Correctness Of Programs Research Articles

Online Format of Extracurricular Education: a New Reality of Project-Based Education for Senior High School Students

Purpose of the study.The paper presents data and analyzes the practice of transferring a major All-Russian event in the system of extracurricular education – the Russian National Junior Water Competition – to a distance format due to the coronavirus pandemic. The system of extracurricular education for senior high school students formed within the framework of the Water Competition for the adaptation of school graduates to the technological and communication realities of “adult life” combines project-based training with the format of a competitive component. As part of the preparation and implementation of research projects, a student receives methodological, organizational and educational support from teachers and consultants from universities and academic institutions, attends special seminars, trainings and master classes on project activities.The system has been developing using the model of cooperation in the educational sphere “NPO-state-business” since 2003, and over these years, 32 thousand schoolchildren from all regions have completedand submitted 23 thousand research and applied projects to solve environmental problems. The winners of the regional stages take part in the All-Russian final held annually in Moscow. The winner of the final represents the country at the international Stockholm competition. 2020 events coincided with the coronavirus epidemic. It was necessary to transfer the offline final to online within a month and ensure information interaction between all participants so that the online event was a complete analogue of the offline final.Materials and methods.The transferring of traditional public events of the final into a remote format was carried out using a set of organizational measures and information technologies according to the following algorithm: the choice of technologies for videoconference and broadcasting, work with the website, training and testing of the technical capabilities of participants, work on synchronization, support and assistance to participants with a final questionnaire.Results.The obvious advantage of the online format is a significant expansion of the external audience and an exponential growth of the information footprint: during the month, more than 400 publications were posted on the Internet; the number of views was 300 thousand. The ER (Engagement Rate) ratio – an indicator of the audience’s reaction to the publication, has shown a rapid increase in comparison with previous years. The questioning of the participants made it possible to understand the mood and assessment of the events by the target audiences. The number of viewers of each broadcast event ranged from 2 to 5-6 thousand people. The online final allowed to involve in the general system of adaptation training, in addition to schoolchildren, teachers and regional partners, an interested audience, while 77% of respondents supported the full-time final, 23% – remote, noting that the organizers managed to preserve the emotional atmosphere of the final events.Conclusion.In general, the system of extracurricular education for schoolchildren, combined with a competitive component, turned out to be capable of prompt reformatting while maintaining the level and quality of events in the face of new challenges. In the process of transferring the final events of the cycle of additional adaptation education, combined with the All-Russian competition of projects for senior high school students to the remote mode, the possibility of online implementation of almost all types of interaction with the target audience – junior participants, including master classes, general discussions and personal consultations and the competitive component is shown.The possibility of using the remote format for the implementation of the organizational and information infrastructure, the operational correction of educational adaptation programs following the spread of innovative technologies that are gaining priority importance for the modern period of socio-economic development is demonstrated. At the same time, the entire volume of training cannot be reduced to formalized forms without the direct presence of teachers and consultants in the creative design process. Direct communication becomes especially relevant at the beginning of the journey when choosing a topic for training and a general understanding of environmental and related problems. It is also obvious that the effectiveness of the remote format is significantly increased for a prepared audience of participants: those who have completed additional training offline with the project development itself.

РЕАЛІЗАЦІЯ КЛАСИФІКАЦІЙНИХ НОРМАТИВІВ СПОРТСМЕНАМИ В КЛАСИЧНОМУ ДВОБОРСТВІ

 The analysis of weightlifters best results for 2016-2019 according to the weight categories is revealed in the article. The results are compared to both qualification table and the world records. Literature review shows that correct training program for the professional athlete preparation is one of the important ways of their training process improvement. There is a lack of optimal training program for the preparation of professional weightlifters for today. Aim of the survey is to find out the correlation of classification standards realization in classic double-event, to analyze the best weightlifter results on the master and international master levels of Ukraine in classic double-event for 2016-2019 in different weight categories and compare them in between, to investigate the world records in different weight categories and compare them to the best results of Ukrainian athletes. Survey methods are as follows: theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature, documentary method (the study of protocols and reports of competitions). Results. The survey was conducted in the years of 2016-2019. Weightlifter athletes (18-40 years old males) from regional teams of Ukraine in different weight categories (up to 63 kg, 68 kg, 73 kg, 78 kg, 85 kg, 95 kg, and over 95 kg) took part in the survey. The official protocols of national kettlebell lifting competitions were analyzed to investigate the realization of master and international master level of Ukraine standards in classic double-event and to find out the best results in different weight categories. The world records for different weight categories were compared to the best results of Ukrainian athletes. Conclusions. The best weightlifter results on the master and international master levels of Ukraine classification standards realization in classic kettlebell biathlon for the period of 2016-2019 in different weight categories were analyzed. The analysis gives us the opportunity to say that results for all the weight categories prevail the international master level of Ukraine classification standards except of up to 63 kg one. So, the best of them are increasing from 63 kg weight category to 85 one (225 pushes), and decreasing then towards over 95 kg weight category. The world records for all weight categories are higher than the best results of Ukrainian athletes. The largest differences between the world and Ukrainian results are noticed for the weight categories over 95 and up to 63 kg. The analysis of scientific and methodological literature revealed the lack of research interest to the problem of elaboration of new more effective approaches and methods of professional weightlifters preparation nowadays.

Развитие туризма в условиях пандемии: новые тренды и антикризисные меры

The main trends in tourism development, which have emerged in the terms of the coronavirus pan-demic, are analyzed in the paper. The anti-crisis measures to support the industry in the difficult period and experience of countering the spread of COVID-19 were considered by the case of Russia, Kazakhstan, China and Mongolia. These countries are characterized by integration cooperation on the implementation of international tourist routes. It was revealed that these countries have taken tough measures to limit the international tourism devel-opment. The main strategy of these countries is to rely on their internal recreational opportunities. The borders opening and the international tourism re-covery will be slow and uneven. The need to update the integration processes in the field of tourism is substantiated not only on the principles of mutual benefit and joint development, but also of mutual responsibility and preparedness for crises and their management. The research results can be used in the preparation or correction of conceptual, strate-gic and program documents for the tourism devel-opment both at the national and regional levels, especially in the post-COVID period.

Rethinking safe consistency in distributed object-oriented programming

Large scale distributed systems require to embrace the trade off between consistency and availability, accepting lower levels of consistency to guarantee higher availability. Existing programming languages are, however, agnostic to this compromise, resulting in consistency guarantees that are the same for the whole application and are implicitly adopted from the middleware or hardcoded in configuration files. In this paper, we propose to integrate availability in the design of an object-oriented language, allowing developers to specify different consistency and isolation constraints in the same application at the granularity of single objects. We investigate how availability levels interact with object structure and define a type system that preserves correct program behavior. Our evaluation shows that our solution performs efficiently and improves the design of distributed applications.

Towards a unified proof framework for automated fixpoint reasoning using matching logic

Automation of fixpoint reasoning has been extensively studied for various mathematical structures, logical formalisms, and computational domains, resulting in specialized fixpoint provers for heaps, for streams, for term algebras, for temporal properties, for program correctness, and for many other formal systems and inductive and coinductive properties. However, in spite of great theoretical and practical interest, there is no unified framework for automated fixpoint reasoning. Although several attempts have been made, there is no evidence that such a unified framework is possible, or practical. In this paper, we propose a candidate based on matching logic, a formalism recently shown to theoretically unify the above mentioned formal systems. Unfortunately, the (Knaster-Tarski) proof rule of matching logic, which enables inductive reasoning, is not syntax-driven. Worse, it can be applied at any step during a proof, making automation seem hopeless. Inspired by recent advances in automation of inductive proofs in separation logic, we propose an alternative proof system for matching logic, which is amenable for automation. We then discuss our implementation of it, which although not superior to specialized state-of-the-art automated provers for specific domains, we believe brings some evidence and hope that a unified framework for automated reasoning is not out of reach.

The influence of professional training disciplines on the physical fitness level of the folk dance department students

Background and Study Aim. To determine the influence of professional training disciplines on the physical fitness level of the folk dance department students.
 Material and Methods. The study involved students majoring in "Choreography" (males - n = 5; females - n = 10). Tests were used to determine the level of general and special physical qualities development. It was also determined the level of physical fitness at the beginning of training and after two years of training.
 Results. At the beginning of the study, students had average and low rates of speed and strength qualities development and low indicators of dorsal spine mobility. There were significant changes in increasing the level of coordination and dorsal spine mobility (p <0.01). The increase in average statistical indicators of strength endurance is in males (p <0.05) and females (p <0.01). It was revealed the decrease in the level of certain indicators of general physical fitness in females during the first two years of study.
 Conclusions. It is recommended to constantly monitor the physical fitness of future choreographers. The exclusion of the discipline "Physical Education" from the training programs for choreography teachers requires appropriate compensation for specific physical activity. These can be students’ independent physical training. It also requires the correction of special training programs that include physical activity.

Assisted learning of C programming through automated program repair and feed-back generation

<span>Programming courses are among all the current academic curricula for engineering studies.<a name="_Hlk507421108"></a> Unfortunately, students often face difficulties already on the basic concepts. Both students and teachers believe that practical sessions and guided learning lead to good outcomes. On the other hand, it is virtually difficult considering the number of students enrolled on programming courses. This paper presents an automated assessment system for programming assignments, based on two different methods: static and dynamic analysis. The presented system aims at providing the student with an ongoing and various feedback delivered according to the category and the recurrence of errors. The system imbeds an automated error repairing feature for the purposes of insuring the assessment process achievement. It operates if the student fails to submit a correct program despite the feed-back provided by the system. In such cases, the system uses a penalty mechanism, customized by the teacher to grade the student’s program. Testing the presented automated system, through assessing real students’ assignments, showed promising results compared to manual assessment.</span>

Formal Verification of Spacecraft Control Programs

Verification of correctness of control programs is an essential task in the development of space electronics; it is difficult and typically outweighs design and programming tasks in terms of development hours. This article presents a verification approach designed to help spacecraft engineers reduce the effort required for formal verification of low-level control programs executed on custom hardware. The verification approach is demonstrated on an industrial case study. We present a REDuced instruction set for Fixed-point and INteger arithmetic (REDFIN), a processing core used in space missions, and its formal semantics expressed using the proposed metalanguage for state transformers, followed by examples of verification of simple control programs.

The dynamics between in vitro culture and metabolism: embryonic adaptation to environmental changes

Previous studies have discussed the importance of an optimal range of metabolic activity during preimplantation development. To avoid factors than can trigger an undesirable trajectory, it is important to learn how nutrients and metabolites interact to help launching the correct developmental program of the embryo, and how much the in vitro culture system can impair this process. Here, using the bovine model, we describe a factorial experimental design used to investigate the biochemical and molecular signature of embryos in response to different combinations of morphological features—i.e. speed of development—and external stimuli during in vitro culture—i.e. different oxygen tensions and glucose supplementation. Our analyses demonstrate that the embryos present heterogeneous metabolic responses depending on early morphological phenotypes and the composition of their surroundings. However, despite the contribution of each single stimulus for the embryo phenotype, oxygen tension is determinant for such differences. The lower oxygen environment boosts the metabolism of embryos with faster kinetics, in particular those cultured in lower glucose concentrations.

New Paradigm in Abilitation of Premature Children with Perinatal Pathology — Therapeutic Stages Personalization: Cohort Study

Background. The abilitation of premature infants acquires importance due to the increased prevalence of delayed health disorders in these children. The article considers the issues of individualization of rehabilitation treatment for premature infants according to prediction of perinatal pathology outcomes, determining the individual levels of «abilitation windows» and developing personalized abilitation programs.Objective. The aim of the study was to determine individual timely sensitive ontogenesis stages («abilitation windows») for premature children with various perinatal pathology, as well as the most effective methods of rehabilitation treatment according to the maturity of the child and the type of neurosomatic deficiency.Methods. Two-stage cohort study of premature children with gestational age of 250–6–300–6 weeks was conducted. Stage 1 — retrospective analysis of «abilitation windows» in 115 premature children, development of prognostic scenarios. Stage 2 — prospective cohort study of 109 premature children, using abilitation methods in this cohort according to predicted events and estimation of abilitation efficacy. Medical interventions: familyoriented educational counseling, kinesiotherapy, physiotherapy, neuroprotectors, music therapy.Results. Information matrixes on filling ontogenetic abilitation periods have been developed, as well as age limits for «abilitation windows» have been defined on the 1st stage. Sensitive interval has been established for the use of stimulating effects in extremely immature children (postconceptional age of 34–37 weeks). The leading role of abilitation protective measures has been identified. Perinatal pathology outcomes have been analyzed in children from retrospective analysis group. Direct abilitation of premature children (from birth to 18 months) was carried out on the 2nd stage of the study according to probability forecasts. The priority of non-drug abilitation methods usage in immature children was confirmed. The need in step-by-step dynamic correction of abilitation programs was established.Conclusion. Prognostic significance of perinatal period events and individual postconceptional age in «abilitation windows» development for premature children was determined. The priority of non-drug abilitation for such patients (including family-oriented pedagogics) is established.

Verifying Tight Logic Programs with anthem and vampire

AbstractThis paper continues the line of research aimed at investigating the relationship between logic programs and first-order theories. We extend the definition of program completion to programs with input and output in a subset of the input language of the ASP grounder gringo, study the relationship between stable models and completion in this context, and describe preliminary experiments with the use of two software tools, anthem and vampire, for verifying the correctness of programs with input and output. Proofs of theorems are based on a lemma that relates the semantics of programs studied in this paper to stable models of first-order formulas.

Cell segregation and boundary formation during nervous system development.

The development of multicellular organisms involves three main events: differentiation, growth, and morphogenesis. These processes need to be coordinated for a correct developmental program to work. Mechanisms of cell segregation and the formation of boundaries during development play essential roles in this coordination, allowing the generation and maintenance of distinct regions in an organism. These mechanisms are also at work in the nervous system. The process of regionalization involves first the patterning of the developing organism through gradients and the expression of transcription factors in specific regions. Once different tissues have been induced, segregation mechanisms may operate to avoid cell mixing between different compartments. Three mechanisms have been proposed to achieve segregation: (1) differential affinity, which mainly involves the expression of distinct pools of adhesion molecules such as members of the cadherin superfamily; (2) contact inhibition, which is largely mediated by Eph-ephrin signaling; and (3) cortical tension, which involves the actomyosin cytoskeleton. In many instances, these mechanisms collaborate in cell segregation. In the last three decades, there have been several advances in our understanding of how cell segregation and boundaries participate in the development of the nervous system. Interestingly, as in other aspects of development, the molecular players are remarkably similar between vertebrates and invertebrates. Here we summarize the main concepts of cell segregation and boundary formation, focusing on the nervous system and highlighting the similarities between vertebrate and invertebrate model organisms.

MrMLM v4.0.2: An R Platform for Multi-locus Genome-wide Association Studies

Previous studies have reported that some important loci are missed in single-locus genome-wide association studies (GWAS), especially because of the large phenotypic error in field experiments. To solve this issue, multi-locus GWAS methods have been recommended. However, only a few software packages for multi-locus GWAS are available. Therefore, we developed an R software named mrMLM v4.0.2. This software integrates mrMLM, FASTmrMLM, FASTmrEMMA, pLARmEB, pKWmEB, and ISIS EM-BLASSO methods developed by our lab. There are four components in mrMLM v4.0.2, including dataset input, parameter setting, software running, and result output. The fread function in data.table is used to quickly read datasets, especially big datasets, and the doParallel package is used to conduct parallel computation using multiple CPUs. In addition, the graphical user interface software mrMLM.GUI v4.0.2, built upon Shiny, is also available. To confirm the correctness of the aforementioned programs, all the methods in mrMLM v4.0.2 and three widely-used methods were used to analyze real and simulated datasets. The results confirm the superior performance of mrMLM v4.0.2 to other methods currently available. False positive rates are effectively controlled, albeit with a less stringent significance threshold. mrMLM v4.0.2 is publicly available at BioCode (https://bigd.big.ac.cn/biocode/tools/BT007077) or R (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/mrMLM.GUI/index.html) as an open-source software.

Neurons survive simultaneous injury to axons and dendrites and regrow both types of processes in vivo

Neurons extend dendrites and axons to receive and send signals. If either type of process is removed, the cell cannot function. Rather than undergoing cell death, some neurons can regrow axons and dendrites. Axon and dendrite regeneration have been examined separately and require sensing the injury and reinitiating the correct growth program. Whether neurons in vivo can sense and respond to simultaneous axon and dendrite injury with polarized regeneration has not been explored. To investigate the outcome of simultaneous axon and dendrite damage, we used a Drosophila model system in which neuronal polarity, axon regeneration, and dendrite regeneration have been characterized. After removal of the axon and all but one dendrite, the remaining dendrite was converted to a process that had a long unbranched region that extended over long distances and a region where shorter branched processes were added. These observations suggested axons and dendrites could regrow at the same time. To further test the capacity of neurons to implement polarized regeneration after axon and dendrite damage, we removed all neurites from mature neurons. In this case a long unbranched neurite and short branched neurites were regrown from the stripped cell body. Moreover, the long neurite had axonal plus-end-out microtubule polarity and the shorter neurites had mixed polarity consistent with dendrite identity. The long process also accumulated endoplasmic reticulum at its tip like regenerating axons. We conclude that neurons in vivo can respond to simultaneous axon and dendrite injury by initiating growth of a new axon and new dendrites.

The Role of Universal Health Coverage in Supporting National Family Planning Program: A Comparative Study

Background: The family planning program in some countries have not been successful yet because the population is growing rapidly. Currently, all the government is trying to provide family planning access in health facilities through the national health insurance program Aim: To compare the role of universal health coverage in supporting national family planning programs Method: This literature study had been made by data reviewing in four different countries which have large population: China, India, the USA and Indonesia. Using the indicator of involvement of UHC in family planning in several countries, there are advocacy and policy, health service, health financing and governance. It was compared the support of contraceptive policy and highlighted the program as a strategy for developing family planning in the national health insurance era Results: Policies related to the use of national health insurance for supporting family planning in several different countries produced different results. In addition to the aspect of finance, the policy on the number of children, the private and public service systems, the priority of contraception choice and family involvement also played a role in the success of the program Conclusion: The correct target program must be immediately determined by the government so it is important for policymakers to self-introspection related to family planning in this country by using the indicator of involvement of UHC.

Loading–unloading judgement for advanced plastic UH model

The unified hardening (UH) model proposed by Yao et al. (Geotechnique 2009) is the constitutive model which can consider the influence of the complex stress path and stress history on the deformation and strength of clays reasonably. Firstly, the loading–unloading criterion of material model is defined as the change law of the intersection of current yield surface and the p axis, which makes the loading–unloading in the process of hardening and softening can be unified considered in UH model. Then, the Newton–Raphson method is adopted to attain the nonlinear problems solution in the finite element method of UH model, and the semi-implicit return mapping method is adopted to update stress. The application of the UH model in the finite element is realized. And then, the analyses of triaxial test are performed using the unit prediction and finite element method. The results of the unit prediction method are compared with the experimental results to illustrate the rationality of the UH model. Comparing the results with the unit prediction method and the finite element method, the correctness of the finite element program of the UH model is illustrated. Further, the three-dimensional finite element analysis of embankment on soft soil is performed by the program. The comparison between the results calculated by the UH model and the modified Cam-clay (MCC) model and the experimental data shows that the UH model is rational in analyzing the actual embankment engineering on soft soil.

KINETHERAPY RECOVERY OF HEMIPLEGIC PATIENTS ELDERLY

One of the essential attributes of the epoch we live in is the absolute and percentage growth of the elderly in the composition of the population. The numerical growth of the elderly population is the result of effective control of diseases with high mortality, which minimized premature mortality, which meant that an increasing number of people exceed the threshold of old age. By early application of correct kinetic programs to hemiplegic patients, it contributes to their recovery from the point of view of the correct body posture, being much faster and in large proportions.

Reasoning about Partial Correctness Assertions in Isabelle/HOL

Hoare Logic has a long tradition in formal verification and has been continuously developed and used to verify a broad class of programs, including sequential, object-oriented and concurrent programs. The purpose of this work is to provide a detailed and accessible exposition of the several ways the user can conduct, explore and write proofs of correctness of sequential imperative programs with Hoare logic and the ISABELLE proof assistant. With the proof language Isar, it is possible to write structured, readable proofs that are suitable for human understanding and communication.

Spectre attacks

Modern processors use branch prediction and speculative execution to maximize performance. For example, if the destination of a branch depends on a memory value that is in the process of being read, CPUs will try to guess the destination and attempt to execute ahead. When the memory value finally arrives, the CPU either discards or commits the speculative computation. Speculative logic is unfaithful in how it executes, can access the victim's memory and registers, and can perform operations with measurable side effects. Spectre attacks involve inducing a victim to speculatively perform operations that would not occur during correct program execution and which leak the victim's confidential information via a side channel to the adversary. This paper describes practical attacks that combine methodology from side-channel attacks, fault attacks, and return-oriented programming that can read arbitrary memory from the victim's process. More broadly, the paper shows that speculative execution implementations violate the security assumptions underpinning numerous software security mechanisms, such as operating system process separation, containerization, just-in-time (JIT) compilation, and countermeasures to cache timing and side-channel attacks. These attacks represent a serious threat to actual systems because vulnerable speculative execution capabilities are found in microprocessors from Intel, AMD, and ARM that are used in billions of devices. Although makeshift processor-specific countermeasures are possible in some cases, sound solutions will require fixes to processor designs as well as updates to instruction set architectures (ISAs) to give hardware architects and software developers a common understanding as to what computation state CPU implementations are (and are not) permitted to leak.

A history of Clojure

Clojure was designed to be a general-purpose, practical functional language, suitable for use by professionals wherever its host language, e.g., Java, would be. Initially designed in 2005 and released in 2007, Clojure is a dialect of Lisp, but is not a direct descendant of any prior Lisp. It complements programming with pure functions of immutable data with concurrency-safe state management constructs that support writing correct multithreaded programs without the complexity of mutex locks. Clojure is intentionally hosted, in that it compiles to and runs on the runtime of another language, such as the JVM. This is more than an implementation strategy; numerous features ensure that programs written in Clojure can leverage and interoperate with the libraries of the host language directly and efficiently. In spite of combining two (at the time) rather unpopular ideas, functional programming and Lisp, Clojure has since seen adoption in industries as diverse as finance, climate science, retail, databases, analytics, publishing, healthcare, advertising and genomics, and by consultancies and startups worldwide, much to the career-altering surprise of its author. Most of the ideas in Clojure were not novel, but their combination puts Clojure in a unique spot in language design (functional, hosted, Lisp). This paper recounts the motivation behind the initial development of Clojure and the rationale for various design decisions and language constructs. It then covers its evolution subsequent to release and adoption.