. The instruments used were the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, the Visual Analogue Scale, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory–II, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Stroop Test, and the Working Memory Index of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Results Chronic pain patients showed slight cognitive impairments in selective attention, sustained attention, working memory, problem solving, planning, abstract reasoning, inhibition, and resistance to interference. The data also indicate that higher levels of pain catastrophizing and pain intensity were independently associated with greater cognitive impairment in patients with pain, specifically in attention and executive functioning. Additionally, the interaction between these pain-related variables predicted further cognitive impairment. Conclusions This research has contributed to establishing the neuropsychological profile of patients with chronic primary musculoskeletal pain and reinforces evidence of the impact of chronic pain on cognition. These findings may help guide the design of programs aimed at improving cognitive performance.

Barriers, Facilitators, and Requirements for a Telerehabilitation Aftercare Program for Patients After Occupational Injuries: Semistructured Interviews With Key Stakeholders.

Patients with occupational injuries often receive multidisciplinary rehabilitation for a rapid return to work. Rehabilitation aftercare programs give patients the opportunity to help patients apply the progress they have made during the rehabilitation to their everyday activities. Telerehabilitation aftercare programs can help reduce barriers, such as lack of time due to other commitments, because they can be used regardless of time or location. Careful identification of barriers, facilitators, and design requirements with key stakeholders is a critical step in developing a telerehabilitation aftercare program. This study aims to identify barriers, facilitators, and design requirements for a future telerehabilitation aftercare program for patients with occupational injuries from the perspective of the key stakeholders. We used a literature review and expert recommendations to identify key stakeholders. We conducted semistructured interviews in person and via real-time video calls with 27 key stakeholders to collect data. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, and thematic analysis was applied. We selected key stakeholder statements about facilitators and barriers and categorized them as individual, technical, environmental, and organizational facilitators and barriers. We identified expressions that captured aspects that the telerehabilitation aftercare program should fulfill and clustered them into attributes and overarching values. We translated the attributes into one or more requirements and grouped them into content, functional, service, user experience, and work context requirements. The key stakeholders identified can be grouped into the following categories: patients, health care professionals, administrative personnel, and members of the telerehabilitation program design and development team. The most frequently reported facilitators of a future telerehabilitation aftercare program were time savings for patients, high motivation of the patients to participate in telerehabilitation aftercare program, high usability of the program, and regular in-person therapy meetings during the telerehabilitation aftercare program. The most frequently reported barriers were low digital affinity and skills of the patients and personnel, patients' lack of trust and acceptance of the telerehabilitation aftercare program, slow internet speed, program functionality problems (eg, application crashes or freezes), and inability of telerehabilitation to deliver certain elements of in-person rehabilitation aftercare such as monitoring exercise performance. In our study, the most common design requirements were reducing barriers and implementing facilitators. The 2 most frequently discussed overarching values were tailoring of telerehabilitation, such as a tailored exercise plan and tailored injury-related information, and social interaction, such as real-time psychotherapy and digital and in-person rehabilitation aftercare in a blended care approach. Key stakeholders reported on facilitators, barriers, and design requirements that should be considered throughout the development process. Tailoring telerehabilitation content was the key value for stakeholders to ensure the program could meet the needs of patients with different types of occupational injuries.

Why train? Compatible and incompatible institutional logics in violence prevention and management training

A critical component of ensuring safe workplaces is training in preventing and managing violent behavior. This article examines the institutional logics underpinning such training programs, investigating their design, rationale, and impact on everyday practices within human services. Despite extensive research on the content, effects, and experiences of these training programs, there is a notable gap in understanding the rationale behind their development. This study aims to fill this gap by exploring why violence prevention and management training is structured as it is and how institutional logics affect training and practice. This research identifies seven institutional logics that shape these programs through an in-depth qualitative analysis of three Norwegian human service training programs – encompassing mental health care, child welfare services, and Norway’s national welfare agency. Some of the logics are complementary. Others are incompatible, leading to significant practical implications. Data collection included qualitative document analysis and interviews with representatives from the training communities. The study contributes to a better understanding of the factors influencing the training program design and influence, not the least, by underscoring their duality as measures of improving service delivery and ensuring safe working conditions.

The Buddy Program: High school students inform the design of a school-based peer support program for concussion

ABSTRACT Prior research provides little guidance on how to support return to school post-concussion. Peer support may be one strategy to enable adolescents to return to school post-concussion. The purpose of this study was to explore what high school students preferred in a school-based peer support program post-concussion. We conducted a qualitative instrumental case study in one high school in Calgary, Canada. Seven semi-structured focus groups were conducted with 53 high school students (16 boys, 36 girls, 1 preferring not to disclose gender; median age = 16 years, range = 15-18 years). All adolescents were enrolled in a sport medicine course and had either a history of concussion (n = 20) or were interested in supporting peers who had sustained a concussion (n = 33). Focus group questions aimed to solicit which factors the adolescents believed should be considered in the development of a post-concussion peer support program. We analyzed the focus group transcriptions using content analysis. Adolescents preferred a one-on-one Buddy Program. A one-on-one environment would provide a trusting and confidential relationship between the student with a concussion and their buddy. Peer support could include social support, advocacy support for academic accommodations, tutoring support, and concussion education. In future, the Buddy Program should be piloted in high schools.

Learning in motion! Design of an evidence-based professional development programme to empower teacher educators to adopt play-based, gender-responsive pedagogies

ABSTRACT The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development calls for action to achieve global goals relating to quality education and gender equality. Teacher education is a setting where novel pedagogical practices can be introduced and mainstreamed, ultimately influencing the educational experience at the school level. This study aimed to design a professional development programme to support teacher educators at Palestinian universities to adopt gender-responsive and play-based learning practices. The researchers used the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) to develop an evidence-based intervention, resulting in the selection of six intervention functions (education, persuasion, training, environmental restructuring, modelling, and enablement) and 16 behaviour change techniques from the following taxonomy categories: natural consequences, feedback and monitoring, comparison of outcomes, comparison of behaviour, shaping knowledge, repetition and substitution, antecedents, social support, and goals and planning. Mode of delivery primarily involved face-to-face group-based facilitation. Using the BCW to guide the intervention development process allowed for a comprehensive review of teacher educators existing perspectives and the design of programme content to support them to change their teaching practices. The resulting novel professional development programme for teacher educators will be further researched to confirm relevance and impact.

Design characteristics of integrated surveillance of antimicrobial resistance at the human, animal, and environment interfaces

Abstract Efforts have been made to strengthen national and global antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance programs by integrating data collection across the human, animal, and environmental sectors. We searched the literature to review published studies reporting the implementation of integrated AMR surveillance approaches, and we identified a total of 96 articles from 36 countries published from 2000 to 2022, which met our inclusion criteria. Standard review protocols were applied in our study. Out of 96 studies, 47 (49%) articles integrated AMR analysis from human and animal (HA) populations, 24 (25%) considered human, animal, and environmental (HAE) samples together, 11 (12%) studies included animal and environment (AE) samples, and 12 (13%) integrated human and environmental (HE) surveillance. Human isolate-based and animal isolate-based surveillance were the most common study designs (38, 52.8%), with the remainder applying human case-based and isolate-based for animal populations (32, 44.4%). Finally, our results demonstrate that AMR studies on E. coli revealed a lower correlation between human and animal AMR prevalence compared to Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. studies. Different aspects of surveillance design were associated with the level of correlation of AMR prevalence between sectors. Our study found that while global efforts for integrated AMR surveillance have increased in the past 10 years, significant variation exists between studies with regard to the epidemiological and laboratory aspects of their surveillance designs. Our findings indicate that to enable the generation of comparable epidemiological data across countries and sectors, there is a need for the development of a global protocol to support the design of surveillance programs that aim to conduct integrated surveillance of AMR.