Program Code Research Articles

Design and evaluation of a novel plan for thermochemical cycles and PEM fuel cells to produce hydrogen and power: Application of environmental perspective

In the present article, a green and efficient multi-generation system equipped with proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells as the main mover is presented and thoroughly examined. The proposed novel approach dramatically reduces the amount of carbon dioxide produced by using biomass as the primary energy source for PEM fuel cells. The waste heat recovery method is offered as a passive energy enhancement strategy for efficient and cost-effective output production. It uses the extra heat generated by the PEM fuel cells to produce cooling through the chillers. In addition, the thermochemical cycle is included to recover the waste heat from syngas exhaust gases and produce hydrogen, which will significantly help the process of going green transition. The suggested system's effectiveness, affordability, and environmental friendliness are assessed via a developed engineering equation solver program code. Additionally, the parametric analysis assesses the impact of major operational factors on the model's performance from thermodynamic, exergo-economic, and exergo-environmental indicators. According to the results, the suggested efficient integration achieves an acceptable total cost rate and environmental impact while obtaining high energy and exergy efficiencies. The results further reveal that the biomass moisture content is significant since it highly impacts the system's indicators from various aspects. From the conflictive changes between the exergy efficiency and exergo-environmental metrics, it can be concluded that choosing a proper design condition satisfying more than one aspect is highly important. According to the Sankey diagram, the worst equipment from the energy conversion quality is gasifier and fuel cells, with the highest irreversibility rate of 8 kW and 6.3 kW, respectively.

Additional Detection of Clones Using Locally Sensitive Hashing

Today, there are many methods for detecting blocks with repetitions and redundancy in the program code. But mostly they turn out to be dependent on the programming language in which the software is developed and try to detect complex types of repeating blocks. Therefore, the goal of the research was to develop a language-independent repetition detector and expand its capabilities. In the development and operation of the language-independent incremental repeater detector, it was decided to conduct experiments for five open source systems for evaluation using the industrial detector SIG (Software Improvement Group), including the use of a tool syntactic analysis. But there was the question of extending the algorithm for additional detection of duplication and redundancy in the code, which was proposed by Hammel, and how improvements can be made to achieve independence from the programming language. Particular attention was paid to the empirical results presented in the original study, as their effectiveness is questionable. The main parameters that were considered when creating the index for LIIRD (Language-independent incremental repeat detector) and its expansion of the LSH (locally sensitive hashing): measuring time, memory and creating an incremental step. Based on the results of experiments conducted by the authors of Hammel’s work, there was a motivation to develop an extended approach. The idea of this approach is that according to the original study, the operation of calculating the entire block index with repeats and redundancy from scratch is very time consuming. Therefore, it is proposed to use LSH to obtain an effective assessment of the similarity of software project files.

Ab initio study of the piezoelectric effects of the 2D semiconductors of IV group monochalcogenides (GeSe, GeS)

In this article, the piezoelectric effects of the 2D semiconductors of IV group monochalcogenides (GeS, GeSe) are studied by methods of the density functional theory and first-principles pseudopotential based on own program code. The spatial distribution of valence electron density, density of states, and Coulomb potential along transverse direction are calculated. It was found that a more significant rearrangement of the electron density was observed during compression of both GeS and GeSe bi-layer films than mono-layer films, but more significant in GeS films.

Estimating intra-cluster correlation coefficients for planning longitudinal cluster randomized trials: a tutorial.

It is well-known that designing a cluster randomized trial (CRT) requires an advance estimate of the intra-cluster correlation coefficient (ICC). In the case of longitudinal CRTs, where outcomes are assessed repeatedly in each cluster over time, estimates for more complex correlation structures are required. Three common types of correlation structures for longitudinal CRTs are exchangeable, nested/block exchangeable and exponential decay correlations-the latter two allow the strength of the correlation to weaken over time. Determining sample sizes under these latter two structures requires advance specification of the within-period ICC and cluster autocorrelation coefficient as well as the intra-individual autocorrelation coefficient in the case of a cohort design. How to estimate these coefficients is a common challenge for investigators. When appropriate estimates from previously published longitudinal CRTs are not available, one possibility is to re-analyse data from an available trial dataset or to access observational data to estimate these parameters in advance of a trial. In this tutorial, we demonstrate how to estimate correlation parameters under these correlation structures for continuous and binary outcomes. We first introduce the correlation structures and their underlying model assumptions under a mixed-effects regression framework. With practical advice for implementation, we then demonstrate how the correlation parameters can be estimated using examples and we provide programming code in R, SAS, and Stata. An Rshiny app is available that allows investigators to upload an existing dataset and obtain the estimated correlation parameters. We conclude by identifying some gaps in the literature.

A systematic framework for defining R-squared measures in mediation analysis.

R-squared measures of explained variance are easy to understand, naturally interpretable, and widely used by substantive researchers. In mediation analysis, however, despite recent advances in measures of mediation effect, few effect sizes have good statistical properties. Also, most of these measures are only available for the simplest three-variable mediation model, especially for R²-type measures. By decomposing the mediator into two parts (i.e., the part related to the predictor and the part unrelated to the predictor), this article proposes a systematic framework to develop new effect-size measures of explained variance in mediation analysis. The framework can be easily extended to more complex mediation models and provides more delicate R² measures for empirical researchers. A Monte Carlo simulation study is conducted to examine the statistical properties of the proposed R² effect-size measure. Results show that the new R2 measure performs well in approximating the true value of the explained variance of the mediation effect. The use of the proposed measure is illustrated with empirical examples together with program code for its implementation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

An In Silico Approach toward the Appropriate Absorption Rate Metric in Bioequivalence.

In bioequivalence, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) is traditionally used as a metric for the absorption rate, despite the fact that there are several concerns. The idea of "average slope" (AS) was recently introduced as an alternative metric to reflect absorption rate. This study aims to further extend the previous findings and apply an in silico approach to investigate the kinetic sensitivity of AS and Cmax. This computational analysis was applied to the C-t data of hydrochlorothiazide, donepezil, and amlodipine, which exhibit different absorption kinetics. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to uncover the relationships between all bioequivalence metrics. Monte Carlo simulations of bioequivalence trials were performed to investigate sensitivity. The appropriate programming codes were written in Python for the PCA and in MATLAB® for the simulations. The PCA verified the desired properties of AS and the unsuitability of Cmax to reflect absorption rate. The Monte Carlo simulations showed that AS is quite sensitive to detecting differences in absorption rate, while Cmax has almost negligible sensitivity. Cmax fails to reflect absorption rate, and its use in bioequivalence gives only a false impression. AS has the appropriate units, is easily calculated, exhibits high sensitivity, and has the desired properties of absorption rate.

Development of an experimental plant and a numerical model of an axial magnetic rotor suspension

This article presents the results of the work on the creation of an experimental plant, its testing, as well as the development of a computational model of a rotor magnetic suspension with the use of axial electromagnets. The main purpose of producing the plant was to test the results of the developed numerical finite element model. An automatic control system was developed for the experimental installation. The electrical circuit was assembled on the basis of a ESP32 microcontroller with a clock frequency of 240 MHz and a PWM with a capacity of 10 bits. A PID-regulator program was developed. The coefficients kP, kD, kI used in the code of the electronic control system program (PID-controller) were selected. An experimental study of the bearing capacity of the axial active magnetic bearing under the influence of an external axial force was conducted. The required power of the axial active magnetic bearing was determined. The maximum load-bearing capacity of the installation for the selected coefficients of the PID-controller was determined. An axisymmetric finite-element model of the axial active magnetic bearing was created in the open-source program FEMM 4.2. The load-bearing capacity of the installation for a given current intensity value was calculated. The results of the numerical modelling were compared with the experimental data obtained. The basic principles of creation and operation of the experimental plant and its numerical model are outlined.

PEMBANGUNAN COMPILER DOMAIN SPECIFIC LANGUAGE SEBAGAI GENERATOR FORM HTML MENGGUNAKAN PYTHON SLY

The rapid development of information technology has a significant impact on the way companies operate. Companies can utilize technology to simplify and accelerate their business processes, including recording and managing transactional data. PT XYZ is one of the largest retail companies, with a vast amount of data and requiring various types of different HTML forms. Therefore, standardization in program code writing is necessary to minimize errors and facilitate application maintenance. This research aims to build a Compiler Domain Specific Language (DSL) as a web-based HTML form generator for PT XYZ. The study uses the Python SLY library, passing the Lexer and Parser processes in DSL development. The result of this research is a web-based HTML form generator that facilitates developers in creating standardized and automatic HTML forms. The use of DSL can speed up the program code writing process, minimize errors, and create structured and easily understood code by developers.

Modified tool radius compensation in the Archimedes' spiral tool path for high speed machining of circular geometry

A key role in HSM (High Speed Machining) is played by the NC program code, which guides the tool along a programmed path without jumps in velocity and acceleration. The commonly used CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) software offers many operations for dynamic machining, but the generated code is difficult to edit. An alternative is to use parameterized technology cycles. Unfortunately, the circular pocket cycle available on the Siemens Sinumerik 840D controller was not designed for HSM machining. The purpose of the article is to program an Archimedes' spiral using modified tool radius compensation. The parametric NC code was implemented on the Siemens Sinumerik 840D controller as a technology cycle. The obtained trajectory of the tool meets the curvature continuity condition (C2 continuity). The algorithm uses 3 NC program blocks to define the spiral, regardless of its length. Tool positions are calculated directly by the interpolator during the tool's circular motion (G2/G3). Spiral step is achieved by an additional contour offset (OFFN function), and also by multiple repetitions of circles (TURN function). The change in the effective tool radius value during active tool radius compensation (G41/G42) moves the tool away from the contour along the length of the entire NC block. Several spiral programming variants that are used in cycles were analyzed to identify the feed rate drops at joining points between program blocks. During the process, the trajectory and feed rate were recorded using the Sinumerik Trace function. A problem with the Siemens Sinumerik controller was identified when machine axes exceed the acceleration limit. Synchronized actions were implemented to reduce the feed rate, with the acceleration and jerk limit that are specified in the part program being taken into account. The presented cycle, with the graphical user interface, highlights the potential for HSM milling. The conducted experiment shows the need to supplement the Siemens Sinumerik controller with Archimedes' spiral interpolation. New technology cycles will increase productivity and open up new possibilities, such as tapered threads milling.

Robot programming for a child with autism spectrum disorder: a pilot study

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show great interest in technological devices, and especially in robots. Several studies in the field have suggested that socially assistive robotics (SARs) can help children with ASD in the enhancement of their social skills and communication, and in the reduction of their stereotypical behaviors. Few published research results are available regarding robot programming or coding in the context of STEM education (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) for these children. In this pilot study, the authors designed and implemented educational activities with the robot ‘Codey Rocky’, a ready-to-use robot designed for code learning and programming by primary school children. In this pilot study, the participation of two eight-year-old schoolchildren, a girl with ASD and intellectual deficit and a boy of typical development in triadic interactions with the robot, led to the enhancement of the social and communication skills of the girl with ASD. A decrease in her challenging behaviors was also observed although she manifested repetitive and stereotyped behaviors throughout the educational sessions. The benefits, risks, and implications of the use of SARs for children with ASD are discussed.

Aplikasi E-Learning Berbasis Android sebagai Media Pembelajaran Bahasa Pemrograman

Advances in information technology can be used as a supporting medium in the learning process, one of which is E-learning. Programming language E-learning applications can be used to facilitate the process of learning programming languages. The application developed is based on Android and includes facilities such as downloading material presented in video form, quiz questions, forums for asking questions, and user profiles. The process of making the application uses a framework from JavaScript, namely React-Native as the front-end and Express JS as the back-end for the API provider, and MySQL as the database. The system development method used is the waterfall method. The stages of system development in this study started from planning problem identification and data collection, problem analysis and analysis of functional and non-functional requirements, application design using UML diagrams, application implementation by writing program code using React Native, Express Js, and MySQL, and trials by using 5 android devices. Based on the test results, it can be concluded that this application can run well and smoothly on devices with minimum specifications, namely Android version 6 with a resolution of 720 x 1280 and 2 GB of RAM. The test results show that the application can run properly and has a full-screen interface on each device, and can run smoothly without any bugs and errors.Keywords: Application, Android, Programming Language, E-learning.

GEM5: DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER SYSTEM MODELS WITH PURPOSE TO EVALUATE THE EFFICIENCY OF PARALLEL CODE

In this paper we consider the possibility of using the gem5 computer system simulator to determine such metrics of parallel program code as its acceleration and the average workload of cpu cores on computer systems with shared memory. The working process in gem5 consists of three stages: building a model of a computer system, loading a software environment into the built model and executing a user program within this environment. The considered approach is used to evaluate the efficiency of a parallel program for modeling the transport of pollutants in the atmosphere. The program assumes both intensive work with memory and strong interaction between computational threads within the framework of parallel computing. For this purpose, two models of computer systems were created in the gem5 simulator: the simplest functional model of the “cores–RAM ” type and the detailed clock model of the “cores–three-level cache–RAM ” type. By running the program on both computer models and comparing obtained results with those observed on a real computer, it is shown that the computer system models created in gem5 are operable, correctly reproduce the functionality of real computer systems, and can be used to obtain fairly accurate estimates of such metrics as the acceleration of the program and the average workload of cpu cores. It should be noted that the accuracy of the estimates slightly depends on the number of simulated cores in computer models. For example, the acceleration accuracy obtained on the detailed clock model is 0.7 % on five cores and might increase up to 10 % on 32 cores.

Statistical Characteristics of Nighttime Medium‐Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances From 10‐Years of Airglow Observation by the Machine Learning Method

AbstractFor the first time, we used the machine learning method to analyze the statistical occurrence and propagation characteristics of nighttime medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) from October 2011 to December 2021 observed by the all‐sky airglow imager deployed at Xinglong (40.4°N, 117.6°E, 30.5° MLAT), China. We developed a program code using the algorithms to identify and extract the propagation and morphological features of MSTIDs in 630 nm airglow images automatically. The classification model and detection model have accuracies of 96.9% and 70%–85%, respectively. We identified 611 MSTID events from 749,888 airglow images, and obtained the following statistical results: (a) the MSTIDs occurrence peaked at 2200–2300 local time in summer and 2300–2400 in winter; (b) the annual average of horizontal wavelength and velocity are 160–311 km and 98–133 m/s, respectively; (c) among 611 events, 589 MSTIDs propagated southwestward. Fifteen events are northeastward and all of them are periodic MSTIDs, most of which occurred between April and August; (d) the annual trend of relative intensity perturbation (%) shows a negative correlation with the horizontal phase speed; (e) horizontal wavelengths of MSTIDs are independent of the solar activity. Further analyses found those southwestward propagating MSTIDs are consistent with the Es‐Perkins coupling theory, while those non‐southwestward ones could be related to the atmospheric gravity waves and other possible sources. The northeastward events exhibit morphological and seasonal characteristics, which cannot be explained by the Perkins instability, more simultaneous observations (GPS‐TEC, OH airglow, etc.) are required to reveal the mechanism behind these characteristics.

A novel one-step simplified lattice Boltzmann method and its application to multiphase flows with large density ratio

Recently, a one-step simplified lattice Boltzmann method abandoning the original predictor–corrector scheme has been proposed for single-phase flows. In this method, the information of non-equilibrium distribution function (DF) is implicitly included in the difference of two equilibrium DFs at two different locations and time levels. Due to this treatment, the one-step method faces challenges such as extra virtual memory cost and additional boundary treatments. To overcome these drawbacks, a novel one-step simplified lattice Boltzmann method (NOSLBM) is developed by directly constructing the non-equilibrium DF with macroscopic variables. The NOSLBM preserves the merits of high computational efficiency and simple code programming in the original one-step method. Moreover, the present method is extended to multiphase flows. One NOSLBM for the solution of the Cahn–Hilliard equation is employed to capture the interface. Another one is adopted to solve the Navier–Stokes equations for the hydrodynamic fields. Numerical tests about interface capturing and single-phase flows indicate that the present method has a better performance on computational efficiency than that of the simplified multiphase lattice Boltzmann method (SMLBM), in which the predictor–corrector scheme is applied. Numerical tests about binary fluids with large density ratio imply the great accuracy and numerical stability of the present method.

PROTECTION OF SOFTWARE SYSTEMS FROM VIOLATION OF PROGRAM CODE INTEGRITY

Protection of program code from software modification is currently a very relevant area of science, since after the imposition of sanctions on the aggressor countries, the purchase and use of licensed software has decreased and the use of unlicensed softw

Visual Programming - SCRATCH Technology

At the school level of general education, it is now very important for students to master the abilities of creative computer use, technological product building and practical application and integration into various academic areas. The national curriculum states that computer technology, information and communication technology, as well as digital literacy are widely seen as being completed at the elementary level of education (grades II–VI). The "Scratch Jumping Game Development" educational research project model, which is addressed in this article, relates to the field of computer technology and involves the development of algorithmic thinking, as well as the construction of a block-based visual programming code corresponding to the algorithm. The article provides a detailed explanation of the project model, its goals, objectives, implementation plans and evaluation criteria. Students' responsibilities during the course and at the end of the project are also outlined. In addition, the stages of project implementation and related activities are described as follows: 1) Getting to know the Scratch environment, 2) Getting acquainted with Scratch, 3) Building a "Jumping Game" model, 4) Scratch Jumping Game projects/piloting. games. The example resources provided in the article include links to the Scratch.mit.edu online portal, which allow readers to virtually view presentations created by teachers and students and participate in interactive activities.The article is supplemented with conclusions drawn as a result of observation and research, as well as the results of student surveys conducted within the framework of the project, which testify to the effectiveness of the project and the merits of teaching visual programming.

Determining the Optimal Aquifer Exploitation under Artificial Recharge using the Combination of Numerical Models and Particle Swarm Optimization

Determining optimal exploitation from aquifers is always a major challenge, especially for aquifers facing a drop in their groundwater level. In aquifers with artificial recharge, more complex algorithms are required to determine the optimal exploitation amount. Therefore, in this study, the optimal amount of harvest from the exploitation wells has been determined using a combined simulation–optimization model considering the artificial recharge in Yasouj aquifer in Iran. The model is based on a combination of MODFLOW code and gene expression programming (GEP) simulator tool to simulate the aquifer and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to maximize the total exploitation from the aquifer. The simulation results showed that the artificial recharge was ineffective in maximum exploitation from the aquifer. As a result, considering several constraints, including the maximum pumping rate from the aquifer and the permissible drop in the groundwater level, the maximum exploitation from the aquifer was defined as the objective function. The optimization results showed that the optimal exploitation rate is equal to 8.84 million cubic meters (MCM) per year, and only 74% of the water from artificial recharge can be used based on this amount. Additionally, the most appropriate locations to exploit this amount of water are the northwest and east of the aquifer. According to the findings, it is suggested to ban exploitation from the central and southern parts of the aquifer due to the low groundwater level. The results of the sensitivity analysis show that the reduction in the maximum exploitation rate along with a 50% drop in the groundwater level play an effective role in decreasing the optimal exploitation amount.

Development of a castable, GPS enabled, Miniaturized Predation Event Recorder (mPER) to quantify predation of juvenile fishes

Over the past decade, predation-event recorders (PERs) have become an effective tool to estimate relative predation rates of juvenile Chinook salmon in California’s Central Valley. However, due to their design, PERs have primarily been limited to studying predation over relatively large spatial scales (up to several hundred meters or more). Due to this limitation, we designed a simple yet effective, castable, GPS enabled miniaturized predation-event recorder (mPER) based on an Arduino platform that can be adapted to meet individual applications. We tested our mPER by evaluating predation around a small-scale water diversion in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. We modeled the relationship between predation risk and time to sunset as well as distance to diversion with a Cox proportional hazards model, a time-to-event model that accounts for censored data. The results of this proof-of-concept analysis indicated that for each elapsed minute, predation risk decreased by a factor of 0.97, as sunset was approached and passed. Similarly, each meter increase in distance from the diversion decreased the predation risk by a factor of 0.86. The mean relative predation rate in our study area was 24%. Our mPERs proved to be an inexpensive, effective, and reliable tool to quantify predation, in a repeatable manner, around targeted locations of interest. We have included the design, material list, Arduino programming code, and Cox proportional hazard analysis code for others to easily design, use, and analyze the resulting data from our mPER design (supplementary information available from the Open Science Framework https://osf.io/ysm2p/).

Vulnus Web: A Web-Based Procedure for the Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Masonry Buildings

Masonry is a widespread construction system, but it is very prone to seismic damage. In Italy, almost 60% of residential buildings are constructed in masonry, and 85% of them were built before 1980 without specific design regulation; thus, there is the need for large-scale vulnerability assessment. When large stocks of residential buildings (>50–100) are involved, also in historical centers, seismic vulnerability analysis must resort to simplified and computer-aided methods. Among these, the best known analyze (i) the overall shear strength normalized to the weight; (ii) the activation coefficient of local mechanisms; and (iii) dimensionless indexes obtained from the weighted sum of scores associated with a set of vulnerability factors. The Vulnus procedure proposes a vulnerability function in the 3D space defined by these factors, namely VIP, VOP and VV. The ‘mechanical’ indexes VIP and VOP determine the capacity of the building (in-plane and out-of-plane, respectively), whereas the ‘empirical’ index VV sets the pace at which this capacity is reached and the uncertainty in its final value. The procedure considers the confidence level of the indexes by means of fuzzy set theory, which enables expression of the vulnerability in linguistic terms (e.g., ‘high’ or ‘low’), as well as through a fragility curve. In this paper, a web toolbox based on the Vulnus procedure, namely, Vulnus Web, is proposed. It enables the central archiving of data, improved interaction with the program code and a wider dissemination. The new procedure was applied to a masonry building hit by the Central Italy 2016 earthquake; both the vulnerability level assessed numerically and the damage prediction were in good accordance with the actual seismic performance of the building.

Accuracy Comparison of Data Mining Methods for Internet Gaming Disorder Classification

Excessive access to online games by players can lead to addiction. Online game addiction can be detected through various ways including self-report questionnaires. Based on the value of the answers in the questionnaire a person can be categorized into groups, mild addiction, moderate addiction and severe addiction. Generally, this assessment calculation is done manually or through procedural programming languages. This is not efficient for processing more and more data, for that the mechine learning classification model is applied to solve the problem of program code repetition. This study compared the performance of three mechine learning methods against two different types of questionnaires, namely questionnaires with Likert scale and questionnaires with yes no type. The case study used in this study is online game addiction among high school students in Banda Aceh City, Indonesia. This research successfully proved that the algorithm ... It is better to use questionnaires with data types...., while algorithms....are better to use for questionnaires with types.....with the accuracy of the three algorithms are as follows. This study reveals the emergence of online game addiction, especially among high school students within Banda Aceh city. The results depicted that as many as 6% of high school students in the city of Banda Aceh indicated experiencing online game addiction based on their reports. Another objective of this research is to find the best accuracy between Naive Bayes and Support vector machine (SVM) in classifying the severity of the online game. It found that SVM accuracy was higher than Naive Bayes for the case of online game addiction level classification in high school students in Banda Aceh. This study provided baseline data for further research.